The document discusses the history and architecture of the Maratha period in India between the 17th-19th centuries. It provides details on:
1. The early Maratha period and the Islamic sultanates that ruled different regions of the Deccan plateau.
2. The rise of the Maratha empire under Shivaji Maharaj and the architecture of religious temples, military forts, and domestic structures like wadas that developed during this time.
3. Specific examples of architectural sites like the Kartik Swami temple, Raigad fort, and Shaniwar Wada palace that showcase the Maratha architectural styles of this era.
The document provides an overview of Maratha architecture from the 13th century to the 18th century. It discusses the spread of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaja and later Peshwa rulers. Key architectural features of this period included wadas (residential buildings), forts, and various temple styles that blended Hindu, Mughal, and local Deccan influences. Specifically, it describes the Shaniwar Wada palace in Pune, built in 1732 as the seat of the Peshwa rulers, and the ornate Omkareshwar temple in Pune, dating from 1740-1760.
The document discusses the contributions of the Maratha reign to residential architecture in India. It introduces the Wada architecture style, which featured large courtyard buildings arranged around open spaces. Wadas housed many families or single wealthy families. They evolved under the Peshwa reign by combining features from Mughal, Rajasthani, and Gujarati architecture with local techniques. The document also examines fort architecture, describing different types of forts built for defense like hill forts, land forts, forest forts, and sea forts. It provides details on the construction of hill forts and land forts.
The document discusses the courtyard layouts of wadas in Maharashtra. It describes how wadas were planned around individual and shared courtyards, which could be circular, square or rectangular in shape. Courtyards served important social functions like gatherings and celebrations. Wadas typically had three courtyards - the first was a public space for gatherings, the second was more private for festivals, and the third contained toilets. The document provides examples of different types of wadas like garhis, rajwadas and wadas, and describes their characteristic courtyard designs and uses.
The document describes various traditional village layout plans from ancient India. It discusses 8 different plans - Dandaka, Sarvatobhadra, Swastika, Nandyavarta, Chaturmukha, Karmuka, Prastara, and Padmaka. Each layout has distinct features such as shape, location of temples, streets, gates, and defensive structures like walls. Specific examples of historical cities like Jaipur and Madurai are also mentioned that exhibit elements of these traditional plans.
- Fatehpur Sikri was built by Mughal emperor Akbar as his capital from 1571-1585, located 40km west of Agra. It featured elaborate planning with complexes for religious, royal, and public uses separated on terraces along a ridge.
- The town layout had a fortified wall, markets, gardens, and caravanserais organized according to the terrain and climate. Water supply was managed through cisterns, wells, and an artificial lake to store rainwater year-round.
- The complexes each had their own drainage systems to collect rainwater and fill reservoirs, ensuring a constant water supply to the palaces and buildings.
The document summarizes the landscaping characteristics of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi campus. Some key points:
- The campus uses sustainable landscaping concepts focusing on trees that purify air and create a healthy environment rather than just aesthetics. Softscape like lawns, hedges and trees covers 65% of the area.
- Ashoka trees line the approach road and pathways. A water fountain is located at the entrance. Various trees like Sterculia Alatia provide shade across campus.
- Central courtyards within buildings are used for seating. One courtyard could utilize space better by moving the cafeteria within it and adding lighting.
- The landscape focuses on central circulation paths
1. The document describes courtyard houses known as "wadas" that were traditionally built in Maharashtra, India. Wadas had a central courtyard surrounded by rooms and were designed according to the family's status, with higher-status families having larger wadas.
2. Key features of wadas included multiple interior courtyards called "chawks," administrative offices, living rooms, storage areas, and temples. Materials used included lime, bricks, wood, and cow dung.
3. The document focuses on the Dokras Wada in Chandur, India, which dates back 300 years and belonged to the author's ancestors. It describes the layout and features of this multi-building wada complex.
The document provides an overview of Maratha architecture from the 13th century to the 18th century. It discusses the spread of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji Maharaja and later Peshwa rulers. Key architectural features of this period included wadas (residential buildings), forts, and various temple styles that blended Hindu, Mughal, and local Deccan influences. Specifically, it describes the Shaniwar Wada palace in Pune, built in 1732 as the seat of the Peshwa rulers, and the ornate Omkareshwar temple in Pune, dating from 1740-1760.
The document discusses the contributions of the Maratha reign to residential architecture in India. It introduces the Wada architecture style, which featured large courtyard buildings arranged around open spaces. Wadas housed many families or single wealthy families. They evolved under the Peshwa reign by combining features from Mughal, Rajasthani, and Gujarati architecture with local techniques. The document also examines fort architecture, describing different types of forts built for defense like hill forts, land forts, forest forts, and sea forts. It provides details on the construction of hill forts and land forts.
The document discusses the courtyard layouts of wadas in Maharashtra. It describes how wadas were planned around individual and shared courtyards, which could be circular, square or rectangular in shape. Courtyards served important social functions like gatherings and celebrations. Wadas typically had three courtyards - the first was a public space for gatherings, the second was more private for festivals, and the third contained toilets. The document provides examples of different types of wadas like garhis, rajwadas and wadas, and describes their characteristic courtyard designs and uses.
The document describes various traditional village layout plans from ancient India. It discusses 8 different plans - Dandaka, Sarvatobhadra, Swastika, Nandyavarta, Chaturmukha, Karmuka, Prastara, and Padmaka. Each layout has distinct features such as shape, location of temples, streets, gates, and defensive structures like walls. Specific examples of historical cities like Jaipur and Madurai are also mentioned that exhibit elements of these traditional plans.
- Fatehpur Sikri was built by Mughal emperor Akbar as his capital from 1571-1585, located 40km west of Agra. It featured elaborate planning with complexes for religious, royal, and public uses separated on terraces along a ridge.
- The town layout had a fortified wall, markets, gardens, and caravanserais organized according to the terrain and climate. Water supply was managed through cisterns, wells, and an artificial lake to store rainwater year-round.
- The complexes each had their own drainage systems to collect rainwater and fill reservoirs, ensuring a constant water supply to the palaces and buildings.
The document summarizes the landscaping characteristics of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi campus. Some key points:
- The campus uses sustainable landscaping concepts focusing on trees that purify air and create a healthy environment rather than just aesthetics. Softscape like lawns, hedges and trees covers 65% of the area.
- Ashoka trees line the approach road and pathways. A water fountain is located at the entrance. Various trees like Sterculia Alatia provide shade across campus.
- Central courtyards within buildings are used for seating. One courtyard could utilize space better by moving the cafeteria within it and adding lighting.
- The landscape focuses on central circulation paths
1. The document describes courtyard houses known as "wadas" that were traditionally built in Maharashtra, India. Wadas had a central courtyard surrounded by rooms and were designed according to the family's status, with higher-status families having larger wadas.
2. Key features of wadas included multiple interior courtyards called "chawks," administrative offices, living rooms, storage areas, and temples. Materials used included lime, bricks, wood, and cow dung.
3. The document focuses on the Dokras Wada in Chandur, India, which dates back 300 years and belonged to the author's ancestors. It describes the layout and features of this multi-building wada complex.
The traditional residence in Maharashtra was called a wada. Wadaa were large multi-story buildings arranged around open courtyards. There were two types: those housing many families like an apartment, and those for a single rich family. This document describes the Kharadkar wada built in 1875 for a wealthy moneylender. It had distinct public, private, and service areas. Features included underground water storage, thick privacy walls, and wooden construction techniques. The wada design balanced social and cultural needs over strict climate considerations.
The document describes the CIDCO Urban Haat located in CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai. Some key details include:
- It is located on 15 acres of land and has 50 exhibition shops, an amphitheater seating 200, and a food court.
- Facilities include shops exhibiting crafts and food, an amphitheater, and exhibition hall. The design incorporates local vernacular architecture with sloping roofs.
- It serves as a permanent marketplace and location for fairs, exhibitions, and cultural events for the area.
Architectural case study of IIM ahemdabad by louis i khanRajat Katarne
This document provides details about the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, India, which was completed in 1963. It was designed by famous architect Louis Kahn, with B.V. Doshi and Anant Raje. The campus includes academic buildings such as classrooms and faculty blocks arranged around a central plaza, as well as dormitories, a library, auditorium, and management development center spread across 66 acres. Brick is the primary building material. The layout separates academic and residential areas while integrating social activities between students and staff.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
Nasik city has a rich cultural and historical legacy dating back to Chalcolithic age. Ruled by several dynasties including the Satvahanas, Yadavas and Marathas, Nasik was an important trading center. The document discusses Nasik's temples built in Hemadpanti style, including the iconic Kalaram and Trimbakeshwar temples. It also describes the city's architectural heritage like the ornate Wadas and scenic Godavari ghats. Nasik is surrounded by the Sahyadri mountains containing numerous forts and rock cut caves depicting religious icons. Coins from ruling dynasties provide historical insights. The document highlights Nasik's cultural diversity and
Architectural Conservation- Hampi World Heritage SiteRajat Rana
Hampi, located in Karnataka, India, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 for its ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire from the 14th-16th centuries. It contains outstanding examples of South Indian architecture, sculpture, and paintings. Issues facing the site include unauthorized construction, increased tourism, and natural deterioration. Conservation efforts focus on restoration projects and managing visitor traffic to preserve Hampi's cultural and architectural heritage.
The document summarizes the evolution and planning of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) under Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century. Some key points:
- Shah Jahan established Shahjahanabad as the new Mughal capital in 1648, relocating from Agra due to issues with space and heat. The city was laid out based on principles of Hindu architecture and Islamic geometry.
- The city plan centered around the Red Fort, with major streets and markets radiating outward. Open spaces, gardens, and the Jami Masjid mosque were also incorporated into the design.
- Over time, the British took control of the city and imposed changes. However, the
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MAHRASHTRA (WEST)Mansi Jain
This document discusses vernacular architecture and traditional housing typologies in Maharashtra. It describes the warm and humid climate of the region and how architectural features like sloped roofs, baffle walls, and cross ventilation respond to the climate. It then discusses wadas, a traditional housing type consisting of rooms arranged around an open courtyard. Wadas varied in size from ordinary single-family homes to large complexes owned by nobility. Key features of wadas included wooden structural frames, courtyards providing light and ventilation, and orientation around a central open space. Examples of specific wada plans and architectural details are also provided.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
IIM Bangalore is located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is situated on a 100-acre campus in a hilly area to the south of Bangalore. The campus was designed by architect B.V. Doshi to reflect the design of Fatehpur Sikri, with a network of corridors, courtyards, and external spaces. The design uses local materials like exposed concrete and granite, and incorporates green spaces like courtyards to promote academic exchange beyond classrooms. It achieves natural illumination through skylights while controlling sunlight and heat through pergolas and roofs.
Jawahar Kala Kendra is a cultural centre in Jaipur, India dedicated to Jawaharlal Nehru. Architect Charles Correa designed the centre based on the original city plan of Jaipur, arranging squares to represent the nine planets. The 9.5 acre complex includes art galleries, workshops, a library, and Shilpgram, a rural complex with replicas of huts from different regions of Rajasthan showcasing crafts and culture. By invoking the original city plan and using local materials like red sandstone, Correa created a space that blends traditional Indian concepts with contemporary design to display and promote India's cultural heritage.
This document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat. It discusses the location and characteristics of Bhuj and the Kutch region. It then describes the typical architectural types seen in Bhuj, including layouts with internal courtyards and streets arranged in a Y-shape. It provides details on Bhunga architecture, which features circular plans and conical roofs that provide good earthquake resistance. Bhunga houses are constructed using local materials by village masons and remain sturdy yet lightweight structures.
The document summarizes the regional architecture of Moyna Garh fort in West Bengal, India. It describes the fort as being encircled by two concentric moats stretching over 13 acres, with the moats originally serving as a natural security measure. It also discusses the architectural features of religious structures from the region, such as the Dakshineshwar Kali Temple, noting design elements like arched entrances, load-bearing brick walls, and spires. Additionally, it provides details about the historic site of Orchha in Madhya Pradesh, highlighting the blend of Mughal and local architectural styles used in its palaces and temples, including the Ram Raja Temple where Lord Ram is worshipped as a
The document outlines the architectural resume of Arunima K T. It includes details of their educational qualifications, skills, work experience in architectural design, urban design and interior design projects. Some of the key projects mentioned are the design of IIM Nagpur, Convention Center in Ahmedabad, NIASA building. It also lists their technical skills in software and artistic skills in sketching, painting and craftsmanship. Personal details of contact information and objective of seeking a career in architecture is provided at the end.
The document provides details about Sanskriti Kendra, a cultural center located in Delhi, India. Some key points:
- Sanskriti Kendra was established in 1993 by Sanskriti Pratishthan to provide a peaceful natural environment for artists, craftspeople, writers and musicians to practice their art.
- The landscape architect designed the 7 acre complex to resemble an organic village, with buildings scattered amongst over 2,000 trees and a meandering water body.
- Activities at the cultural center include exhibitions at the terra cotta and everyday art museums, workshops, performances and residential studios for artists.
- The architect aimed to create a rural environment emphasizing simplicity over extravag
Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh - Kath kuni architectureMegha Sanadya
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Himachal Pradesh, India. It begins with defining vernacular architecture as indigenous architecture based on local needs, materials, and traditions. It then discusses the geography, climate, culture, and building materials that influence the unique vernacular styles of Himachal Pradesh. Some key architectural features discussed include the Kath-Khuni style using wood and stone, traditional housing types oriented along slopes, and different building types like granaries and temples. The document analyzes how the local environment and culture have shaped the distinctive architecture of Himachal Pradesh.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
Campus Landscaping of Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT...RituSaha3
CEPT University, formerly the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, is an academic institution located near university area in Ahmedabad, India offering undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in areas of natural and developed environment of human society and related disciplines. This university have a unique landscape features and this slide presented with pictures and necessary information.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of Church Square in Panaji, Goa, India. It describes how the area has developed from a marshy landscape in the 15th century under Muslim rule, to becoming the central business district and urban core of Panaji after the Portuguese invasion in 1510. Key events included the construction of a causeway connecting the area in 1632, the development of the urban grid and buildings in the 18th century, and the establishment of institutions like the medical school and market square in the late 19th century. The document traces the planning regulations and governance structure that have shaped the area over time under Portuguese colonial rule, the union territory period after 1961, and after statehood was achieved in
The Virasat-e-Khalsa museum in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab was conceived in 1999 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Khalsa. The 23,225 square meter complex was designed by Moshe Safdie and associates and completed in 2011 at a cost of 1,700 million rupees. It celebrates 500 years of Sikh history through galleries arranged in groups of five, referencing the five virtues of Sikhism. The sandstone structures are inspired by fort architecture and include towers and reflective roofs evoking Sikh places of worship. Interactive multimedia exhibits guide visitors on their journey through the historical narratives.
The presentation mainly focuses on the architectural aspect of the Vijayanagar Empire with a brief description of the empire. The presentation is in bullet points which are easier to understand and study.
This document summarizes architectural styles in medieval India. It discusses the Northern or Nagara style characterized by beehive domes. The Southern or Dravidian style used pyramid temples with intricate carvings. The hybrid Vesara style blended these. Mughal architecture produced grand buildings using domes, arches, and decorative elements. The merchants also built large havelis and dargah shrines during this period of great construction.
The traditional residence in Maharashtra was called a wada. Wadaa were large multi-story buildings arranged around open courtyards. There were two types: those housing many families like an apartment, and those for a single rich family. This document describes the Kharadkar wada built in 1875 for a wealthy moneylender. It had distinct public, private, and service areas. Features included underground water storage, thick privacy walls, and wooden construction techniques. The wada design balanced social and cultural needs over strict climate considerations.
The document describes the CIDCO Urban Haat located in CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai. Some key details include:
- It is located on 15 acres of land and has 50 exhibition shops, an amphitheater seating 200, and a food court.
- Facilities include shops exhibiting crafts and food, an amphitheater, and exhibition hall. The design incorporates local vernacular architecture with sloping roofs.
- It serves as a permanent marketplace and location for fairs, exhibitions, and cultural events for the area.
Architectural case study of IIM ahemdabad by louis i khanRajat Katarne
This document provides details about the Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad, India, which was completed in 1963. It was designed by famous architect Louis Kahn, with B.V. Doshi and Anant Raje. The campus includes academic buildings such as classrooms and faculty blocks arranged around a central plaza, as well as dormitories, a library, auditorium, and management development center spread across 66 acres. Brick is the primary building material. The layout separates academic and residential areas while integrating social activities between students and staff.
Vernacular Architecture of Gujarat - North Rural and Urban Gujarat, South Rural and Urban Gujarat and Sourashtra type of settlements - Architecture of their dwelling units
With courtesy to all the source of Information
Link for Video lecture:
https://youtu.be/OAw3HdDPxtg
https://youtu.be/BDXcQOWQ37o
https://youtu.be/uSYw1BdVelc
https://youtu.be/0dB8aU7jnkM
Nasik city has a rich cultural and historical legacy dating back to Chalcolithic age. Ruled by several dynasties including the Satvahanas, Yadavas and Marathas, Nasik was an important trading center. The document discusses Nasik's temples built in Hemadpanti style, including the iconic Kalaram and Trimbakeshwar temples. It also describes the city's architectural heritage like the ornate Wadas and scenic Godavari ghats. Nasik is surrounded by the Sahyadri mountains containing numerous forts and rock cut caves depicting religious icons. Coins from ruling dynasties provide historical insights. The document highlights Nasik's cultural diversity and
Architectural Conservation- Hampi World Heritage SiteRajat Rana
Hampi, located in Karnataka, India, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 for its ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire from the 14th-16th centuries. It contains outstanding examples of South Indian architecture, sculpture, and paintings. Issues facing the site include unauthorized construction, increased tourism, and natural deterioration. Conservation efforts focus on restoration projects and managing visitor traffic to preserve Hampi's cultural and architectural heritage.
The document summarizes the evolution and planning of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) under Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th century. Some key points:
- Shah Jahan established Shahjahanabad as the new Mughal capital in 1648, relocating from Agra due to issues with space and heat. The city was laid out based on principles of Hindu architecture and Islamic geometry.
- The city plan centered around the Red Fort, with major streets and markets radiating outward. Open spaces, gardens, and the Jami Masjid mosque were also incorporated into the design.
- Over time, the British took control of the city and imposed changes. However, the
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF MAHRASHTRA (WEST)Mansi Jain
This document discusses vernacular architecture and traditional housing typologies in Maharashtra. It describes the warm and humid climate of the region and how architectural features like sloped roofs, baffle walls, and cross ventilation respond to the climate. It then discusses wadas, a traditional housing type consisting of rooms arranged around an open courtyard. Wadas varied in size from ordinary single-family homes to large complexes owned by nobility. Key features of wadas included wooden structural frames, courtyards providing light and ventilation, and orientation around a central open space. Examples of specific wada plans and architectural details are also provided.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
IIM Bangalore is located in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is situated on a 100-acre campus in a hilly area to the south of Bangalore. The campus was designed by architect B.V. Doshi to reflect the design of Fatehpur Sikri, with a network of corridors, courtyards, and external spaces. The design uses local materials like exposed concrete and granite, and incorporates green spaces like courtyards to promote academic exchange beyond classrooms. It achieves natural illumination through skylights while controlling sunlight and heat through pergolas and roofs.
Jawahar Kala Kendra is a cultural centre in Jaipur, India dedicated to Jawaharlal Nehru. Architect Charles Correa designed the centre based on the original city plan of Jaipur, arranging squares to represent the nine planets. The 9.5 acre complex includes art galleries, workshops, a library, and Shilpgram, a rural complex with replicas of huts from different regions of Rajasthan showcasing crafts and culture. By invoking the original city plan and using local materials like red sandstone, Correa created a space that blends traditional Indian concepts with contemporary design to display and promote India's cultural heritage.
This document summarizes the vernacular architecture of Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat. It discusses the location and characteristics of Bhuj and the Kutch region. It then describes the typical architectural types seen in Bhuj, including layouts with internal courtyards and streets arranged in a Y-shape. It provides details on Bhunga architecture, which features circular plans and conical roofs that provide good earthquake resistance. Bhunga houses are constructed using local materials by village masons and remain sturdy yet lightweight structures.
The document summarizes the regional architecture of Moyna Garh fort in West Bengal, India. It describes the fort as being encircled by two concentric moats stretching over 13 acres, with the moats originally serving as a natural security measure. It also discusses the architectural features of religious structures from the region, such as the Dakshineshwar Kali Temple, noting design elements like arched entrances, load-bearing brick walls, and spires. Additionally, it provides details about the historic site of Orchha in Madhya Pradesh, highlighting the blend of Mughal and local architectural styles used in its palaces and temples, including the Ram Raja Temple where Lord Ram is worshipped as a
The document outlines the architectural resume of Arunima K T. It includes details of their educational qualifications, skills, work experience in architectural design, urban design and interior design projects. Some of the key projects mentioned are the design of IIM Nagpur, Convention Center in Ahmedabad, NIASA building. It also lists their technical skills in software and artistic skills in sketching, painting and craftsmanship. Personal details of contact information and objective of seeking a career in architecture is provided at the end.
The document provides details about Sanskriti Kendra, a cultural center located in Delhi, India. Some key points:
- Sanskriti Kendra was established in 1993 by Sanskriti Pratishthan to provide a peaceful natural environment for artists, craftspeople, writers and musicians to practice their art.
- The landscape architect designed the 7 acre complex to resemble an organic village, with buildings scattered amongst over 2,000 trees and a meandering water body.
- Activities at the cultural center include exhibitions at the terra cotta and everyday art museums, workshops, performances and residential studios for artists.
- The architect aimed to create a rural environment emphasizing simplicity over extravag
Vernacular Architecture of Himachal Pradesh - Kath kuni architectureMegha Sanadya
The document provides information on the vernacular architecture of Himachal Pradesh, India. It begins with defining vernacular architecture as indigenous architecture based on local needs, materials, and traditions. It then discusses the geography, climate, culture, and building materials that influence the unique vernacular styles of Himachal Pradesh. Some key architectural features discussed include the Kath-Khuni style using wood and stone, traditional housing types oriented along slopes, and different building types like granaries and temples. The document analyzes how the local environment and culture have shaped the distinctive architecture of Himachal Pradesh.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
Campus Landscaping of Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT...RituSaha3
CEPT University, formerly the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, is an academic institution located near university area in Ahmedabad, India offering undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in areas of natural and developed environment of human society and related disciplines. This university have a unique landscape features and this slide presented with pictures and necessary information.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of Church Square in Panaji, Goa, India. It describes how the area has developed from a marshy landscape in the 15th century under Muslim rule, to becoming the central business district and urban core of Panaji after the Portuguese invasion in 1510. Key events included the construction of a causeway connecting the area in 1632, the development of the urban grid and buildings in the 18th century, and the establishment of institutions like the medical school and market square in the late 19th century. The document traces the planning regulations and governance structure that have shaped the area over time under Portuguese colonial rule, the union territory period after 1961, and after statehood was achieved in
The Virasat-e-Khalsa museum in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab was conceived in 1999 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Khalsa. The 23,225 square meter complex was designed by Moshe Safdie and associates and completed in 2011 at a cost of 1,700 million rupees. It celebrates 500 years of Sikh history through galleries arranged in groups of five, referencing the five virtues of Sikhism. The sandstone structures are inspired by fort architecture and include towers and reflective roofs evoking Sikh places of worship. Interactive multimedia exhibits guide visitors on their journey through the historical narratives.
The presentation mainly focuses on the architectural aspect of the Vijayanagar Empire with a brief description of the empire. The presentation is in bullet points which are easier to understand and study.
This document summarizes architectural styles in medieval India. It discusses the Northern or Nagara style characterized by beehive domes. The Southern or Dravidian style used pyramid temples with intricate carvings. The hybrid Vesara style blended these. Mughal architecture produced grand buildings using domes, arches, and decorative elements. The merchants also built large havelis and dargah shrines during this period of great construction.
This document provides information on the layout and architecture of Malla period settlements in the Kathmandu Valley, including:
- The physical layout of towns was organized around a central Durbar Square with a hierarchy of streets and public squares radiating out.
- Houses were typically 3 stories made of brick with a central courtyard. Floors had specific functions like sleeping, working, and kitchen.
- Streets were designed for efficient movement but also to enhance security, with temples and landmarks used to shift axes and create mazes.
- Public spaces like Durbar Squares and markets were the social and cultural centers, though these functions have declined with modernization.
ancient india architecture divya balani.pdfDivyaBalani7
The document provides an overview of the history and styles of Indian architecture. It discusses several regional architectural styles that developed over time, including Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Vijayanagara, Chola, Pallava, Pandya, and Chalukyan styles. Specific examples of temples constructed during different periods are described in detail, such as the Brihadeeswara Temple built during the Chola dynasty and the Sun Temple in Konark representing the Indo-Aryan style. The document also outlines the key characteristics of each style, such as the use of gopurams, shikharas, and materials like granite and soapstone.
Gwalior is a historic city in central India's Madhya Pradesh state. The document provides details about Gwalior's location, history, and important architectural sites. It notes that Gwalior Fort, situated on a hilltop, has been ruled by several dynasties and contains palaces, temples, and other monuments showcasing different architectural styles. Some of the most significant sites mentioned include the Gwalior Fort, Gujari Mahal palace converted to a museum, the Sas-Bahu temples, and the tombs of Tansen and Muhammad Ghaus.
ART & ARCHITECTURE OF VIJAYANAGAR EMMPIRE (Chhavi Priya).pptxChhaviPriya
The Vijayanagar Empire is one of the greatest empires of southern India which was founded by Harihara and Bukka and the empire reached its zenith during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya
The document provides a timeline of ancient India and discusses various aspects of life during the Gupta period from 200-500 AD such as city planning, housing, markets, temples, brothels, royal palaces, and festivals. Some key aspects include the caste-based layout of cities, courtyard-style houses, the importance of courtesans and pleasure gardens, and the separation of male and female areas in royal palaces. It was a period of prosperity and intellectual growth when 64 arts were developed, including activities related to love, pleasure, and sensual living.
The document provides information on several UNESCO World Heritage sites located in India. It discusses the World Heritage Convention of 1972 and lists 38 properties in India that are inscribed on the World Heritage List, including cultural sites like the Agra Fort, Taj Mahal, Ajanta Caves, Ellora Caves, and Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram. It provides brief summaries of these prominent Indian world heritage sites, noting their historical and architectural significance.
During the 14th and 15th centuries, Rajput rulers developed two distinct styles of architecture in India - the Indo-Aryan style in North India and the Dravidian style in South India. Temple architecture flourished, with significant examples found at Khajuraho, Orissa, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh between 900-1200 AD. The North Indian style is characterized by elements like the vimana, garbha griha, and shikhara. Important examples include the Khandariya Mahadev Temple at Khajuraho and temples at Bhubaneswar, Puri, and Mt. Abu. Rajput forts such as Chittorgarh and pal
Grade 7. History -5. architecture as the powerNavya Rai
There were two kinds of structures made during the 8th and 18th centuries.
First were meant for kings and their officers themselves such as forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs.
The second were structures meant for public activity such as temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars.
Rich merchant also built temples, mosques and wells for public use and havelis for themselves.
The medieval city of Jodhpur, India was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput chief, as the new capital of the Marwar state after moving from Mandore. Jodha established the settlement atop a rocky hill and built the strong Mehrangarh fort there to provide safety. The city grew around the fort and over time expanded with new walls and gates built. Jodhpur became a prosperous trading center located along a key route between Delhi and Gujarat. In later centuries, it came under the suzerainty of the Mughal Empire while still retaining some autonomy.
Jaipur (Rajasthan), is the capital and largest city of the Indian state
of Rajasthan. It was founded on 18 November 1727 by Maharaja
Sawai Jai Singh II.
• Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430m
above sea level. Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas River
basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan.
• Jaipur is also known as Pink City and Paris of India
CLIMATE
Jaipur has a hot semi-arid climate.
Rainfall :Most rains occur in the monsoon months between June and September.
Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months of April to
early July having average daily temperatures of around 30 °C.
The winter months of November to February are mild and pleasant, with average temperatures
ranging from 15-18 °C (59-64 °F) and with little or no humidity.
HISTORY OF JAIPUR
• In ancient time Jaipur region came under the Matsya
Kingdom.
• Modern Jaipur was founded in 1727 by Maharaja
Ram Seo Master II of Amber who ruled from 1699-
1744.
• Initially, his capital was Amber, which lies 11 km
from Jaipur. He felt the need of shifting his capital
city with the increase in population due to growing
scarcity of water.
• Jaipur came into existence on the classical principles
of Vastu Shastra and similar classical treatises .
JAIPUR'S ROAD NETWORK FOLLOWS A
DEFINITE HIERARCHY:
• The major East - West and North-South road,
form the sector boundaries and are called
Rajmarg as they lead to the city gates.
• These measure 33m. wide. Next there is a
network of 16.5m wide which runs NorthSouth in each sector linking the internal
areas of the sectors to the major activity
spine.
• An orthogonal grid of 8.25m x 4.00m roads
in the Prastara-chessboard pattern further
divide sectors into Mohallas
Jaipur is known as the Pink City, a rather idealized description of the
terra-cotta-colored lime plaster that coats the old part of the city’s
walls, buildings, and temples.
• The reasons for painting the town pink are unknown, but various
theories have been tossed about, from using pink to cut down glare, to
Jai Singh II’s apparent devotion to Lord Shiva (whose favorite color is
reputedly terra cotta).
• The most popular reason (spread no doubt by “Britishers” during the
Raj era) is that pink is the traditional color of hospitality, and the city
was freshly painted and paved with pink gravel to warmly welcome
Edward VII for his visit here in 1876.
WHY PINK?
TRADITIONAL STYLE
• Māru-Gurjara architecture, or "Solaṅkī style" is a
distinctive style that began in Rajasthan and neighboring
Gujarat around the 11th century and has been revived and
taken to other parts of India and the world by both Hindus and
Jains. This represents the main contribution of the region to
Hindu temple architecture.
MATERIALS USED
• The materials used by the
Rajasthani's in their designs are
the mud walls, often very thick
to reduce heat and keep
interiors cool.
• Also, sandstones and limestones
Varanasi, also known as Benares, is an ancient city situated on the banks of the Ganges river in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with settlements dating back to the 2nd millennium BCE. Varanasi was a major religious and cultural center under successive Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms and later declined under Muslim rule before reviving under the Mughals. The British established control over Varanasi in the 18th century and administered it as the capital of a new state, developing infrastructure like schools and hospitals. Varanasi continues to be a major religious center for Hinduism, with rituals centered around the river Ganges and its many ghats
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples evolved from simple rock-cut structures to free-standing stone structures with shikhara towers. The Chalukyans further developed temple architecture, combining North and South Indian elements to create the Vesara style seen at Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal, with structural temples and intricate carvings. Key features included curving shikhara towers, ornate doorframes, and the introduction of mandapas and garbhagrihas.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Dravidian Architecture Part - 2Sachith Pagidi
Dravidian Architecture - during the rule of pandya, vijayanagara and nayaka the evolution of temples.
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Sanchi Town is located in Madhya Pradesh, India and is known for its important Buddhist monuments and stupas dating from the 3rd century BC to the 12th century CE. The most notable sites include the Great Sanchi Stupa commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC, as well as several viharas (Buddhist monasteries), the Gupta period temple, and the Sanchi Archaeological Museum established in 1919. Nearby is the ancient city of Mandu, formerly the capital of the Malwa sultanate, known for monuments like Jahaz Mahal, Rani Roopmati's Pavilion, Hindola Mahal, and the 81-pillared
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
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2. EARLY MARATHA PERIOD- 13TH CENTURY TILL BEGINNING OF 14TH CENTURY :
•Yadavas of Devagiri are considered as first Maratha empire.
•Ramadev yadava was defeated by Alla-ud-din Khilji in 1294, kingdom was given back in lieu of huge
amount of ransom and annual tribute.
•The amount was not paid till 1307 ad, when Malik Kafur was sent to retake the kingdom.
•Ruled by alla-ud-din Khilji till 1317ad, Devagiri renamed as ‘DAULATABAD’.
•After that there was a period of anarchy till Mohammed-bin Tughlaq shifted his capital to daulatabad in
1340 ad.
•Alla-ud-din baman shah a Persian official established his kingdom in Gulbarga in deccan.
•5 divisions of Islamic rule in Deccan:
1. Berar - Imad Shahi (1490-1574 AD)
2. Ahmednagar – Nizam shahi (1490 – 1636 AD)
3. Bijapur- Adil shahi (1490-1686 AD)
4. Bidar – Barid Shahi (1492-1619 AD)
5. Golkonda- Kutubshahi (1518-1687 AD)
6. Several jagirdars and sardars were also in rule in smaller parts
3. • Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja gave a fight against the Sultanates and later also against
Mughal emperor Aurangzeb till his death in 1680 AD
• Later his sons Sambhaji (1657-1689AD) and Rajaram (1670- 1700AD) also continued the
fight.
•The actual Maratha rule spans from 1749 – 1818
5. •Developed from Hemadpanti style as well as gradually got fused with Islamic features. •Both Dravidian &
Nagara (specially Gujarat, Rajasthan) influences were synthesized.
•The evolution of temples could be grouped in three categories :
1.Neo-Yadava
2.Nagara style
3.Maratha style
NEO-YADAVA STYLE
•Developed from the earlier Yadava style
•Introduced Islamic arcuated system of construction with dome in Garbhagriha.
•Vimana with dressed black trap (basalt) stone with mortar & shikhara has stucco with conical upward
sweep lotus petal base •Horizontal bands with motifs
•Domical amalaka finial with kalash •Monolithic pillars of square, octagonal, round profile, with motifs and
capital
NAGARA STYLE
•Followed Nagara style of Gujarat & Rajasthan
•More Islamic style adapted for construction & decoration like arches in porch, dressed stone with mortar
•Two types of Shikhara found- plain domes, conical Nagara style, decorated with motifs Devdeveshwar
temple, Pune
6. MARATHA STYLE
•Most popular since 1725 AD during Peshwa period
•Adapted Islamic methods of construction & features widely (domes, arches, minerate motifs)
characterized by plain shrine & rich row of columns
•Main features are arches (cusped, pointed circular) cypruss column, wooden pillars.
• Example
1. Kartik Swami temple at Parvati, Pune
2. Tulsi bag temple, Pune
3.Omkareshwar temple, Pune
Omkareshwar temple is situated in Shaniwar
Peth on the banks of river Mutha. It is one of the biggest
and oldest temples in the city. The holy abode was built by
Shivaram Bhat, spiritual guru of Peshwas between 1740 to
1760 .Temple proclaims the splendor of the fallen Peshwa
Empire.
Chimaji Appa, commander of Maratha Empire
and brother of Bajirao Peshwa provided donations to built
the temple. The samadhi of Chimaji Appa is in the temple
where he regularly visited and left for heavenly abode.
7. Omkareshwara boasts of splendid architecture, huge domes, and intricate carvings that charm and
amaze devotees with its beauty. Spacious verrandah with artistic columns enhance the grandeur of
the shrine. The columns are in the shapes of circles, polygons and squares.
In addition to the Shiva temple, you have six other temples in the premises. These include Lord Shani,
Lord Hanuman, Lord Vishnu, Lord Ganesh and Goddess Durga
The white dome of the temple is made of soft soap stone displaying intricate carving on upper portion
as well as on the stone roof of temple.
Nandi Mandap: As you enter the shrine through a gateway, you can see a beautiful mandap a home of
Nandi Maharaj.
Shivling:In the Garbhagriha, devotees mind fills with spiritual emotions, as they see pleasing Shivling
decorated by the priests. Devotees offer flowers, bael leaves, and milk for the blessings of the most
divine hindu god, Shiva.
8. The temple is surrounded by verandaa each column
These columns are carved in polygons, squares and circles,
The temple provides nice showcase of the creativity and charm of that period.
The temple has become well known for its extravagant style of construction.
This temples at pune is built in Nagara style of architecture and consist of five distinct layers which
represents the different hindu Gods.
9. •Nearly 350 forts of different types are found in Maharashtra many of them were built by chatrapati shivaji
maharaja.
• Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja, founder of maratha empire in western india in 1664, was well known for his
forts; he was in possession of around 370 at the time of his death. Many, like Panhala
Fort and Rajgad existed before him but others, like Sindhudurg and Pratapgadh, were built by him from
scratch.
•Most of these forts were built mainly along the highways to check on the enemies.
•Maratha kings mainly Shivaji maharaja built many forts Several defensive architectural features were
evolved for the guerilla warfare tactics, forts are mainly of three types:
1. Hill forts
2. Sea forts
3. Land forts
• Notable features of Maharaja Shivaji's forts:
Design changes with the topography and in harmony of the contour, no monotony of design.
No ornate palaces or dance floors or gardens.
No temple complexes.
Not much difference in the area of higher or lower ranks.
Marvelous acoustics in the capital.
Sanskritization of fort names.
Community participation in the defense of forts.
10. Three tier administration of forts.
System of inspection of forts by higher ups including the king.
Distinct feature of forts like double line fortification of Pratapgad, citadel of Rajgad.
Foresight in selection of sites.
Shivaji seized the fort in 1656, then known as the
fort of Rairi from Chandraraoji More, The King of Jawali.
Shivaji renovated and expanded the fort of Rairi and
renamed it as Raigad (King's Fort). It became the capital
of Maharaja Shivaji's Maratha Empire.
11. The Raigad Fort was built by Shivaji, Maharashtra and the chief
architect/engineer was Hiroji Indulkar.
The main palace was constructed using wood, of which only the base
pillars remain.
The main fort ruins consist of the queen's quarters, six chambers,
with each chamber having its own private restroom
Only main pathway to the fort passes through the "MahaDarwaja"
(Huge Door) which was previously closed at sunset.
The Maha Darwaja has two huge bastions on both sides of the door
which are approximately 65–70 feet in height.
Fort has a famous wall called "Hirakani Buruj" (Hirakani Bastion)
constructed over a huge steep cliff.
Secondary entrance, called the Mena Darwaja, was supposedly the
private entrance for the royal ladies of the fort that lead to the queen's
quarters.
12. • Wadas - which were the traditional residential form of Maratha architecture, evolved under
the reign of Peshwas. A wada was typically a large building of two or more storey with
groups of rooms arranged around open courtyards. Types of wadas:
• Palace Wadas
• Nobleman Wadas
• Ordinary Wadas
•Its style was an amalgamation where features from Mughal, Rajasthan, and Gujarat
architecture were combined with local construction techniques. Settlements developed
around the Peshwa’s residence. Land around the Peshwa residence was divided into wards
called peths. Similarly the wadas were built in rest of the Maharashtra.
• The streets and roads in the settlement were narrow. Roads were never straight as the
growth of the settlement was organic. The plots for construction of wadas were rectangular
and lay right next to the streets. A wada never had a garden or vistas leading to it. The
urban form of the settlement appeared like a maze of two or three storied structures having
internal open spaces, placed along the road network with very little open community space.
13. • Shaniwarada is a historical
fortification in the city of Pune in
Maharashtra, India. Built in 1732, it
was the seat of the Peshwas of the
Maratha Empire until 1818, when the
Peshwas lost control to the British
East India Company after the Third
Anglo-Maratha War. Following the rise
of the Maratha Empire, the palace became the center of Indian politics in the 18th century.
• The Shaniwarwada was originally the seven-storey capital building of the Peshwas of
the Maratha Empire. It was supposed to be made entirely of stone but after the completion
of the base floor or the first storey, the people of Satara (the national capital) complained to
the Shahu(King) saying that a stone monument can be sanctioned and built only by the
Shahu(King) himself and not the Peshwas. Following this, an official letter was written to the
Peshwas stating that the remaining building had to be made of brick and not stone. Even
today if you visit and see the walls carefully, they are partly made of stone and partly by
bricks. The Wada was then completed and upon being attacked by the British Artillery 90
years later, all the top six stories collapsed leaving only the stone base, which was immune
to the British artillery. Hence only the stone base of the Shaniwar Wada remains and can be
seen even today in the older parts of Pune.
14. Distinct zoning can be seen.
Separate entrances for guests, domestic help, people visiting the durbar, separate
entries for the people performing in the durbar and a separate entry into the cattle
shed.
Privacy for the women given a priority. Three main courtyards or chowks.
The wada has it’s entrance in the southern side.
The most significant features of the wada was the way it’s zoning of public, private
and semi-private spaces was done.
This can be seen very distinctly in the plan.
15. Three main courtyards.
Architecutural Details Courtyard of Wada Wooden window Details. Brick of size 12
inches x 24 inches x 15 inches were used for construction of walls which were
plastered with lime plaster. Door and window openings were done in teak woods
columns made of great dark processed saag (teak) columns and cream walls. Intrica
tely curved ornamental tear drop teak pillars. The banana flower embellishment are
characteristic to the Peshwa era Wooden makara Detail made up of teak wood.
Wooden Beam-Bracket Detail made up of teak wood.
16. The characteristic of the Maratha style from later buildings such as forts,
palaces and temples. Brick, wood, mortar and stone were the materials used
for construction. Besides other apartments, the palaces contained darbar halls
and ranga and chitra mandirs.
The use of the arch was kept to the minimum and, where used, followed the
Deccan style. Forts were naturally the most common feature of the earlier
period.
The decorative features of the mansions were “pointed arches, heavy carved
stone brackets, narrow balconies projecting on rows of such brackets, domical
shallow ceilings resting on a variety of squinches, the chief being the
interwoven type”.
The temples constructed during the period, we may refer to the Vitthalwadi
temple near Poona and the temple of Shambhu Mahadvat Shinganapur. Both
of them are said to have been constructed during the time of Shivaji. These
temples followed the earlier style of the Yadava temples.
17. The Maratha temples generally provided with a huge lampstand (deepmala),
represents a renaissance of the medieval western Chalukyan or Shilhara
sanctuary often combined with the Mughal arches and coupolas, its spire is a
curious transposition of the ancient shikara (tower) into Deccani-Mughal
forms, a bulbous lotus dome (in place of amalaka) rising on top of several
storeys of domed chhattris (pavilion).
The Maratha architecture lacked the beauty and grace of the buildings of the
Mughals, and the Rajputs. But the Marathas excelled in fort architecture. The
wood work they used to decorate their palaces and other civil buildings was
intricate and minute. Maratha art could have developed and attained a
distinctive character but it was not possible because of the unstable times.