This document provides information about various construction materials used in building interiors, including stone masonry, brick masonry, glass, gypsum, and timber. For each material, it describes definitions, types, properties, manufacturing processes, and commercial forms. The document is a student project report submitted to Dezyne E'cole College by Sonal Gupta towards her 1st year residential design diploma. It includes an acknowledgment, synopsis, and sections on each material.

1. INTERIOR DESIGN
MATERIAL
SONAL GUPTA, 1st Year Residential Design Diploma
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dezyneecole.com
Residential

2. Project Report On:
Material
At
Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
Submitted To
Dezyne E’cole College
Towards The Partial Fulfillment Of
1st Year Residential Design Diploma,
NSQF Level 5 Of NSDC
By:
SONAL GUPTA
Dezyne E’cole College
106/10, Civil Lines, Ajmer
Tel-01452624679
www.dezyneecole.com
2016
Today A Reader,
Tomorrow A Leader

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Am Sonal Gupta, Student Of Dezyne E’cole College, I Am Extremely Grateful To Each And Every
Individual Who Has Contributed In Successful Completion Of My Project.
I Am Express My Gratitude Towards Dezyne E’cole College For Their Guidance And Constant
Supervision As Well As For Providing The Necessary Information And Support Regarding The
Completion Of Project.
Thank You

4. This Project Is Based On Material, That Is Study Of Various Construction Materials In Built
Environment Because Shelter Is The Basic Need Of Civilized Society. Stones, Brick, Timber, Gypsum
And Glass Are The Material Used For The Construction Of Houses And Other Buildings. Building
Material Is Any Material Which Is Used For Construction Purposes.
This Project Has Been Created Under The Guidance Of Ms. Jyoti Phulwani
I Am Thankful To Dezyne E’cole College.
SYNOPSIS

5. Content
1. Stone Masonry
2. Brick Masonry
3. Glass
4. Gypsum
5. Timber

6. STONE MASONRY

7. STONE MASONRY
Definition
Masonry is used to indicate the art of building the structure in either stones or bricks. The former type is called the stone masonry and the latter type is
called the brick masonry. The masonry is used for the construction of foundations, walls, columns and other similar components of a structure. The basic
advantage of the masonry for the load bearing structures is that it performs a variety of functions like:
Affording architectural effect. b)Granting fire and weather protection. C) Providing acoustic and thermal insulation etc.
Types of Stone Masonry
The stone masonry is classified under two categories :
1. Rubble Masonry 2. Ashlars Masonry
Technical Terms of stone masonry are as follows :
1. Spalls : The chips of stones used to fill up the empty spaces in the stone
masonry are known as the spalls or snecks.
2. Quoins : The external corners or angles of a wall surface are called the quoins
and the stones forming the quoins are known as the quoin stones.
3. Bond : A bond is an arrangement of layers of stones or bricks by which no
continuous vertical joins are formed.
4. Through stone : In stonework, some stones at regular intervals are placed
right across the wall. Such stones are known as the through stones or bond
stones.
5. Facing : The material which is used in the face of the wall is known as the
facing.
6. Backing : The material used in the formation of the back of the wall is known
as the backing.
7. Hearting : the portion of a wall between facing and backing is known as the
hearting.
Spalls
Spalls
Bond
Hearting
Backing
Through
stone
Facing
quoins

8. JOINTS IN STONE MASONRY
Tabled joint : In this type of joint, a
joggle is formed in the bed of the
stone to prevent lateral movement.
The depth of projection is about 40
mm and the width of projection is
about one-third the breadth of the
stone.
Butt or square joint : In this type of
joint, the square of one stone is
placed against that of another. This is
the most common joint and is
extensively used for ordinary work.
Rebated or lapped joint : In this
type of joint, the rebates are
provided which prevent the
movements of stones. The length of
the rebate depends on the nature of
the work. But is should not be less
than 70 mm. This joint is used for
arch work, coping on gables, etc.
Cramped joint : In this type of joint,
the cramps are used instead of
dowels. The cramps are the pieces of
non-corrosive metals such as
gunmetal, copper, etc. and their ends
are turned down to a depth of about
40 mm to 50 mm.
Plugged joint : In this type of joint, the dovetail shaped mortices are
provided in the sides of adjacent stones. When stones are placed in
position, the molten lead is poured in the joint, which when cooled,
connects the stones firmly. This joint is used for copings, cornices,
etc.
Rusticated joint : Rusticated is used to indicate such masonry. The
three forms of rusticated joints. The channeled joint is more
common. In this joint, the sinking is made on the lower joint so as to
avoid the possibility of entry of water through the mortar joints.
Tongued and grooved joint/Joggle joint : In this type of joint, a
projection is kept on one stone a corresponding sinking is provided in
the other stone. This arrangement prevents the sliding of one stone
over the other.
Dowelled joint : In this type of joint, a hole
is cut into each stone and loose dowels,
which are small pieces of hard stone, slate,
gunmetal, brass, bronze or copper, are
inserted and secured with the cement.

9. Types of Stone Masonry
The stone masonry is classified under two categories :
1. Rubble Masonry
2. Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar Masonry: In this type of construction, the square or rectangular
blocks of stones are used. The courses are not necessarily of the same
height. The height of stones varies from 250 mm to 300 mm. The
length of stones should not exceed three times the height and depth
into the wall should be at least equal to half the height.
Rubble Masonry: In this type of construction, the stones of irregular sizes
are used. The stone, as obtained from quarry, are taken in use in the same
form or they are broken and shaped in suitable sizes by means of hammer
as the work proceeds. The strength of rubble masonry mainly depends on
three factors.

10. Ashlar Masonry : In this type of construction, the square or
rectangular blocks of stones are used. The courses are not
necessarily of the same height. The height of stones varies from 250
mm to 300 mm. The length of stones should not exceed three times
the height and depth into the wall should be at least equal to half
the height.
Stones: Depending upon the availability, the stones are selected. The
stones to be used in the work should be hard, durable, tough and free
from any defect such as shake, vent, mottle, etc.
Mortar: The mortar is required to keep the stones in position. It is
prepared by mixing lime or cement with sand and after adding water,
it is placed in the joints. The type of mortar to be used will depend on
the strength required, load coming on the structure. Mortar thickness
is 15mm.
Ston
e
Mortar
Composition of stone masonry

12. BRICK MASONRY

13. BRICK MASONRY
The brick are obtained by moulding clay in
rectangular blocks of uniform size and
then by drying and burning these blocks.
Closer: A piece of brick which is used to close up the bond at
the end of brick courses is known as a closer.
Perpends
Stretcher
course
Bed joint
Header
course
Lap
Such bricks are known as the modular bricks and
actual size of modular brick is 19cm × 9cm ×
9cm. With mortar thickness, size of such a brick
becomes 20cm × 10cm × 10cm and it is known
as the normal size of the modular brick and the
average weight of brick will be about 3 to 3.5 kg.
Weight and Size
Stretcher: This is a brick laid with its
length parallel to the face or front or
direction of a wall.
Header: This is a brick laid with its
breadth or width parallel to the face
or front or direction of a wall.
Arrises: The edges formed by the
intersection of plane surfaces of
brick are called the arrises and they
should be sharp, square and free
from damage.
Bed: The lower surface of the brick
when laid flat is known as the bed.
Bed Joint: The horizontal layer of
mortar upon which the bricks are
laid is known as a bed joint.
Perpends: The vertical joints separating the bricks in
either length or cross direction are known as the
perpends.
Lap: The horizontal distance between the vertical joints
in successive courses is termed as a lap and for a good
bond, it should be one-fourth of the length of a brick.
Queen Closer: This is obtained by cutting
the brick longitudinally in two equal parts.
King Closer: A triangular portion of the
brick such that half a header and half a
stretcher are obtained on the adjoining
cut faces.
Bevelled Closer: A triangular portion of
half the width but of full length. A
bevelled closer appears as a closer on one
face and as a header at the other face.
Mitred Closer: A triangular portion of
the brick through its width and making
an angle of 45° to 60° with the length
of the brick.
Bat : This is a piece of brick, usually considered in relation
to the length of a brick and accordingly known as half bat.
Bullnose: A brick moulded with a
rounded angle is termed as a bullnose, it
is used for a rounded quoin.
Cow Nose: A brick
moulded with a
double bullnose on
end is termed as a
cow nose.
Squint Quoin: A brick which is cut or moulded such
that an angle other than a right angle is formed in plan.

14. Types of bonds in brickwork
Stretcher bond: In this type of
bond, all the bricks are arranged in
the stretcher course.
Header bond: In this type of bond,
all the bricks are arranged in the
header course.
English bond: In this type of bond is
generally used in practice. It is considered as
the strongest bond in brickwork.
Flemish bond: In this type of bond
the headers are distributed evenly
and hence, it creates a better
appearance than the English bond.
Garden-wall bond: In this type of
bond as the name suggests, is used
for construction of the boundary
walls, compound walls, garden
walls, etc.
Raking bond:
As the filling of
thicker walls is
done by
headers only,
such walls
become weak
in the
longitudinal
direction.
Dutch bond: This is a modified
form of the English bond and by
this bond, the corner of the wall is
strengthened.
Brick on-edge bond: In this type of
bond the bricks are laid on edge
instead of bed. This bond is
economical as it consumes less
number of bricks and less quality
of mortar.
English cross bond: This is another
modified form of the English bond and it
is used to add beauty in the appearance
of the wall.
Facing bond: In this type of bond, a
header course is placed after several
stretcher course.

15. This type of bond is generally used in practice. It is considered as
the strongest bond in brickwork.
English Bond
Modification in English Bond
Brick ( 19 x 9 x
9)
Mortar (10
mm thick)
Mortar (10
mm thick)
Brick ( 19 x 9
x 9)

16. Modification in English Bond
Mortar (10
mm thick)
Brick ( 19 x
9 x 9)
Composition of brick masonry

18. Glass

19. GLASS
Glass is an amorphous
substance having homogeneous
texture. It is a hard. Brittle,
transparent or translucent
material.
Characteristics
• Glass are transparency,
• Heat resistance, pressure
• Breakage resistance
• Chemical resistance.
Soda-lime Glass
Types of Glass
Lead glass Boro-silicate Glass
Constituents of glass
Silica is used in the
form of pure
quartz, crushed
sandstone and
pulverized flint
should be free
from Iron contents
for best quality
glass.
Lead Oxide Imparts colour,
brightness and shine. When
15-30% of it added to
substitute lime it lowers the
melting point.
Soda Acts as an accelerator for the fusion of glass and an excess of it is harmful.
Potash Renders
glass infusible and
makes glass fire
resistant.
Cullets are broken glasses
added to act as a flux to
prevent loss of alkali by
volatisation during the
process of forming glass and
also to lower the fusion
temperature.
Properties of Glass
• Amorphous
• Brittle
• Transparent / Translucent
• Good electrical insulator
• Unaffected air, water, acid or chemical
reagents except Hydrogen Fluorid
• Can absorb, transmit and reflect light

20. Manufacturing And Fabrication Of Glass
Glass is manufactured in the following four steps:
Finishing
After annealing the glass articles
are cleaned, ground, polished, cut
and sand blasted.
Boro-silicate Glass is obtained
by fusing a mixture of silica,
borax, lime and feldspar. The
examples are pyrex glass and
heat resisting glass.
Melting
The raw material lime soda
sand – separately cleaned,
ground, sieved in definite
proportion and mixed with
water are fused in a
continuous type furnace or
batch-type furnace.
Forming and shaping
The molten glass can be
fabricated to desired shapes
by any one of the following
methods:
Blowing
A 2 m long and 12mm
diameter blow pipe is dipped
in the molten glass and taken
out.
Flat Drawing
The process of drawing the glass up into a sheet
begins when an grille is lowered into the glass in
the kiln.
Compression Moulding In this process
moulds are used to obtain the articles
of desired shapes.
Spinning A machine is used to spin the
molten glass. The fibers so produced are
very fine and are used for heat and
sound insulation.
Annealing Glass articles are slowed
to cool under room temperature by
passing through different chambers
with descending temperature.
Soda-lime Glass is known as
soda-ash glass. Soda glass or
soft glass. Soda-lime glass is
obtained by fusing a mixture
of silica, lime and soda.
Lead glass also known as flint
glass is obtained by fusing a
mixture of silica, lead and
potash. It is free from iron
impurities and is colorless.
Classification

21. Sheet glass is used for glazing
doors, windows and partitions
and is obtained by blowing the
molten glass into the shape of
a cylinder.
Heat absorbing Glass is bluish
green in colour and cuts ultra
violet rays of sun. The example is
calolix. It is used in railway
carriages, factories etc.
Plate Glass is used for all engineering
purposes and is superior to sheet glass.
Laminated Glass is made by
sandwiching a layer of polyvinyl
butyral between two or more
layers of plate or sheet glass. It is
also known as safety glass. The
example are Heat and sound
proof glasses, Bullet proof glass,
Insulating glass.
Tempered Glass is made
from plate glass by reheating
and sudden cooling and is 3
to 5 times stronger than
plate glass. Although not
unbreakable.
Wired Glass is produced by
embedding wire nets 0.46 to
0.56 mm into the centre of
sheet glass during casting.
When broken it does not fall
into pieces.
Obscured Glass is made
comparatively opaque to
sunlight. They are classified as
frosted, rolled and ribbed.
Optical Glass contains phosphorus,
lead silicate and little cerium oxide,
the latter capable of absorbing
ultraviolet light injurious to eyes. They
are used for making lenses.
Ground glass is this
type of glass one face
of plate or sheets glass
is made rough by
grinding.
Block Glass is hollow sealed made by
fastening together two halves of
pressed glass. It is used for making
partitions.
Colored Glass is
produced by adding
oxides of metals to
molten glass
Opal Glass is also known as milk glass.
It is produced by adding bone ash,
oxide of tin and white arsenic to
vitreosil.
Enamel Glass is
produced by adding
calcined lead and tin
oxide to the ordinary
glass.
Commercial Forms

22. GYPSUM

23. Gypsum
Gypsum is a non-hydraulic binder
occurring naturally as a soft crystalline
rock or sand. Pure gypsum is a white
translucent crystalline mineral and is
so soft that it can be scratched by a
finger nail.
Effect of heat and
moisture
The water of
crystallization in the
gypsum is not held firmly
by the mineral. When it is
heated to about 160°C it
loses a part of water of
crystallization.
Plaster of Paris or Stucco
It is produced by incompletely dehydrating
pure finely ground gypsum at a temperature
some what lower then 185° C.
The setting of plaster of paris is attributed to
the formation of gypsum crystals from a
supersaturated aqueous solution. When
substances of colloidal nature are mixed with
the plaster the formation of crystals is
hindered and the time of set retarded.
Classification
Gypsum binders are classified as low and high
burning varieties. The low burning variety is
manufactured by heating dehydrated gypsum to
a temperature of about 160° C. the examples of
low burning variety are building and extra
strong gypsums. The high burning variety is
obtained by burning dehydrated gypsum at
700°C-1000°C.
• White in colour
• Setting time is
5 to 10 minutes
• Specification
gravity is 2.57.Gypsum neat plasters is 60.5 percent or more of
calcined gypsum with material added to control
workability, time of set and cohesiveness.
Gypsum wood fibre
plasters is 60.5 percent or
more of calcined gypsum
and wood fibre 1 percent
or more to increase
cohesiveness.
Gypsum ready sanded plasters consists of
cementing material, predominantly calcined
gypsum, which has been mixed at the mill
with the proper proportions of sand and
other desirable constituents. It is prepared for
use simply by adding water.
Calcined Gypsum is
used for finishing coat.
It may or may not carry
a retardant. Calcined
gypsum may be white
or grey.
Gypsum wall plasters
Gypsum wall plasters gain one-half of their one-month
strength in a day. Plaster and sand mortars of 1:1
proportions may be expected to develop 80 percent of
the neat strength at corresponding ages. While those of
1:2 proportion generally posses one-half to two-third of
the neat strength.
Categories of Gypsum wall plasters
Hard finish plasters
When gypsum is burnt at considerably high
temperature than that for calcining of cement
plaster, and treated with certain solutions like
alum and Glauber’s salt, the plasters so
produced show setting but ultimately become
very hard.
Kneene’s cement is made by burning a very
pure rock gypsum at a red heat, cooling. Set
occurs between 20 minutes to 6 hours. At 7
days the tensile strength is 3.16 N/ mm2.
mack’s cement is made by burning gypsum at
a very high temperature and adding about 0.4
percent of burnt Glauber’s salt.
Properties of Plaster of Paris or Stucco

24. Gypsum plasters boards
It is a gypsum product of recent origin
made of thin layers of card board or
wood cemented together with wall
plaster, used for lining walls and
ceiling of buildings. They are very light
weight and have high fire resisting
properties. Gypsum plaster boards
can be sawn to desired size and
shape. They are available in widths
400, 600, 800, 900, 1200 mm and in
length 1200, 1500, 1800 to 3600 mm
in steps of 100 mm and in thickness
9.5 to 15mm.
Gypsum wall boards has a face which decoration may
be applied.
Gypsum wall board with reduced water absorption rate
have additives in the core and the paper liners to reduce
water absorption rate.
Gypsum wall boards with improved
core cohension at high temperature
have mineral fibres and other additives
in the gypsum core to improve cohesion
at high temperature.
Gypsum plaster base board have a
face suitable to receive gypsum plaster
and may be perforated during primary
manufacturing
Gypsum plaster base board
with improved cohension at
high temperature is a
combination of the above two.
Fire resistant gypsum wall boards have cores
containing special mineral materials.
Pyrocell
It is finely ground powder containing an
admixture, forms a gas on being mixed with
water and expands the mixture to 3 to 4
times its valume.
Classification of Gypsum plasters boards

25. TIMBER

26. Timber
Introduction
The wood used for building or
other engineering purposes is
called timber. Timber is generally
obtained from the trunk of a
tree.
Hard Wood: It is obtained from deciduous
variety of exogenous trees. It is heavy in
weight, dark in colour, smooth, non-scaly
and fire resistant. It is dense, closed
grained and hence strong. It does not
show distinct annual rings.
Advantages
It is stronger than other materials, can be easily worked, can be jointed,
structural connections can be easily made in timber, can be used for
furniture and other decorative fittings, wastage is minimum, light in weight,
resale value is good, non-conductor of heat and sound.
Classification Of Trees
Exogenous trees: The trees which grow outwards and increase in bulk by
the formation of successive annual rings are known as exogenous trees. Ex.
Deodar, Kail, Sal, Teak, Shishum, Chir etc.
Exogenous trees are futher divided into the following two types:
Conifers and evergreen trees: The trees which remain evergreen and bear
fruits in cone-form with neele-pointed leaves. Ex. Pile, Deodar, Kail, Chir,
Walnut etc.
Deciduous or broad leaf trees: The trees which shed their leves in the autumn
and put on new leaves in the spring season. Ex. Sal, Teak, Shishum, Babul, Ash,
Mahogany etc.
Endogenous trees: The trees which grow inwards or endwards in a
longitudinal fibrous mass. Ex. Canes, Bamboos, Palms etc.
Properties
Soft Wood: It is obtained from conifers variety of
exogenous trees. It is light in weight, light in
colour, scaly and non fire resistant. It is weak and
can split easily. It annual rings are distinct.
Characteristics of good timber
• Strength
• Toughness
• Elasticity
• Resistance to shear
• Hardness
• Fire resistance
• retention
Structures of tree

27. Batten: A piece of sawn timber, the dimensions
of which do not exceed 5 cm either in breadth or
in thickness.
Market Forms And Sizes Of Timber
Quarter Sawing: The quarter method of cutting
requires more labour and involves more wastage.
Tangential Sawing: This method is also
economical due to less wastage and less
labour.
Ordinary Or Slab Sawing: This is the most
economical method as the wastage of
timber and cost of sawing is minimum.
Radial Or Rift Sawing: This is an uneconomical
method as it involves more wastage and labour
cost due to the shifting of the position of a
quarter piece.
Combination
Sawing: The log is
converted by the
combination of two
or three methods.
Log: The stem or trunk of a
tree which is felled and
prepared for conversion.
Plank: A piece of sawn timber with
thickness not exceeding 5 cm and
the width exceeding 5 cm.
Board: A thin plank generally
under 5 cm thick and 10 cm or
more in width.
Pole: A long, solid, straight trunk
of a tree 10 to 30 cm in
diameter at breast height and
tapering gradually to the top, of
a diameter of about 10 cm or
more.
Post: A timber member used is an
upright position in building fencing or
other structural work.
Slat: In pencil manufacture, a sawn
piece of wood about 185mm x
65mm x 6mm in size.
Sleeper: A piece of timber used as
transverse support under rails in
railway lines, usually square saw. Size
most commonly used are 25 cm x
12.5 cm or 20 cm x 11.5 cm in
section.
Strip: A piece of timber used 5 cm
thick and less than 10 cm wide.
Seasoning Or Timber: The process of drying timber or removing
moisture or sap, present in freshly felled timber, under more or less
controlled conditions. A well seasoned piece of wood may contain about
10 to 12 percent moisture. For rough work and for outdoor uses, 15 to 25
percent moisture content is considered enough.
Method Of Sawing Timber
Baulk: A piece of sawn
timber, the cross-
sectional dimensions
of which exceed 5 cm
in one direction and
20 cm in the other
direction.

28. Decay Or Diseases Of Timber
The disintegration and turning to
powder of timber tissues by fungi or
other micro-organism.
Rind gall: The curved
swelling resulted from the
growth of sap wood layers
on wound, left by a falling
branch or cut off branch in
an irregular manner.
Classification Of Diseases Of Timber
• Dry rot
• Wet rot
• insects.
Defects In Timber
Natural defects:
Knots: The dark hard
pieces indicating places
from where branches
have been cut off or
broken.
Twisted fibres: The defect due to the fibres
of tree which get twisted when young, by
the force of wind.
Upsets: The defect caused by crushing
or by injury in wood fibres.
Burl, burr or excrescence: The growth of a large excrescence
bulge which is formed on the trunk or the branch of a tree due
to certain injury inflicted when the tree is young.
Coarse grains: The widening of
annual rings due to rapid growth
of certain trees.
Defects occurring after the tree is felled:
Honey combing: This defect is due to
separation of the tissues in the interior
of timber due to drying stresses,
caused by incorrect kiln seasoning.
Foxiness: This defect is due to
yellowish or reddish stains, caused
by over maturity and lack of
ventilation during storage.
Collapse: This defect is due to the corrugated
appearance of timber, caused due to excessive
and uneven shrinkage during drying.
Twisting and bowing: The
unevenly dried timbers are
subsequently sawn into smiller
sections, some of the stresses
are released..
Shakes: The partial or complete
separation between adjoining layers of
tissues.
Case hardening: The different layers of wood are
under stress.

29. Uses
It is used commonly now a days
to save the increased cost of hard
wood planks in engineering or
otherwise. It is mainly used for
the construction of furniture,
partitions, ceilings, covers, doors,
windows, packing cases, and for
decorative purpose.
VENEERS
The layers or sheets of varying thickness from
1 to 6 mm.
This are obtained with the aid of a circular
rotary saw or a rotary peeling machine. They
are peeled off the log by a sharp knife in a long
continuous sheet by rotating the log on.
Uses
They are used in construction where light,
strength, non-shrinking and non-splitting
properties are expected of timber. They are
mostly used in the manufacture of plywood,
batten boards, laminated boards, and for
decorative facings.
PLYWOOD
A board formed by gluing together three or
more layers of veneers or plies.
Uses
It is used commonly now a days to save the
increased cost of hard wood planks in
engineering or otherwise. It is mainly used for
the construction of furniture, partitions,
ceilings, covers, doors, windows, packing cases,
and for decorative purpose.
The boards having a core slab
consisting of strips which are
glued together between two
veneers, one on either side. The
thickness of such boards vary
from 12mm to 50mm, length
from 120cm to 240cm and width
from 90cm to 120cm.
Advantages
It gives better appearance and uniform tensile
strength in all the directions, light in weight and
has greater strength, it is very easy to work and
it can be bent to shapes of various designs. It is
highly resistant to cracking, splitting and
warping.
Uses
Batten boards are used for
making partitions, packing
cases, floors, furniture
panelling, ceiling, bus
bodies, railway coaches,
table tops, for interior
decoration etc.
LAMIN BOARDS
A board having core of strips not
exceeding 7mm in thickness
glued together between two or
more veneers.
FIBRE BOARDS
The boards which are made by pressing the mixture of
saw dust, fibres of wood and glue. These boards are
genrally from 3 to 12 mm in thickness 1.2 to 5.5 m in
length and 1.2 m in width.
Uses
They are used for
internal finish as wall
panelling, suspended
ceiling ,floors, and for
insulation against heat
and sound, and in
making partitions and
finishing cover to
furniture, flush doors,
table tops, bus bodies,
railway coaches, pre-
fabricated houses etc.
BATTEN BOARDS AND BLOCK BOARDS

30. THANK YOUSONAL GUPTA
1st Year Residential Design Diploma
NSQF Level-5 (NSDC)
Dezyne E’cole College, www.dezyneecole.com