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MASONRY.pptx

This document provides definitions and terms related to masonry work. It discusses different types of masonry including brick masonry, stone masonry, and concrete block masonry. It describes bonds in brickwork like English bond and Flemish bond. It also classifies stone masonry into rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Various joints used in stone masonry are explained along with definitions of important terms used in masonry construction.

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MASONRY
SYLLABUS  Masonry: Definition and terms used in masonry. Brick masonry, characteristics and requirements of good brick masonry, Bonds in brick work, Header, Stretcher, English, Flemish bond, Stone masonry, Requirements of good stone masonry, Classification, characteristics of different stone masonry, Joints in stone masonry. Types of walls; load bearing, partition walls, cavity walls.
VTU Questions 1. With neat sketch, write the features of English bond and Flemish bond. List their merits and demerits. 2. With neat sketch, explain classification of stone masonry. 3. With neat sketch, explain various joints provided in stone masonry. 4. Define cavity wall. Write the advantages of cavity walls. 5. Define: i) Bevelled closer ii) Mitred closer iii) King closer iv) Queen closer. 6. Compare and contrast brick work and stone work.
MASONRY
DEFNITION  Masonry may be defined as construction of building units bounded together with mortar.  Building units may be stones, bricks, precast blocks of concrete.  When stone is used as building units or building blocks then it is called as stone masonry.  When brick is used as building units or building blocks then it is called as brick masonry.
CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING UPON THE TYPE OF BUILDING UNITS USED  Brick masonry  Stone masonry  Hollow concrete blocks masonry  Reinforced brick masonry  Composite masonry
BRICK MASONRY
MASONRY UNITS
MASONRY UNITS
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Course: It is a horizontal layer of masonry unit. In stone masonry thickness of a course is equal to the height of the stones plus thickness of one mortar joint. In brick masonry thickness of a course is equal to the thickness of modular brick plus thickness of one mortar joint.  Header: A header is a full stone unit or brick unit which is so laid that its length is perpendicular to the face of the wall. Thus the longest length of a header lies @ right angles to the face of the work.
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Header course: A course of brickwork showing only headers on the exposed face of wall is known as heading or header course.  Stretcher: It is a full stone unit or brick unit which is so laid that its length is along or parallel to the face of the wall. Thus longest length of stretcher lies parallel to the face of the work.  Stretcher course: A course of brick work showing only stretcher on the exposed face of the wall is known as stretching or stretcher course.
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Bed: This is the lower surface of a brick or stone in each course. This is surface of stone or brick perpendicular to the line of pressure.  Bond: It is term in masonry applied to the over- lapping of bricks or stones in alternate courses so that no continuous vertical joints are formed and the individual units are tied together.  Face: It is the surface of wall exposed to weather.  Back: Inner surface of wall which is not exposed to weather.
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Quoins: The exterior angle or corner of a wall is known as quoin. If quoin is laid in such a manner that its width is parallel to the face of the wall it is known as quoin header. If length of quoin is laid parallel to the face of the wall, it is known as quoin stretcher.  Facing: The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.  Hearting: The inner portion of the wall between the facing and backing is known as hearting.
CLOSURES
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Joint: The junction of adjacent units of bricks or stones is known as a joint.  Joint parallel to the bed of bricks or stones is known as bed joint.  Closure: It is the portion of brick cut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut. Thus a closer is a header of small width.  Side: It is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in direction transverse to the face & bed.
CLOSURES
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Queen Closure: Portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick length-wise into 2 portions.  King Closure: Portion of brick which is so cut that width of one of its end is 1/2 that of a full brick while the width @ other end is equal to the full width.  Bevelled closure: It is the special form of king closer in which the whole length of the brick is bevelled in such a way that ½ width is maintained @ one end and full width is obtained @ the other end.
CLOSURES
KING CLOSURE
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Mitred closer: Brick whose one end is cut splayed or mitred for full width. The angle of splay may vary from 45°- 60°.  Bat: It is the portion of brick cut across the width. If the length of the bat is equal to half the length of the original brick, it is known as 1/2 bat.  Frog: It is an indentation or depression on the top face of a brick made with the object of forming a key for the mortar.
FROG IN BRICKS
DEFNITION OF TERMS USED IN MASONRY  Plinth: It is the horizontal projection course of stone or brick provided at the base of wall above G.L.  Lap: Lap is the horizontal distance between the vertical joints of two successive brick courses.
CLSSIFICATION OF STONE MASONRY  Rubble Masonry: In rubble masonry the blocks of stone that are used are either undressed or comparatively roughly dressed.  Ashlar Masonry: Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed stone with extremely fine bed and end joints.
RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
CLASSIFICTION OF RUBBLE MASONRY 1.Random Rubble a) Uncoursed b) Built to courses 2.Square Rubble a) Uncoursed b) Built to courses c) Regular coursed 3.Dry Rubble
CLASSIFICTION OF RUBBLE MASONRY 4.Miscellaneous types a) Polygonal walling b) Flint Walling
RUBBLE MASONRY  In rubble masonry the blocks of stone that are used either undressed or comparatively roughly dressed.  The masonry has wide joints since stones of irregular sizes are used.
UNCOURSED RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY  This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone walling.  In this type of masonry the stones used are of widely different sizes.  Since the stones are not of uniform shape and size greater care has to be taken in arranging them in such a way that they adequately distribute the pressure over the maximum area & @ the same time long vertical continuous vertical joints are avoided.
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY  Method of construction is the same as that of uncourse rubble masonry except that the work is roughly levelled up to form courses varying from 30-45cm thick.  All the courses are not of the same height.  For the construction of this type of masonry quoins are built first and line is stretched between the tops of quoins.  This is better than uncoursed random rubble masonry.
SQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY i) Uncoursed or Square snecked rubble masonry ii) Built to courses iii) Regular courses
UNCOURSED OR SQUARE SNECKED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED OR SQUARE SNECKED RUBBLE MASONRY  Square rubble masonry uses stones having straight bed & sides.  The stones are usually squared & brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish.  In uncoursed square rubble the stones with straight edges and sides are available in different sizes (heights).  They are arranged on face in several irregular pattern.
UNCOURSED OR SQUARE SNECKED RUBBLE MASONRY  Good appearance can be achieved by using risers, leveller & sneck or check in a pattern having their depths in the ratio of 3:2:1 respectively.  This prevents the occurrence of long continuous joints.
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY  This type of masonry also uses the same stones as used for uncoursed square rubble.  But the work is levelled up to courses of varying depth.  The courses are of different heights.  Each course may consists of quoins, jamb stones, bonders & throughs of the same height, with smaller stones built in between them up to the height of the larger stones to complete the course.
REGULAR COURSED SQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY  In this type of masonry the wall consists of various courses of varying heights but the height of stones in one particular course is the same.
POLYGON WALLING
POLYGON WALLING  In this type the stones are hammer finished on face to an irregular polygonal shape.  These stones are bedded in position to show face joints running irregularly in all directions.  Two types of polygonal walling may be there. i) Rough picked: Stones are roughly shaped resulting in rough fitting. ii) Close picked: The faces of stones are more carefully formed so that they fit more closely.
FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY  The stones used in this masonry are flints or cobbles, which vary in width and thickness from 7.5 to 15cm and in length from 15 to 30 cm.  These are irregular shaped nodules of silica.  The stones are extremely hard, but they are brittle and therefore may break easily.  The face arrangement of cobbles may be either coursed or uncoursed or built to courses.
FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY  Strength of flint wall may be increased by introducing lacing courses of either thin long stones or bricks @ vertical interval of 1 to 2 mts.
LACING COURSE
ASHLAR MASONRY  Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed stone with extremely fine bed & end joints.  The blocks may be either square and rectangular shape.  The height of blocks in each course is kept equal but it is not necessary to keep all the courses of the same height.
TYPES OF ASHLAR MASONRY  Ashlar fine tooled  Ashlar rough tooled  Ashlar rock, rustic or quarry faced  Ashlar chamfered  Ashlar block in course  Ashlar facing
TYPES OF ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FINE TOOLED  This is the finest type of stone masonry work.  Each stone is cut to regular & required size & shape so as to have all sides rectangular.  So that the stones gives perfectly horizontal and vertical joints with adjoining stone.  The beds, joints and faces are chisel dressed such that all waviness & unevenness is completely removed and a fairly smooth surface is obtained.
ASHLAR FINE TOOLED  The face which is exposed in the final work is so dressed that no point on the dressed face is more than 1 mm from a 600mm long straight edge placed on the surface in any direction.  The top and bed is also so dressed that no point on it varies by more than 3mm when checked with the straight edge.  The exposed joints are finely pointed.
STRIGHT EDGE
ASHLAR ROUGH TOOLED
ASHLAR ROUGH TOOLED (BASTARD ASHLAR)  In this type of masonry the beds & sides of each stone block are finely chisel dressed.  But the exposed face is dressed by rough tooling.  A strip about 25mm wide is made by means of a chisel, is provided around the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone.  The thickness of mortar joint should not be more than 6mm.
ASHLAR ROCK FACED
ASHLAR ROCK FACED  In this type of masonry the exposed face of the stone is not dressed but is kept as such so as to give rock facing.  A strip of about 25mm wide made by means of a chisel is provided around the perimeter of exposed face of every stone.  The height of each block may vary from 15- 30cm.  The thickness of mortar joint may be up to 10mm.
ASHLAR CHAMFERED
ASHLAR CHAMFERED
ASHLAR CHAMFERED  This is a special form of rock- faced ashlar masonry in which the strip provided around the perimeter of the exposed face is chamfered or bevelled at an angle of 45º by means of chisel to a depth of 25mm.  Due to this a grove is formed in between adjacent blocks of stone.  Around this bevelled strip, another strip of 15cm is dressed with the help of chisel.  The space inside this strip is kept rock faced except that large bushings in excess of 80mm projections are removed by hammer.
ASHLAR FACING
ASHLAR FACING  Ashlar facing masonry is provided along with brick or concrete block masonry to give better appearance.  The sides and beds of each block are properly dressed so as to make them true to shape.  The exposed faces of stone are rough tooled & chamfered.  The backing of the wall may be made in brick masonry.
JOINTS IN STONE MASONRY Types of joints in stone masonry  Butt joint or square joint  Rebatted joint or lapped joint  Tongued & grooved joint or joggle joint  Bed joint or tabeled joint  Cramp joint  Plugged joint  Dowel joint  Rusticated joint
BUTT JOINT OR SQUARE JOINT • This is the most commonly used joint in stone masonry. • The dressed edges of two adjacent stones are placed side by side.
BUTT JOINT OR SQUARE JOINT
REBATED OR LAPPED JOINT  This type of joint is provided in arches, gables, copings to prevent the possible movement of the stones.  The length of the lap or rebate depends upon the nature of the work, but it should not be less than 70mm.
TONGUE AND GROOVED JOINT OR JOGGLE JOINT  This type of joint is provided to prevent sliding along the side joints.  The joint is made by providing projection or tongue in one stone and a corresponding groove or sinking on the adjacent stone.
TABLED OR BED JOINT  This joint is used to prevent lateral movement of stones such as in sea walls where the lateral pressure is heavy.  The joint is made by forming a joggle in the bed of the stone.  The height of the projection is kept about 30-40mm while the width is kept equal to above 1/3 the breadth of the stone.
CRAMPED JOINT  This joint uses metal cramp instead of dowels.  Holes made in the adjacent stones should be of dovetail shape.  The cramps are usually of non-corrosive metals such as gunmetal, copper with their ends turned down to a depth of 4 to 5cm.
CRAMPED JOINT
CRAMPED JOINT  The length width & thickness of cramp varies from 20- 30cm, 2-4cm & 5-10mm.  After placing the cramp in position the joint is grouted & covered with cement, lead or asphalt.  Cramps prevent the tendency of the joints to open out due to slippage of the stones.
PLUGGED JOINT  This is an alternative to cramped joints.  It consists of making plug holes of dovetail shape in the sides of adjacent stones.  After placing the adjacent stones, a common space for plug is formed which is filled with molten lead.  Sometimes rich cement grout is used in the place of molten lead.
DOWELLED JOINT  This is the simple type of joint used to ensure stability of the adjacent stones against displacement or sliding.  The joint is formed by cutting rectangular holes in each stone & inserting dowels of hard stone, slate, gunmetal, brass, bronze or copper.  These dowels are set in cement mortar.
RUSTICATED JOINT
RUSTICATED JOINT  This joint is used in those stones whose edges are sunk below the general level such as for plinth, quoin, outer walls of lower storeys.  Such a stone joint gives massive appearance to the structure.
SADDLE OR WATER JOINT  Such joints are used in weathered surfaces to divert the water moving on the weathered surface away from the joint.  The saddle is bevelled backwards from the front edge.
BONDS IN BRICK WORK
BONDS IN BRICK WORK  The method of arranging the bricks in courses so that individual units are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive courses do not lie in same vertical line.  Bond of various types are distinguished by their elevation or face appearance.  Bonds help in distributing the concentrated loads over a larger area.
RULES FOR BONDING  The vertical joints in the alternate courses should be along the same perpend.  The stretchers should be used only in the facing, they should not be used in hearting.  Hearting should be done in headers only.  It is preferable to provide every sixth course as a header course on both the sides of the wall.
RULES FOR BONDING  The bricks should be of uniform size. The length of brick should be twice its width plus one joint, so that uniform lap is obtained.  The amount of lap should be minimum ¼ brick along the length of wall and ½ brick across the thickness of wall.  Use of brick bats should be discouraged, except in special locations.  In alternate courses, the centre line of header should coincide with the centre line of the stretcher, in the course below or above it.
TYPES OF BONDS  Stretcher bond  Header bond  English bond  Flemish bond  Facing bond  English cross bond  Brick on edge bond  Dutch bond  Raking bond  Zigzag bond  Garden wall bond
BONDS
STRETCHER BOND
STRETCHER BOND
STRETCHER BOND  Stretcher bond is the one in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers on the faces of walls.  The length of the bricks are thus along the direction of the wall.  This pattern is used only for those walls which have thickness of half brick (I.e. 9 cm).  Such as for partition walls, sleeper walls, division walls or chimney stacks.  The bond is not possible if the thickness of the wall is more.
HEADER BOND
HEADER BOND  Header bond is the one in which all the bricks are laid as headers on the faces of walls.  The width of the brick are thus along the direction of the wall.  The pattern is used only when the thickness of wall is equal to one brick (I.e.. 18 cm)  The overlap is usually kept equal to half the width of brick (I.e. 41/2 cm).  This is achieved by using three-quarter brick bats in each alternate courses as quoins.
HEADER BOND  This bond is unsuitable for load bearing walls.  The bond is specially useful for curved brick work where the stretchers, if used, would project beyond the face of wall and would necessitate inconvenient cutting.  This is also used in construction of footing.
ENGLISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND  This is the most commonly used bond for all wall thicknesses.  This bond is considered to be the strongest.  The bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.  In this bond, the vertical joints of the header courses come over each other, similarly the vertical joints of the stretcher courses also come over each other.
ENGLISH BOND  In order to break the vertical joints in the successive courses, it is essential to place queen closer after the first header (quoin header) in each heading course.  Also only headers are used for the hearting of thicker walls.
ENGLISH BOND
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH BOND  Alternative courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation.  Every alternate header comes centrally over the joint between two stretchers in course below.  In the stretcher course the stretchers have a minimum lap of ¼th their length over headers.  There is no continuous vertical joint.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH BOND  Walls of even multiple of half bricks present the same appearance on both faces. Thus a course showing stretchers on the front face will also show stretcher in back face. (0.5×2=1, 0.5×4=2, 0.5×6=3)  Wall of odd multiple of half bricks will show stretchers on one face and headers on the other face. (0.5×1=0.5, 0.5×3=1.5, 0.5×5=2.5)  The hearting of each of the thicker walls consists entirely of headers.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH BOND  At least every alternate transverse joint is continuous from face to face.  A header course should never start with queen’s closure as it will get displaced. The queen’s closure should be placed just next to quoin header.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH BOND  Queen closure are not required in stretcher course.  Since the number of vertical joints in the header course are twice the number of vertical joints in the stretcher course, the joint in the header course are made thinner than the joints in the stretcher course.
ENGLISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND
ENGLISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND  In this type of bond each course is comprised of alternate headers and stretchers.  Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner.(quoin header)  Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header in alternate courses to develop the face lap.  Every header is centrally supported over the stretcher below it.  In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond.
FLEMISH BOND  Flemish bond are of two types: a. Double flemish bond b. Single flemish bond
DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND  In double flemish bond each course presents the same appearance both in the front face as well as in the back face.  Alternate headers and stretchers are laid in each course.  Because of this , double flemish bond presents better appearance than english bond.  This type of bond is comparatively weaker than english bond.
DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
SPECIAL FEATURES OF DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND  Every course consists of headers and stretchers placed alternatively.  The facing and backing of the wall in each course have the same appearance.  Queen closers are used next to quoin headers in every alternate course.  Half bats and three-quarter bats are used wherever it is necessary.
FLEMISH BOND
SINGLE FLEMISH BOND  Single flemish bond is comprised of double flemish bond facing and English bond backing and hearting in each course.  This bond thus uses the strength of the english bond and appearance of flemish bond.  This bond can be used for those walls having thickness at least equal to 11/2 brick.  Good quality bricks are used for facing, however, cheaper bricks can be used for backing and hearting.
COMPARISION OF ENGLISH BOND AND FLEMISH BOND  English bond is stronger for walls thicker than 11/2 brick.  Flemish bond gives more pleasing appearance than the English bond.  Broken bricks can be used in the form of bats in flemish bond. However, more mortar is required.  Construction with flemish bond requires greater skill in comparison to english bond.
RAKING BOND
RAKING BOND  In this type the bonding bricks are laid at any angle other than zero or ninety degrees.  This arrangement helps to increase the longitudinal stability of thick walls built in english bond.  In this arrangement of bonding the space between the external stretchers of a wall is filled with bricks inclined to the face of the wall.
HERRING BONE
RAKING BOND  This bond is introduced at certain intervals along the height of a wall.  2 common forms of raking bond 1. Herring bone bond 2. Diagonal bond
DUTCH BOND
DUTCH BOND  This bond is a modification of the old english cross bond and consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.  In this arrangement of brick work each stretching course starts at the quoin with a three – quarter bat and every alternate stretching course has a header placed next to quoin stretcher.  This bond is sufficiently strong and bears a good elevation.
PARTITION WALL  A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or other such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from another.  A good partition wall should be cheap, light, thin, fire- resistant and easy in construction.  Generally partition walls are designed as non-load bearing walls.
TYPES OF PARTITION WALLS 1. Brick partitions 2. Hollow brick partitions of clay, terra-cotta or concrete. 3. Glass partitions 4. Concrete partitions-plain or reinforced 5. Metal lath and plaster partitions 6. A.C sheet or G.I sheet partitions 7. Timber partitions
HOLLOW BLOCK PARTITIONS
HOLLOW BLOCK PARTITIONS  Such walls are light, rigid, economical, strong and fire resistant.  They have good sound insulating properties.  The size of blocks differ with the nature of material.  The thickness of this type of partition wall varies between 6 to 15cm.  These walls are constructed in similar manner as structural load bearing walls.
GLASS PARTITION
GLASS PARTITION  These may be made from sheet glass or hollow glass blocks.  In case of sheet glass partitions, sheets of glass are fixed in the frame work of wooden members dividing entire area in a number of panels.  The panels may be square or rectangular in shape and their size varies with the choice of the individual.  Glass partitions are cheap, light, easy in construction and provide reasonable privacy and sound insulation.
GLASS PARTITION  The cost of maintenance of such partitions is much more as glass is liable to break when struck hard by anything.  With the introduction of reinforced glass sheets, this danger is greatly minimised.  Three-ply glass and armour plate glass are some of the varieties of sheet glass which possess good shock- resisting properties.
CAVITY WALLS
CAVITY WALLS
CAVITY WALLS  Cavity wall consists of 2 walls with a 5cm to 8 cm cavity between them.  The outer wall also known as outer leaf consists of 10cm thick wall and the inner wall is sufficiently thick and strong to carry the imposed load safely.  The minimum thickness of inner wall is restricted to 10cm.  The provision of a continuous cavity in the wall efficiently prevents the transmission of dampness to the inner wall.
ADVANTGES  As there is no intimate contact between the two leaves there is no possibility of the moisture travelling from outer leaf to the inner .  The layer of air in the cavity being non-conductor of heat reduces the transmission of heat from the external face to the internal one.  Cavity walls have 25% greater insulating value than solid walls.  They have good sound insulation property and are economical.
 Characteristics of stone and brick masonry.  Requirements of stone and brick masonry.  Load bearing walls
CLASS TEST - 1 1. With neat sketch (Front elevation), write the features of English bond and Flemish bond. List their merits and demerits. (10Marks) 2. Define and sketch the following i) Bevelled closer ii) Mitred closer iii) King closer iv) Queen closer. v) Three quarter bat. (10Marks)

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MASONRY.pptx

  • 1.
  • 2.
    SYLLABUS  Masonry: Definitionand terms used in masonry. Brick masonry, characteristics and requirements of good brick masonry, Bonds in brick work, Header, Stretcher, English, Flemish bond, Stone masonry, Requirements of good stone masonry, Classification, characteristics of different stone masonry, Joints in stone masonry. Types of walls; load bearing, partition walls, cavity walls.
  • 3.
    VTU Questions 1. Withneat sketch, write the features of English bond and Flemish bond. List their merits and demerits. 2. With neat sketch, explain classification of stone masonry. 3. With neat sketch, explain various joints provided in stone masonry. 4. Define cavity wall. Write the advantages of cavity walls. 5. Define: i) Bevelled closer ii) Mitred closer iii) King closer iv) Queen closer. 6. Compare and contrast brick work and stone work.
  • 4.
  • 5.
    DEFNITION  Masonry maybe defined as construction of building units bounded together with mortar.  Building units may be stones, bricks, precast blocks of concrete.  When stone is used as building units or building blocks then it is called as stone masonry.  When brick is used as building units or building blocks then it is called as brick masonry.
  • 6.
    CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING UPONTHE TYPE OF BUILDING UNITS USED  Brick masonry  Stone masonry  Hollow concrete blocks masonry  Reinforced brick masonry  Composite masonry
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Course: It is a horizontal layer of masonry unit. In stone masonry thickness of a course is equal to the height of the stones plus thickness of one mortar joint. In brick masonry thickness of a course is equal to the thickness of modular brick plus thickness of one mortar joint.  Header: A header is a full stone unit or brick unit which is so laid that its length is perpendicular to the face of the wall. Thus the longest length of a header lies @ right angles to the face of the work.
  • 11.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Header course: A course of brickwork showing only headers on the exposed face of wall is known as heading or header course.  Stretcher: It is a full stone unit or brick unit which is so laid that its length is along or parallel to the face of the wall. Thus longest length of stretcher lies parallel to the face of the work.  Stretcher course: A course of brick work showing only stretcher on the exposed face of the wall is known as stretching or stretcher course.
  • 12.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Bed: This is the lower surface of a brick or stone in each course. This is surface of stone or brick perpendicular to the line of pressure.  Bond: It is term in masonry applied to the over- lapping of bricks or stones in alternate courses so that no continuous vertical joints are formed and the individual units are tied together.  Face: It is the surface of wall exposed to weather.  Back: Inner surface of wall which is not exposed to weather.
  • 13.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Quoins: The exterior angle or corner of a wall is known as quoin. If quoin is laid in such a manner that its width is parallel to the face of the wall it is known as quoin header. If length of quoin is laid parallel to the face of the wall, it is known as quoin stretcher.  Facing: The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing.  Hearting: The inner portion of the wall between the facing and backing is known as hearting.
  • 14.
  • 15.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Joint: The junction of adjacent units of bricks or stones is known as a joint.  Joint parallel to the bed of bricks or stones is known as bed joint.  Closure: It is the portion of brick cut in such a manner that its one long face remains uncut. Thus a closer is a header of small width.  Side: It is the surface forming the boundary of bricks or stones in direction transverse to the face & bed.
  • 16.
  • 17.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Queen Closure: Portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick length-wise into 2 portions.  King Closure: Portion of brick which is so cut that width of one of its end is 1/2 that of a full brick while the width @ other end is equal to the full width.  Bevelled closure: It is the special form of king closer in which the whole length of the brick is bevelled in such a way that ½ width is maintained @ one end and full width is obtained @ the other end.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Mitred closer: Brick whose one end is cut splayed or mitred for full width. The angle of splay may vary from 45°- 60°.  Bat: It is the portion of brick cut across the width. If the length of the bat is equal to half the length of the original brick, it is known as 1/2 bat.  Frog: It is an indentation or depression on the top face of a brick made with the object of forming a key for the mortar.
  • 21.
  • 22.
    DEFNITION OF TERMSUSED IN MASONRY  Plinth: It is the horizontal projection course of stone or brick provided at the base of wall above G.L.  Lap: Lap is the horizontal distance between the vertical joints of two successive brick courses.
  • 23.
    CLSSIFICATION OF STONEMASONRY  Rubble Masonry: In rubble masonry the blocks of stone that are used are either undressed or comparatively roughly dressed.  Ashlar Masonry: Ashlar masonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed stone with extremely fine bed and end joints.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
    CLASSIFICTION OF RUBBLEMASONRY 1.Random Rubble a) Uncoursed b) Built to courses 2.Square Rubble a) Uncoursed b) Built to courses c) Regular coursed 3.Dry Rubble
  • 27.
    CLASSIFICTION OF RUBBLEMASONRY 4.Miscellaneous types a) Polygonal walling b) Flint Walling
  • 28.
    RUBBLE MASONRY  Inrubble masonry the blocks of stone that are used either undressed or comparatively roughly dressed.  The masonry has wide joints since stones of irregular sizes are used.
  • 29.
  • 30.
    UNCOURSED RANDOM RUBBLEMASONRY  This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone walling.  In this type of masonry the stones used are of widely different sizes.  Since the stones are not of uniform shape and size greater care has to be taken in arranging them in such a way that they adequately distribute the pressure over the maximum area & @ the same time long vertical continuous vertical joints are avoided.
  • 31.
    BUILT TO COURSESRANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
  • 32.
    BUILT TO COURSESRANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY  Method of construction is the same as that of uncourse rubble masonry except that the work is roughly levelled up to form courses varying from 30-45cm thick.  All the courses are not of the same height.  For the construction of this type of masonry quoins are built first and line is stretched between the tops of quoins.  This is better than uncoursed random rubble masonry.
  • 33.
  • 34.
    SQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY i)Uncoursed or Square snecked rubble masonry ii) Built to courses iii) Regular courses
  • 35.
    UNCOURSED OR SQUARESNECKED RUBBLE MASONRY
  • 36.
    UNCOURSED OR SQUARESNECKED RUBBLE MASONRY  Square rubble masonry uses stones having straight bed & sides.  The stones are usually squared & brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish.  In uncoursed square rubble the stones with straight edges and sides are available in different sizes (heights).  They are arranged on face in several irregular pattern.
  • 37.
    UNCOURSED OR SQUARESNECKED RUBBLE MASONRY  Good appearance can be achieved by using risers, leveller & sneck or check in a pattern having their depths in the ratio of 3:2:1 respectively.  This prevents the occurrence of long continuous joints.
  • 38.
    BUILT TO COURSESSQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY
  • 39.
    BUILT TO COURSESSQUARE RUBBLE MASONRY  This type of masonry also uses the same stones as used for uncoursed square rubble.  But the work is levelled up to courses of varying depth.  The courses are of different heights.  Each course may consists of quoins, jamb stones, bonders & throughs of the same height, with smaller stones built in between them up to the height of the larger stones to complete the course.
  • 40.
    REGULAR COURSED SQUARERUBBLE MASONRY  In this type of masonry the wall consists of various courses of varying heights but the height of stones in one particular course is the same.
  • 41.
  • 42.
    POLYGON WALLING  Inthis type the stones are hammer finished on face to an irregular polygonal shape.  These stones are bedded in position to show face joints running irregularly in all directions.  Two types of polygonal walling may be there. i) Rough picked: Stones are roughly shaped resulting in rough fitting. ii) Close picked: The faces of stones are more carefully formed so that they fit more closely.
  • 43.
    FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY The stones used in this masonry are flints or cobbles, which vary in width and thickness from 7.5 to 15cm and in length from 15 to 30 cm.  These are irregular shaped nodules of silica.  The stones are extremely hard, but they are brittle and therefore may break easily.  The face arrangement of cobbles may be either coursed or uncoursed or built to courses.
  • 44.
    FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY Strength of flint wall may be increased by introducing lacing courses of either thin long stones or bricks @ vertical interval of 1 to 2 mts.
  • 45.
  • 46.
    ASHLAR MASONRY  Ashlarmasonry consists of blocks of accurately dressed stone with extremely fine bed & end joints.  The blocks may be either square and rectangular shape.  The height of blocks in each course is kept equal but it is not necessary to keep all the courses of the same height.
  • 47.
    TYPES OF ASHLARMASONRY  Ashlar fine tooled  Ashlar rough tooled  Ashlar rock, rustic or quarry faced  Ashlar chamfered  Ashlar block in course  Ashlar facing
  • 48.
  • 49.
    ASHLAR FINE TOOLED This is the finest type of stone masonry work.  Each stone is cut to regular & required size & shape so as to have all sides rectangular.  So that the stones gives perfectly horizontal and vertical joints with adjoining stone.  The beds, joints and faces are chisel dressed such that all waviness & unevenness is completely removed and a fairly smooth surface is obtained.
  • 50.
    ASHLAR FINE TOOLED The face which is exposed in the final work is so dressed that no point on the dressed face is more than 1 mm from a 600mm long straight edge placed on the surface in any direction.  The top and bed is also so dressed that no point on it varies by more than 3mm when checked with the straight edge.  The exposed joints are finely pointed.
  • 51.
  • 52.
  • 53.
    ASHLAR ROUGH TOOLED(BASTARD ASHLAR)  In this type of masonry the beds & sides of each stone block are finely chisel dressed.  But the exposed face is dressed by rough tooling.  A strip about 25mm wide is made by means of a chisel, is provided around the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone.  The thickness of mortar joint should not be more than 6mm.
  • 54.
  • 55.
    ASHLAR ROCK FACED In this type of masonry the exposed face of the stone is not dressed but is kept as such so as to give rock facing.  A strip of about 25mm wide made by means of a chisel is provided around the perimeter of exposed face of every stone.  The height of each block may vary from 15- 30cm.  The thickness of mortar joint may be up to 10mm.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
    ASHLAR CHAMFERED  Thisis a special form of rock- faced ashlar masonry in which the strip provided around the perimeter of the exposed face is chamfered or bevelled at an angle of 45º by means of chisel to a depth of 25mm.  Due to this a grove is formed in between adjacent blocks of stone.  Around this bevelled strip, another strip of 15cm is dressed with the help of chisel.  The space inside this strip is kept rock faced except that large bushings in excess of 80mm projections are removed by hammer.
  • 59.
  • 60.
    ASHLAR FACING  Ashlarfacing masonry is provided along with brick or concrete block masonry to give better appearance.  The sides and beds of each block are properly dressed so as to make them true to shape.  The exposed faces of stone are rough tooled & chamfered.  The backing of the wall may be made in brick masonry.
  • 61.
    JOINTS IN STONEMASONRY Types of joints in stone masonry  Butt joint or square joint  Rebatted joint or lapped joint  Tongued & grooved joint or joggle joint  Bed joint or tabeled joint  Cramp joint  Plugged joint  Dowel joint  Rusticated joint
  • 62.
    BUTT JOINT ORSQUARE JOINT • This is the most commonly used joint in stone masonry. • The dressed edges of two adjacent stones are placed side by side.
  • 63.
    BUTT JOINT ORSQUARE JOINT
  • 64.
    REBATED OR LAPPEDJOINT  This type of joint is provided in arches, gables, copings to prevent the possible movement of the stones.  The length of the lap or rebate depends upon the nature of the work, but it should not be less than 70mm.
  • 65.
    TONGUE AND GROOVEDJOINT OR JOGGLE JOINT  This type of joint is provided to prevent sliding along the side joints.  The joint is made by providing projection or tongue in one stone and a corresponding groove or sinking on the adjacent stone.
  • 66.
    TABLED OR BEDJOINT  This joint is used to prevent lateral movement of stones such as in sea walls where the lateral pressure is heavy.  The joint is made by forming a joggle in the bed of the stone.  The height of the projection is kept about 30-40mm while the width is kept equal to above 1/3 the breadth of the stone.
  • 68.
    CRAMPED JOINT  Thisjoint uses metal cramp instead of dowels.  Holes made in the adjacent stones should be of dovetail shape.  The cramps are usually of non-corrosive metals such as gunmetal, copper with their ends turned down to a depth of 4 to 5cm.
  • 70.
  • 71.
    CRAMPED JOINT  Thelength width & thickness of cramp varies from 20- 30cm, 2-4cm & 5-10mm.  After placing the cramp in position the joint is grouted & covered with cement, lead or asphalt.  Cramps prevent the tendency of the joints to open out due to slippage of the stones.
  • 72.
    PLUGGED JOINT  Thisis an alternative to cramped joints.  It consists of making plug holes of dovetail shape in the sides of adjacent stones.  After placing the adjacent stones, a common space for plug is formed which is filled with molten lead.  Sometimes rich cement grout is used in the place of molten lead.
  • 74.
    DOWELLED JOINT  Thisis the simple type of joint used to ensure stability of the adjacent stones against displacement or sliding.  The joint is formed by cutting rectangular holes in each stone & inserting dowels of hard stone, slate, gunmetal, brass, bronze or copper.  These dowels are set in cement mortar.
  • 76.
  • 78.
    RUSTICATED JOINT  Thisjoint is used in those stones whose edges are sunk below the general level such as for plinth, quoin, outer walls of lower storeys.  Such a stone joint gives massive appearance to the structure.
  • 79.
    SADDLE OR WATERJOINT  Such joints are used in weathered surfaces to divert the water moving on the weathered surface away from the joint.  The saddle is bevelled backwards from the front edge.
  • 81.
  • 82.
    BONDS IN BRICKWORK  The method of arranging the bricks in courses so that individual units are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive courses do not lie in same vertical line.  Bond of various types are distinguished by their elevation or face appearance.  Bonds help in distributing the concentrated loads over a larger area.
  • 83.
    RULES FOR BONDING The vertical joints in the alternate courses should be along the same perpend.  The stretchers should be used only in the facing, they should not be used in hearting.  Hearting should be done in headers only.  It is preferable to provide every sixth course as a header course on both the sides of the wall.
  • 84.
    RULES FOR BONDING The bricks should be of uniform size. The length of brick should be twice its width plus one joint, so that uniform lap is obtained.  The amount of lap should be minimum ¼ brick along the length of wall and ½ brick across the thickness of wall.  Use of brick bats should be discouraged, except in special locations.  In alternate courses, the centre line of header should coincide with the centre line of the stretcher, in the course below or above it.
  • 85.
    TYPES OF BONDS Stretcher bond  Header bond  English bond  Flemish bond  Facing bond  English cross bond  Brick on edge bond  Dutch bond  Raking bond  Zigzag bond  Garden wall bond
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95.
    STRETCHER BOND  Stretcherbond is the one in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers on the faces of walls.  The length of the bricks are thus along the direction of the wall.  This pattern is used only for those walls which have thickness of half brick (I.e. 9 cm).  Such as for partition walls, sleeper walls, division walls or chimney stacks.  The bond is not possible if the thickness of the wall is more.
  • 96.
  • 97.
    HEADER BOND  Headerbond is the one in which all the bricks are laid as headers on the faces of walls.  The width of the brick are thus along the direction of the wall.  The pattern is used only when the thickness of wall is equal to one brick (I.e.. 18 cm)  The overlap is usually kept equal to half the width of brick (I.e. 41/2 cm).  This is achieved by using three-quarter brick bats in each alternate courses as quoins.
  • 98.
    HEADER BOND  Thisbond is unsuitable for load bearing walls.  The bond is specially useful for curved brick work where the stretchers, if used, would project beyond the face of wall and would necessitate inconvenient cutting.  This is also used in construction of footing.
  • 99.
  • 100.
  • 101.
    ENGLISH BOND  Thisis the most commonly used bond for all wall thicknesses.  This bond is considered to be the strongest.  The bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.  In this bond, the vertical joints of the header courses come over each other, similarly the vertical joints of the stretcher courses also come over each other.
  • 102.
    ENGLISH BOND  Inorder to break the vertical joints in the successive courses, it is essential to place queen closer after the first header (quoin header) in each heading course.  Also only headers are used for the hearting of thicker walls.
  • 103.
  • 104.
    ESSENTIAL FEATURES OFENGLISH BOND  Alternative courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation.  Every alternate header comes centrally over the joint between two stretchers in course below.  In the stretcher course the stretchers have a minimum lap of ¼th their length over headers.  There is no continuous vertical joint.
  • 105.
    ESSENTIAL FEATURES OFENGLISH BOND  Walls of even multiple of half bricks present the same appearance on both faces. Thus a course showing stretchers on the front face will also show stretcher in back face. (0.5×2=1, 0.5×4=2, 0.5×6=3)  Wall of odd multiple of half bricks will show stretchers on one face and headers on the other face. (0.5×1=0.5, 0.5×3=1.5, 0.5×5=2.5)  The hearting of each of the thicker walls consists entirely of headers.
  • 106.
    ESSENTIAL FEATURES OFENGLISH BOND  At least every alternate transverse joint is continuous from face to face.  A header course should never start with queen’s closure as it will get displaced. The queen’s closure should be placed just next to quoin header.
  • 107.
    ESSENTIAL FEATURES OFENGLISH BOND  Queen closure are not required in stretcher course.  Since the number of vertical joints in the header course are twice the number of vertical joints in the stretcher course, the joint in the header course are made thinner than the joints in the stretcher course.
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  • 109.
  • 110.
  • 111.
  • 112.
  • 113.
    FLEMISH BOND  Inthis type of bond each course is comprised of alternate headers and stretchers.  Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner.(quoin header)  Queen closers are placed next to the quoin header in alternate courses to develop the face lap.  Every header is centrally supported over the stretcher below it.  In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond.
  • 114.
    FLEMISH BOND  Flemishbond are of two types: a. Double flemish bond b. Single flemish bond
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  • 116.
  • 117.
    DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND In double flemish bond each course presents the same appearance both in the front face as well as in the back face.  Alternate headers and stretchers are laid in each course.  Because of this , double flemish bond presents better appearance than english bond.  This type of bond is comparatively weaker than english bond.
  • 118.
  • 119.
    SPECIAL FEATURES OFDOUBLE FLEMISH BOND  Every course consists of headers and stretchers placed alternatively.  The facing and backing of the wall in each course have the same appearance.  Queen closers are used next to quoin headers in every alternate course.  Half bats and three-quarter bats are used wherever it is necessary.
  • 120.
  • 121.
    SINGLE FLEMISH BOND Single flemish bond is comprised of double flemish bond facing and English bond backing and hearting in each course.  This bond thus uses the strength of the english bond and appearance of flemish bond.  This bond can be used for those walls having thickness at least equal to 11/2 brick.  Good quality bricks are used for facing, however, cheaper bricks can be used for backing and hearting.
  • 122.
    COMPARISION OF ENGLISHBOND AND FLEMISH BOND  English bond is stronger for walls thicker than 11/2 brick.  Flemish bond gives more pleasing appearance than the English bond.  Broken bricks can be used in the form of bats in flemish bond. However, more mortar is required.  Construction with flemish bond requires greater skill in comparison to english bond.
  • 123.
  • 124.
    RAKING BOND  Inthis type the bonding bricks are laid at any angle other than zero or ninety degrees.  This arrangement helps to increase the longitudinal stability of thick walls built in english bond.  In this arrangement of bonding the space between the external stretchers of a wall is filled with bricks inclined to the face of the wall.
  • 125.
  • 126.
    RAKING BOND  Thisbond is introduced at certain intervals along the height of a wall.  2 common forms of raking bond 1. Herring bone bond 2. Diagonal bond
  • 127.
  • 128.
    DUTCH BOND  Thisbond is a modification of the old english cross bond and consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.  In this arrangement of brick work each stretching course starts at the quoin with a three – quarter bat and every alternate stretching course has a header placed next to quoin stretcher.  This bond is sufficiently strong and bears a good elevation.
  • 129.
    PARTITION WALL  Apartition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or other such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from another.  A good partition wall should be cheap, light, thin, fire- resistant and easy in construction.  Generally partition walls are designed as non-load bearing walls.
  • 130.
    TYPES OF PARTITIONWALLS 1. Brick partitions 2. Hollow brick partitions of clay, terra-cotta or concrete. 3. Glass partitions 4. Concrete partitions-plain or reinforced 5. Metal lath and plaster partitions 6. A.C sheet or G.I sheet partitions 7. Timber partitions
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  • 132.
    HOLLOW BLOCK PARTITIONS Such walls are light, rigid, economical, strong and fire resistant.  They have good sound insulating properties.  The size of blocks differ with the nature of material.  The thickness of this type of partition wall varies between 6 to 15cm.  These walls are constructed in similar manner as structural load bearing walls.
  • 133.
  • 134.
    GLASS PARTITION  Thesemay be made from sheet glass or hollow glass blocks.  In case of sheet glass partitions, sheets of glass are fixed in the frame work of wooden members dividing entire area in a number of panels.  The panels may be square or rectangular in shape and their size varies with the choice of the individual.  Glass partitions are cheap, light, easy in construction and provide reasonable privacy and sound insulation.
  • 135.
    GLASS PARTITION  Thecost of maintenance of such partitions is much more as glass is liable to break when struck hard by anything.  With the introduction of reinforced glass sheets, this danger is greatly minimised.  Three-ply glass and armour plate glass are some of the varieties of sheet glass which possess good shock- resisting properties.
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  • 137.
  • 138.
    CAVITY WALLS  Cavitywall consists of 2 walls with a 5cm to 8 cm cavity between them.  The outer wall also known as outer leaf consists of 10cm thick wall and the inner wall is sufficiently thick and strong to carry the imposed load safely.  The minimum thickness of inner wall is restricted to 10cm.  The provision of a continuous cavity in the wall efficiently prevents the transmission of dampness to the inner wall.
  • 139.
    ADVANTGES  As thereis no intimate contact between the two leaves there is no possibility of the moisture travelling from outer leaf to the inner .  The layer of air in the cavity being non-conductor of heat reduces the transmission of heat from the external face to the internal one.  Cavity walls have 25% greater insulating value than solid walls.  They have good sound insulation property and are economical.
  • 140.
     Characteristics ofstone and brick masonry.  Requirements of stone and brick masonry.  Load bearing walls
  • 141.
    CLASS TEST -1 1. With neat sketch (Front elevation), write the features of English bond and Flemish bond. List their merits and demerits. (10Marks) 2. Define and sketch the following i) Bevelled closer ii) Mitred closer iii) King closer iv) Queen closer. v) Three quarter bat. (10Marks)