The document discusses grounding and earthing in electrical systems. It defines grounding as a direct or indirect electrical connection to the earth or a large conductive mass. For practical purposes, the earth's potential is considered zero. Grounded neutral systems are used in modern power distribution systems. They have advantages like easier earth protection, dissipation of over voltages to earth, and less stress on insulation during earth faults. Common earthing methods include pipe earthing, plate earthing and neutral earthing.

1. PRESENTED BY:
SONALI PAREKH 1532
SNEHAL MAHESHWARI 1525
SMITA POTE 1535

2.  A ground is a direct electrical connection to
the earth, a connection to a particular point in
an electrical or electronic circuit, or an
indirect connection that operates as the result
of capacitance between wireless equipment
and the earth or a large mass of conductive
material.

3.  For all practical purposes the earth potential is taken
as zero
 The Neutral wire in an A.C supply & middle wire in
three wire distribution D.C supply are always
earthed
 The earthing of electrical equipments brings the
equipments to zero potential & avoids shock to the
operator, under any fault conditions

4.  In any grounded supply system where neutral is not
earthed ,under a single earth fault anywhere in the
system, the voltage of two healthy phases with
respect to the ground increases to three times to the
normal phase voltage.
 Such an over voltage is harmful to the various
electrical equipments .
 Hence all modern supply systems use grounded
neutral

5.  In India three phase ,four wire distribution is
generally preferred.
 The potential between any two phases (line voltages)
is 400 while between any one of the three phases &
the neutral is 230.
 The single phase equipments are supplied with one
phase called line & a neutral.
 The neutral wire is always grounded at generating
station.

6. The grounded neutral supply system has
following advantages:
 It is very easy for earth protection.
 Spikes of over voltages are easily dissipated
to earth
 Less stresses on insulation ,if there is earth
fault anywhere

7.  Pipe earthing
 Plate earthing
 Neutral earthing

8. THANK YOU