Tuberculosis is a major global health problem, infecting around 10 million people per year. It is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. In 2016, over 10 million people fell ill with TB globally, with 56% of cases occurring in India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Host factors like age, sex, nutrition and immunity as well as social factors like poverty, overcrowding, smoking, and lack of education contribute to the risk of contracting TB. Drug-resistant TB remains a threat.

1. Epidemiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Dr. Jayaramachandran S
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
25.05.2018

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3. Introduction
• Tuberculosis (TB) has existed for millennia
• Major global health problem
• Ill-health for approximately 10 million people each year
• One of the top ten causes of death worldwide.
• Drug-resistant TB is a continuing threat
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4. Burden
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5. How to measure burden?
• Incidence– the number of new and relapse cases of TB arising in a
given time period, usually 1 year;
• Prevalence– the number of cases of TB at a given point in time; and
• Mortality– the number of deaths caused by TB in a given time period,
usually 1 year.
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8. Global Burden
• An estimated 10.4 million people fell ill with TB in2016:
• 90% were adults, 65% were male,
• 10% were people living with HIV (74% in Africa)
• 56% were in five countries: India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines & Pakistan
• In 2016,
• 3,74,000 deaths among HIV-positive people
• Estimated 1.3 million TB deaths among HIV-negative people
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TB mortality rate is falling at about 3% per year
TB incidence is falling at about 2% per year

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13. Epidemiological triad
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14. Host Factors
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15. Host factors
• Age
• Sex
• Heredity
• Nutrition
• Immunity
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16. Social Factors
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17. Social factors
• Poor quality of life
• Poor housing
• Over crowding
• Population explosion
• Under nutrition
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18. Social factors
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Abuse
• Lack of education
• Large families
• Early marriages
• Lack of awareness
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19. Summary
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20. Agent Factors
From the Department of Microbiology
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