Study finds some people less susceptible to H7N9 influenza virus than others
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An international team of researchers found that genetic differences result in varying degrees of immune response to the H7N9 influenza virus. By studying immune responses in blood samples from 52 donors, they discovered that differences in a CD8+ T lymphocyte protein complex explained the varying responses. Specifically, those with this protein complex mounted some immune response even to novel flu strains like H7N9, while those without it had no prior immunity and were more at risk. The researchers aim to develop a universal T-cell vaccine to supplement standard flu vaccines and provide protection against H7N9 before the next flu season.
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H1 n1 influenza a disease information for health professionals lindsey_nejm 2009Ruth Vargas Gonzales
1. A novel H1N1 influenza virus emerged in Mexico and the US in April 2009 that was a triple reassortment of human, avian, and swine influenza viruses.
2. Researchers developed PCR tests to identify confirmed cases of the virus and help track the outbreak. Health authorities worldwide are monitoring and trying to control the outbreak.
3. As of early May 2009, the virus was causing mild to moderate illness in most patients. However, some hospitalized patients developed pneumonia or other complications, and two deaths occurred in high-risk patients. The age distribution and symptoms resembled typical seasonal influenza.First Human Becomes Infected By H6N1 Bird Flu In Taiwan
A new bird flu strain called H6N1 has infected its first human.
Taiwanese researchers are reporting the new bird flu appeared in a 20-year-old woman from central Taiwan. The woman had been working in a delicatessen before she began experiencing flu-like symptoms and shortness of breath. She was then hospitalized in May 2013.
HunterThesis
This document describes a thesis submitted by Jeffrey Hunter to Oregon Health & Science University examining gene expression variations associated with influenza infection severity in humans and mice. The thesis aims to integrate data from human influenza infection datasets, mouse phenotype ontologies, and gene expression data from the Collaborative Cross mouse model to identify conserved genes and pathways related to infection severity across species. Chapter 1 introduces influenza viruses and symptoms, the Collaborative Cross mouse model, and the use of ontologies. The materials and methods used for human differential expression analysis, mouse phenotype analysis, and cross-species integration are described in Chapter 2. Results are presented in Chapter 3, with discussion following in Chapter 4.
Dr. Obumneke Amadi-Onuoha Scripts-20
This study aims to investigate the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and its relationship to reduced susceptibility to antiviral drugs and resistance. Specifically, it will examine gene expression differences between infected and uninfected individuals. The hypothesis is that the presence of H275Y mutations will change gene expression related to immune response against influenza. Methods will include a literature review on H275Y and resistance data, genomic analysis of H275Y, and investigating gene polymorphisms and expression in infected versus uninfected people. The outcome may help guide treatment and vaccine development by identifying this mutation as a reliable predictor of resistance.
Gain of-function experiments on H7N9
1) The H7N9 avian influenza virus emerged in China in 2013 and caused over 130 human cases with 43 deaths. Researchers propose conducting gain-of-function (GOF) experiments on H7N9 viruses to assess their pandemic risk and inform public health responses.
2) The proposed GOF experiments would study immunogenicity, adaptation, drug resistance, transmission, and pathogenicity of H7N9 viruses. Results could help develop vaccines and treatments, and identify mutations that increase transmissibility or pathogenicity.
3) GOF research on H7N9 viruses would be subject to review and require risk mitigation plans, as was done for H5N1 research previously. Insights from
Covid 19-antibodies-pdf
- A new study found that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alone, without the rest of the virus, is enough to damage cells by binding to the ACE2 receptor and disrupting cell signaling and mitochondria. This may be responsible for some long-haul COVID symptoms.
- However, early treatment of high-risk COVID patients within 5 days has been shown to reduce long-haul symptoms and death rates to just 0.1%.
- A recent study found that people who had mild COVID infections developed long-lasting antibodies and immune cells that could protect against reinfection for years, demonstrating that natural immunity is effective and long-lasting.
Avian Influenza A Virus
- Since 2014, the USDA has confirmed cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in migratory bird flyways along the Pacific, Central, and Mississippi routes. Wild birds can carry and spread influenza viruses along these routes.
- Avian influenza viruses can infect both domestic and wild birds. While wild birds usually do not get sick, the viruses are highly contagious and can make birds severely ill or kill them.
- The document discusses avian influenza A virus in birds and its transmission through migratory flyways in North America.
13LongChap11-septicshock.pdf
Sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. While sepsis-associated mortality has decreased significantly from 97% in 1966 to around 10% currently, it remains one of the leading causes of death in children. A recent study found an annual incidence of severe sepsis of 0.56 per 1000 children in the United States, resulting in over 4,000 deaths annually. The most common causes of infection were respiratory tract infections and bloodstream infections. Treatment of sepsis involves prompt administration of antibiotics, supportive care, and treatment of organ dysfunction.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Members of the fungal genus now known as Pneumocystis were first identified in 1909 by Chagas in the lung of guinea pigs that had been experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Chagas thought he had identified a new trypanosomal life form. In 1910, Carini noted morphologically similar organisms in the lung of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, and likewise thought they were a new type of trypanosome.
In 1912, Delanoe and Delanoe, working at the Institut Pasteur, Paris, reviewed Carini’s data and observed the cysts in the lung of Parisian sewer rats. Delanoe and Delanoe realized this was a unique organism and a separate species from Trypanosoma, and named it Pneumocystis carinii, Pneumocystis highlighting the pulmonary tropism and pathogenesis of the organism, carinii in honor of A. Carini.
Oh et al 2014_Scientifica
This review article summarizes changes in the antiviral susceptibility of human and avian influenza viruses over the past decade from 2004-2013. It discusses how widespread adamantane resistance developed in circulating influenza viruses, rendering those drugs ineffective and resulting in reliance on the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir. However, emergence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal H1N1 viruses in 2008 showed that resistance to these drugs could also emerge and spread globally. The review describes the classes of antiviral drugs that have been available and how susceptibility has changed. It aims to understand how resistant strains may emerge in the future.
Controlling_Disease_Outbreaks-The_Changing_Role_of_Hospitals-PC
The document discusses the threat of pandemic influenza and the need for healthcare systems to prepare for disease outbreaks. It notes that recent outbreaks of avian influenza A(H5N1) are a reminder that a human pandemic could occur at any time, causing major suffering and economic losses. Past pandemics like the 1918 Spanish flu prompted authorities to plan for preparedness, but structured planning is still lacking in many healthcare systems. The ability of influenza viruses to mutate and reassort means a new pandemic strain could emerge.
12 café aula 01 - dr. vicente vaz - novagripe
This document summarizes data on the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in England. It reports that an estimated 540,000 cases of H1N1 influenza occurred between June and November 2009, with 138 confirmed deaths, resulting in a case fatality rate of 26 per 100,000. Incidence was highest in children aged 5-14 years, while the case fatality rate was highest in adults aged 65 years and older. Most deaths occurred in individuals with pre-existing medical conditions.
Measles, Vaccines, Antibodies and Big Pharma Money
Measles, Vaccines, Antibodies and Big Pharma Money
Did you know that the AMA strongly discourages ANY comments by Medical Professionals that cast any doubt on the efficacy of vaccines? Did you also know there are several studies that show vaccines as being ineffective and that the basis of vaccines (formation of antibodies to speed up the immune response) has been shown to be invalid? Learn the truth here. Oh, by the way, no vaccine manufacturer can be held liable for any negative side-effects of their products.
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At http://bergmanchiropractic.com and http://Owners-Guide.com we strive to educate people on natural solutions to health.
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http://www.theArthritisReversalSystem.com is my online video course with 21 videos, 3 manuals and an online forum!
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Human herpes virus_6.spin1
Chronic Lyme disease is really complex multi-system, multi-neuroendocrine, multi-infectious disease that mimics over 350 different inflammatory diseases.
Bioinformatics in pandemic Script
This document discusses the use of subtractive genomics to identify potential drug targets for pathogenic organisms. Subtractive genomics involves subtracting the sequences between a host and pathogen's proteome to identify proteins essential to the pathogen but not present in the host. This approach has been applied to identify drug targets for multi-drug resistant pathogens like Salmonella typhi and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as pathogens with no existing effective drugs like Leishmania donovani and Clostridium botulinum. Identifying novel drug targets through subtractive genomics can help develop new defenses against antibiotic-resistant pathogens and treat diseases currently lacking effective treatments.
Encephalitis - A deadly infection
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by infections, autoimmune responses, or other non-infectious causes. It results in substantial global morbidity and mortality. Viruses are the most common cause of infectious encephalitis. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging. While treatment depends on the underlying cause, supportive care and prevention of complications is important. Prompt investigation and diagnosis of suspected cases is crucial to reduce poor outcomes of this potentially devastating disease.
Flu Vaccines...What Good Are They?
The document discusses flu vaccines and raises questions about their effectiveness and safety. It notes that flu vaccines may only reduce flu risk by 6-44% depending on the population. Safety studies on vaccine ingredients like thimerosal and adjuvants are limited. There is little data on the new H1N1 vaccine's safety and effectiveness since normal testing will be bypassed. The document recommends boosting immunity through healthy lifestyle choices instead of relying on vaccines.
Flu Vaccines....What are they good for?
The document discusses flu vaccines and raises questions about their effectiveness and safety. It notes that flu vaccines may only reduce flu risk by 6-44% depending on the population. Safety studies on vaccine ingredients like thimerosal and adjuvants are limited. There is little data on the new H1N1 vaccine's safety and effectiveness since normal testing will be bypassed. The document recommends boosting immunity through healthy lifestyle choices instead of relying on vaccines.
Flu Vaccines....What are They Good For?
The document discusses flu vaccines and raises questions about their effectiveness and safety. It notes that flu vaccines may only reduce flu risk by 6-44% depending on the population. Safety studies on vaccine ingredients like thimerosal and adjuvants are limited. There is little data on the new H1N1 vaccine's safety and effectiveness since normal testing will be bypassed. The document recommends boosting immunity through healthy lifestyle choices instead of relying on vaccines.
Similar to Study finds some people less susceptible to H7N9 influenza virus than others (20)
H1 n1 influenza a disease information for health professionals lindsey_nejm 2009
H1 n1 influenza a disease information for health professionals lindsey_nejm 2009
First Human Becomes Infected By H6N1 Bird Flu In Taiwan
First Human Becomes Infected By H6N1 Bird Flu In Taiwan
Controlling_Disease_Outbreaks-The_Changing_Role_of_Hospitals-PC
Controlling_Disease_Outbreaks-The_Changing_Role_of_Hospitals-PC
Measles, Vaccines, Antibodies and Big Pharma Money
Measles, Vaccines, Antibodies and Big Pharma Money
More from Harm Kiezebrink
Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning is not a humane alternative to Carbon Dioxi...
I would like express gratitude to the HSA for their 20 years of tireless advocacy for improving pigs' welfare. Their efforts have empowered those seeking alternatives to carbon dioxide stunning. Over nearly 30 years, I've worked on animal welfare friendly stunning applications, particularly regarding stunning/slaughtering using nitrogen foam, and I believe I've found the definitive answer.
The industry originally adopted large-scale carbon dioxide stunning to optimize food production, reduce costs, and lower meat prices, which is only feasible with parallel processing (simultaneously stunning groups of pigs) rather than serial processing (stunning each pig individually). Electrocution is not viable for large-scale operations due to this need for parallel processing. Therefore, a replacement gas that lacks carbon dioxide's detrimental properties is needed, but only a few gases are suitable.
Additionally, the application of an alternative gas must adhere to several fundamental principles:
a) Applicability of the methods for stunning and killing pigs, including their scalability for large-scale application.
b) Description of the technical.
c) Animal welfare consequences associated with specific techniques, including welfare hazards (ABMs), animal-based indicators (ABIs), preventive and corrective measures, and the sufficiency of scientific literature in describing these consequences.
d) Applicability under field conditions.
Introducing a novel application for large-scale pig slaughter is complex and time-consuming before it can be expected, especially given the substantial economic and financial impact for the industry. However, there is hope on the horizon.
The alternative gas is nitrogen, and the application is based on using high-expansion foam filled with 100% nitrogen, applied in a closed container. Within a minute, all air is displaced by the foam, after which the container is sealed, and the foam is broken down with a powerful nitrogen pulse. This ensures that the foam does not affect the stunning process; the entire process can be visually and electronically monitored, and the residual oxygen level in the container is consistently below 2%. The container dimensions are identical to the gondolas used in the globally implemented carbon dioxide gondola system.
The integration of nitrogen foam technology into European regulation EU1099/2009 is nearing completion. All scientific and technical procedures have been submitted to the EU Commission, with finalization awaiting the presentation of EFSA's scientific opinion to the Commission and subsequent approval for inclusion. This final phase is anticipated to occur during the general meeting slated for June 2024.
This marks the first step toward replacing carbon dioxide in 25 years. Fingers crossed for the EU Commission's decision in June 2024!
Harm Kiezebrink
Independent Expert
Preventief ruimen bij vogelgriep in pluimveedichte gebieden en mogelijkheden ...
New Risk assessment model
The applications designed for farrow-to-weaner pig farms rely on a novel risk assessment model. This model, developed from a recent study, indicates that the likelihood of an undetected infection on nearby farms notably diminishes 7 to 14 days following the identification of the source farm.
This risk assessment model is based a Dutch study that is published by T.J. Hagenaars et al on June 30, 2023: “Preventief ruimen bij vogelgriep in pluimveedichte gebieden en mogelijkheden voor aanvullende bemonstering” (Preventive culling in areas densely populated with poultry, and possibilities for additional sampling).
According to this premise, instead of the standard depopulation approach of euthanizing pigs on-site, pigs beyond the immediate vicinity of infected farms are slaughtered.
Animal Health Canada is currently evaluating new strategies and technologies for managing large-scale emergency situations involving pigs. I have been actively involved in developing strategies and procedures aimed at implementing strict control measures for pig euthanasia during emergencies, with a focus on substantially reducing costs by avoiding unnecessary culling and destruction of healthy animals.
Opting for slaughtering over on-farm euthanasia not only reduces the operational burden on farms but also repurposes the pigs as a valuable protein source rather than considering them as animal waste. This approach assists in crisis management during widespread outbreaks, significantly reduces expenses, and simultaneously mitigates risks.
While this approach is influenced by the new EU regulations implemented since May 2022, it can be adapted for implementation within the context of any EU Member state, as well as in the USA and Canada.
Managing large-scale outbreaks at Farrow-to-Weaner Farms
In the face of large-scale outbreaks of swine Influenza A Virus (swIAV), there's a call for exploring various strategies conducive to managing emergencies in field conditions.
Through subdivision, a customized approach can be embraced to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness while mitigating the impact on individual farms. This tactic maximizes emergency deployment capacity and streamlines standard procedures. Moreover, leveraging the existing capacity of farming aids in alleviating scrutiny on animal welfare standards, presenting a notable advantage.
Nitrogen filled high expansion foam in open Containers
On March 31, 2023 the US National Pork Board validated a study by Todd Williams, of Pipestone Veterinary Services, based on the use of high expansion nitrogen foam for the large-scale depopulation of all classes of swine, utilizing Livetec Systems Nitrogen Foam Delivery System (NFDS).
The high expansion foam produced by the Livetec Systems NFDS surrounds the animal in large bubbles filled with nitrogen with a base expansion ration of between 300 and 350 to 1, as mentioned on the information provided by the producer of the firefighting foam.
The Livetec technology, based on using Compressed Air Foam (CAF) filled with nitrogen instead of air for depopulating pigs, emerges within a critical landscape. The complexities of implementing effective emergency depopulation strategies for livestock, particularly swine, present multifaceted challenges. Livetec's approach relies on high expansion firefighting foam, aiming to euthanize pigs by submerging them in foam.
The Livetec system's claims about the effectiveness of nitrogen-filled high expansion foam for depopulating market pigs lack substantial evidence upon analysis. The discrepancy between the actual foam produced during field trials and the promised high expansion foam, coupled with the absence of concrete proof supporting the method's efficacy, discredits the technology's claims.
World bank evaluating the economic consequences of avian influenza
Pandemics cause very serious loss of life, restrictions of freedom and serious economic damage. Potential pandemics all are related to our dealing with animals, both wild and domesticated.
In this Word Bank study of 2006, the effects of a severe HPAI pandemic (with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus crossing the species barrier and infecting humans) predicted economic losses from 2-10% of the world economy.
The economic impact of the present COVID-19 crisis, caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus spreading from wild animals to humans, probably will reach the upper limits of this prediction even if the losses of life might be near the lower limits mentioned in the report (1,4 millions rather than 71 millions).
A common observation is that governments were late to react on the COVID-19 outbreak.
Pandemics are rare, so due to cost-benefit considerations emergency preparations do usually not get beyond an advisory (paperwork) phase. When an emergency eventually arises, the response is too late, too little, and with disastrous effects on animal and/or human welfare that could have been avoided. Relatively small, short-term financial savings result in big, long-term losses.
Protection against outbreaks cannot be achieved by political decisions during a crisis. Our dealing with animals, especially in animal production, must be inherently safe so that animal health and public health are protected.
This is recognized in the One Health strategy that has been adopted internationally.
An outbreak of animal disease occurs should be contained at a very early stage. This can only be realized if all farms have their own emergency plans, with equipment to deal with contagious diseases already present at the farm.
Gas alternatives to carbon dioxide for euthanasia a piglet perspective
The use of nitrous oxide as an anesthetic/euthanasia agent may prove to be affordable, feasible and more humane than other alternatives.
The neonatal stage is a critical time in the life of a pig, when they are prone to become sick or weak. This is the stage at which most euthanasia procedures are required if the pig is judged unable to recover. Any euthanasia method should be humane, practical, economical and socially acceptable to be universally accepted.
They found that nitrous oxide in oxygen appeared to be less aversive than nitrous oxide, nitrogen, or argon all combined with low (30%) concentrations of carbon dioxide or 90% carbon dioxide by itself.
This study is the first to investigate the use of nitrous oxide at sufficiently high concentrations to cause anesthesia. Nitrous oxide, commonly referred to as laughing gas, has been widely used in human surgery and dental offices for its pain-relieving, sedative and anxiolytic effects. It is cheap, non-flammable, non-explosive, legally accessible and not classified as a drug in the U.S., and already commonly used in the food industry as a propellant for food products.
Development of its use into an automated procedure will allow producers to implement it with little effort. Thus its use as an anesthetic/euthanasia agent may prove to be affordable, feasible and more humane than other alternatives.
Anoxia - applying the technique
Anoxia: High expansion foam
The Anoxia method is unique for creating an environment without oxygen under atmospheric circumstances. High expansion foam is produced by mixing nitrogen and a mixture of water and specially developed high expansion detergent, with an expansion rate upto 1:1000, meaning that 1 litre of water/foam agent mix expands up to 1 m3 foam. Due to the specially designed foam generator, the high expansion foam bubbles are filled with a > 99% concentration of nitrogen. The oxygen level surrounding the animal drops from 21% in atmospheric air to < 1 % once the animal is submerged in the foam.
Anoxia: convulsions, but no stress or pain
The animals need a constant supply of oxygen to the brain. Applying Anoxia foam, the oxygen is replaced by nitrogen. As a result the nitrogen level is raised to > 99% and the oxygen level is lowered to < 1%. Considering the natural reaction to sudden lack of oxygen the animal is rendering quickly into unconsciousness. As a consequence, behavioral indicators like loss of posture and convulsions will appear. With this in mind, unconscious animals are insensitive to perceive unpleasant sensations like pain.
Anoxia: How Anoxia foam is created
A mixture of 97% water and 3% high expansion foam agent is sprayed into the Anoxia foam generator, creating a thin film on the outlet of the generator. At the same time, nitrogen is added with overpressure into the foam generator. The nitrogen expands when it exits the generator, creating robust high expansion foam. The high expansion foam bubbles are filled with > 99% nitrogen.
Anoxia: Single foam generator systems
In practice, one Anoxia foam generator creates a volume of up to 750 liter of high expansion foam per minute. This volume is more than sufficient to fill a wheelie-bin container within 30 seconds. The most common container volumes are: M size - 240 liter; L size - 340 liter; and XL size - 370 liter. The choice of the volume of the container depends of the size of the animal and/or the number of animals that need to be stunned/killed. A lid with a chiffon that seals the container. As soon as the foam exits the chiffon, the gas supply is stopped and the chiffon is closed. The nitrogen gas concentration in the container remains at 99%.
Animal Euthanasia: What are the challenges?
Although commonly used in other settings, defining animal welfare as part of a corporate CSR setting is not new.
There are many ways to define CSR. What they have in common is that CSR describes how companies manage their business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. The phenomenon CSR is a value concept that is susceptible to particular ideological and emotional interpretations. Different organizations have framed different definitions - although there is considerable common ground between them.
Some important national players of the food chain at different steps (mainly food retailers and food services) have included animal welfare in their CSR.
Anoxia: what is it?
The Anoxia technique is developed as alternative for existing animal stunning methods that are based on the use of CO2, electrocution, neck dislocation, captive-bolt, as well as killing methods like de-bleeding and maceration.
In the past 10 years, Wageningen University and University of Glasgow conducted several studies that proved that the technique could be applied successfully for culling poultry (Proof of Principle Anoxia Technique). This was the start of the development of several applications based on the Anoxia principle, using high expansion foam filled with >99% Nitrogen that are now introduced for:
1. Stunning and killing of sick and cripple killing piglets less than 5 kg
2. Stunning and killing of sick or cripple poultry (especially poultry > 3kg) who need to be killed on the farm by the staff for welfare purposes (avoiding unnecessary stress or pain)
3. Stunning and killing poultry that arrives on the slaughterhouse but that are unfit to be slaughtered (due to injuries occurred during transportation – providing signs of possible illness etc.)
4. Stunning and killing of male pullets at the hatchery
5. Stunning and killing of half-hatched chickens and embryos in partly-hatched eggs, before destruction
6. Stunning and killing parent stock poultry
7. Killing of animals that has been stunned (captive bolt – blow-on-the-head method, etc.) replacing killing by de-bleeding
8. Culling of ex-layers
9. Culling of poultry for disease control purposes
Last November we started the launch of the commercialization of the Anoxia applications in Holland, Germany and Sweden, focusing on the areas where a solution is most needed: piglets (< 5kg) and poultry (> 3kg) on farms.
Since November 2016, the introduction of these applications took place in Holland, Germany, Sweden and Denmark
WHO warns of H7 N9 pandemic
World Health Organization director- general Margaret Chan Fung Fu-chun warns bird flu H7N9 is particularly worrying as it could be a flu pandemic strain. This is because H7N9 is unique as it does not make chickens sick but is deadly in humans. Sick birds could usually provide early warning for imminent outbreaks, Chan told The Standard. This comes as Macau reported its first human case of H7N9 yesterday. "The biggest challenge for the world is the next influenza pandemic," Chan said.
Laves presentation practical experiences in the culling of poultry in germany
This presentation, based on the practical experiences in culling poultry in Germany, gives an overview of the culling techniques currently in use in Germany. It is presented by dr. Ursula Gerdes, dr. Josef Diekmann and ing. Rainer Thomes.
LAVES is the Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, located in Oldenburg, Germany. With around 900 employees they are entrusted with tasks in the areas of food and utensil inspection, feed inspection, meat hygiene, veterinary drug monitoring, eradication of animal diseases, disposal of animal by-products, animal welfare, ecological farming, market surveillance and technical process monitoring.
Berg et al. 2014 killing of spent laying hens using co2 in poultry barns
September 2015: In Sweden, spent laying hens are killed either by traditional slaughter; on-farm with CO2 in a mobile container combined with a grinder; or with CO2 stable gassing inside the barn. The number of hens killed using the latter method has increased. During these killings a veterinarian is required to be present and report to the Swedish Board of Agriculture.
Data were registered during four commercial killings and extracted from all official veterinary reports at CO2 whole-house killings in 2008–2010. On-farm monitoring showed that temperature decreased greatly and with high variability. The time until birds became unconscious after coming into contact with the gas, based on time until loss of balance, was 3–5 min.
Veterinary reports show that 1.5 million laying hens were killed, in 150 separate instances. The most common non-compliance with legislation was failure to notify the regional animal welfare authorities prior to the killings. Six out of 150 killings were defined as animal welfare failures, eg delivery of insufficient CO2 or failure to seal buildings to achieve adequate gas concentration.
Eleven were either potentially or completely unacceptable from the perspective of animal welfare. We conclude that, on the whole, the CO2 whole-house gas killing of spent hens was carried out in accordance with the appropriate legislation. Death was achieved reliably.
However, there remain several risks to animal welfare and increased knowledge would appear vital in order to limit mistakes related to miscalculations of house volume, improper sealing or premature ventilation turn-off.
Neutralizing risks instead of stamping-out
The latest outbreak of High Pathogen Avian Influenza in the USA and Canada in the spring of this year and the inability to avoid animal welfare catastrophes ultimately proves that new emergency response strategies are needed. Strategies that are based on taking away the source of infection instead of killing as many animals as possible within 24 hours, regardless the consequences.
The statement that “It’s possible that human infections with these viruses may occur” and that “these viruses have not spread easily to other people” is confusing. Humans can become infected without showing clinical signs. They can become the major carrier of the infection.
Especially during depopulation activities, viruses easily transmit through responders. Tasks like taking layers out of their cages and transport the birds manually through the narrow walkways between the cages, and disposal of infected animals are specific risks that need to be avoided. Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution.
Although humans are supposed to be less susceptible, they can become carrier of the virus. Only the highest level of biosecurity could prevent the transmission through the humans and materials that have been in direct contact with infected animals and materials.
Simply switching of the electricity so that sick birds don’t have to be handled is not the solution. Avoid killing animals is always the better option and in Germany, the discussion on the strategy based on neutralizing risks and is in the making. Avoiding situations demands a proactive role of the poultry industry.
Ventilation Shutdown: who takes the responsibility to flip the switch?
On September 18, 2015 the USA Government and the American egg producers announced that they would accept the Ventilation shutdown method as a method of mass destruction of poultry when other options, notably water-based foam and CO2, are not available for culling at the farm within 24-36 hours. This is actually the case on all caged layer farms in the USA, in particular in Iowa.
The Ventilation shutdown method consists of stopping ventilation, cutting off drinking water supply, and turning on heaters to raise the temperature in the poultry house to a level between 38 Celsius and 50 Celsius. Birds die of heat stress and by lack of oxygen in a process that easily takes over after a period of at least 3 days. Ventilation shutdown is a killing method without prior stunning of the birds, and as such is contrary to all international Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose this introduction of the cruelest method of killing poultry that lost their economic value. The Humane Society (HSUS) described it as the “inhumane mass baking of live chickens”. With adequate preparation the alternative methods, like the water-based Anoxia foam method, can be available at each farm for immediate use in case of an outbreak. The ban of the Ventilation shutdown method should therefore be maintained and the Anoxia method should be further developed so that is suitable for application to caged layers and turkeys. In Germany, such a system is currently under development and will become commercially available soon.
The poultry industry in the USA ignores this development and asks for a formal approval of the Ventilation Shutdown method. Speaking on August 19, 2015, during the United Egg Producers (UEP) national briefing webinar, UEP President Chad Gregory explained that much research is being done concerning the feasibility of such a depopulation program.
“The government, the producers, the states and UEP, we all recognize that depopulation is going to have to happen faster and ideally within 24 hours.”
Quick depopulation of affected flocks is important, Gregory said, because the sooner a flock is depopulated, the risk of the virus going into fans and out into the atmosphere becomes smaller. Gregory said ventilation shutdown – if approved – would probably only be used in a worst-case scenario or when all other euthanasia options have been exhausted. Gregory did not elaborate on how to adequately prevent outbreaks and how to promote more animal-friendly methods.
Stamping out strategy failed
In order to become one step ahead of an outbreak of high pathogen diseases like the current H5N2, the veterinary authorities need to stop the outbreak immediately after the first signals occur. Strict and thorough biosecurity measures are the most fundamental feature to protect poultry flocks on farms.
Without functional culling techniques, the options to effectively and efficiently cull in average more than 925,000 chickens per farm (in Iowa, USA) are limited: either by macerating the chickens alive – or by ventilation shut-down (closing down all ventilation, placing heaters inside the house, and heat the entire house to a temperature higher than 600 C).
Although both methods cause death of the birds, it has not been proven to be effective nor efficient. The primary goal to slowdown outbreaks and bring it to a complete stop but macerating live birds and killing them by heat stress and lack of oxygen would be against all International Animal Welfare standards.
Animal welfare specialists in disease control strongly oppose against the introduction of these most cruel methods of killing poultry and argue that the ban on these methods should be maintained and alternative methods need to be considered.
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or Neutralization
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
Dossier transmission: Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus to Dogs
This document reports on the transmission of an avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs in South Korea. Several dogs exhibited severe respiratory disease and three genetically similar canine influenza virus strains were isolated. Experimental infection of beagles demonstrated that the virus could be transmitted between dogs and cause clinical signs like fever and lung lesions. The canine respiratory tract was found to contain receptors for binding avian influenza viruses, suggesting potential for direct transmission from poultry. This provides evidence that dogs may play a role in interspecies transmission of influenza viruses.
Spatio temporal dynamics of global H5N1 outbreaks match bird migration patterns
This document analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns of H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks globally between 2003 and 2006. It identifies three phases of the H5N1 epidemic and uses space-time cluster analysis to detect six disease cluster patterns along major bird migration flyways. The matching of outbreak clusters with wild bird migration patterns suggests wild birds may play an important role in long-distance spread of H5N1. Short-distance spread is also potentially linked to wild birds spreading the virus at sites where they overwinter or migrate through.
Spatial, temporal and genetic dynamics of H5N1 in china
The spatial spread of H5N1 avian influenza, significant ongoing mutations, and long-term persistence of the virus in some geographic regions has had an enormous impact on the poultry industry and presents a serious threat to human health.
This study revealed two different transmission modes of H5N1 viruses in China, and indicated a significant role of poultry in virus dissemination. Furthermore, selective pressure posed by vaccination was found in virus evolution in the country.
Phylogenetic analysis, geospatial techniques, and time series models were applied to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of H5N1 outbreaks in China and the effect of vaccination on virus evolution.
Results showed obvious spatial and temporal clusters of H5N1 outbreaks on different scales, which may have been associated with poultry and wild-bird transmission modes of H5N1 viruses. Lead–lag relationships were found among poultry and wild-bird outbreaks and human cases. Human cases were preceded by poultry outbreaks, and wild-bird outbreaks were led by human cases.
Each clade has gained its own unique spatiotemporal and genetic dominance. Genetic diversity of the H5N1 virus decreased significantly between 1996 and 2011; presumably under strong selective pressure of vaccination. Mean evolutionary rates of H5N1 virus increased after vaccination was adopted in China.
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
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