This document discusses anthropometry, which is the measurement of human body dimensions used in product design. It covers key topics such as:
- Definitions of anthropometry and its uses in ergonomic design.
- The importance of considering anthropometric data for different populations when designing products for average size, specific ranges, or extremes.
- Factors that influence human body dimensions like age, gender, ethnicity, and work.
- Techniques for measuring body dimensions, including static measurements and functional/dynamic measurements of body positions during tasks.
- Statistical analysis and processing of anthropometric data, including determining percentiles and normal distributions.
- Applications of anthropometric data in workstation, equipment,
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 1Surashmie Kaalmegh
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ergonomics , also known as human factors is very important in many design fields where system-human interface is unavoidable. it is also important for furniture design system as no one size fits all.
Ergonomic Design of an office chair for people working in office for long hours sitting in a chair. It improves the efficiency and productivity of the employees as well as the company.
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 1Surashmie Kaalmegh
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ergonomics , also known as human factors is very important in many design fields where system-human interface is unavoidable. it is also important for furniture design system as no one size fits all.
Ergonomic Design of an office chair for people working in office for long hours sitting in a chair. It improves the efficiency and productivity of the employees as well as the company.
Importance of ergonomics in designing workplaceParth Shukla
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this presentation discusses importance of Ergonomics in designing workplace and different aspects in different conditions which affects workers while performing their work.
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 2SurashmieKalmegh
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this is the second part of the ergonomics lecture part I by me. in this the emphasis is on examples and how varied environments and mental framework too makes a difference to the experience of a user. although care is talken it may still not work for injuries or age related factors.
Use of percentiles ,and static and dynamic measurementsSurashmie Kaalmegh
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Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.
It is useful to design for humans and their various needs and activities if data is correct , adequate , relevant and its significance understood by designers.
range of motion for each joint is important for performing the activity by humans. it is also important to understand the flexibility and limitations of the human body for designing anything. be it space or furniture. Thus its knowledge is very important for a designer.
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 2Surashmie Kaalmegh
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ergonomics , also known as human factors is very important in many design fields where system-human interface is unavoidable. it is also important for furniture design system as no one size fits all.this is the second part of the lecture
Ergonomic modification for a person with a desk jobJoe Antony
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It was estimated that about 40.7 % of the global population was surfing the computers in the year 2012 as compared to 2006 of only 26.2%. [1]
Marshall et al study reveal that on average, six out of 10 employees used a chair at work and the number was expected to grow.[2]
Many researchers report that working 5.41 hours sitting at desk and 7 hour sleeping at night had a great impact on the physical and mental health.[2]
Sitting on a chair is one of the most common positions adopted by humans.
children and adults spend approx. 55% of their working hours or 7.7 hours/day in sitting postures.[2]
The ergonomic fit workstations have become a standard practice in various developed countries
An Ergonomic chair is configured to suit the way
body and mind interact with the workplace
environment. The chair adjusts to our natural
body posture and provides enhanced thermal
comfort at all times, catering to both physical and
psychological needs of an individual.
This topic is meant for the study purpose for the final year undergraduate Physiotherapy students, who are studying under The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University (Govt University).
Importance of ergonomics in designing workplaceParth Shukla
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this presentation discusses importance of Ergonomics in designing workplace and different aspects in different conditions which affects workers while performing their work.
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 2SurashmieKalmegh
Â
this is the second part of the ergonomics lecture part I by me. in this the emphasis is on examples and how varied environments and mental framework too makes a difference to the experience of a user. although care is talken it may still not work for injuries or age related factors.
Use of percentiles ,and static and dynamic measurementsSurashmie Kaalmegh
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Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.
It is useful to design for humans and their various needs and activities if data is correct , adequate , relevant and its significance understood by designers.
range of motion for each joint is important for performing the activity by humans. it is also important to understand the flexibility and limitations of the human body for designing anything. be it space or furniture. Thus its knowledge is very important for a designer.
Ergonomics & its importance in furniture design pt 2Surashmie Kaalmegh
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ergonomics , also known as human factors is very important in many design fields where system-human interface is unavoidable. it is also important for furniture design system as no one size fits all.this is the second part of the lecture
Ergonomic modification for a person with a desk jobJoe Antony
Â
It was estimated that about 40.7 % of the global population was surfing the computers in the year 2012 as compared to 2006 of only 26.2%. [1]
Marshall et al study reveal that on average, six out of 10 employees used a chair at work and the number was expected to grow.[2]
Many researchers report that working 5.41 hours sitting at desk and 7 hour sleeping at night had a great impact on the physical and mental health.[2]
Sitting on a chair is one of the most common positions adopted by humans.
children and adults spend approx. 55% of their working hours or 7.7 hours/day in sitting postures.[2]
The ergonomic fit workstations have become a standard practice in various developed countries
An Ergonomic chair is configured to suit the way
body and mind interact with the workplace
environment. The chair adjusts to our natural
body posture and provides enhanced thermal
comfort at all times, catering to both physical and
psychological needs of an individual.
This topic is meant for the study purpose for the final year undergraduate Physiotherapy students, who are studying under The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical University (Govt University).
Sonal Gupta, 1 Year Residential Design Diplomadezyneecole
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This Project Has Been Developed By the Student of Dezyne E' cole College Doing Her Interior Design Studies One Year Residential Design Diploma Programm
www.dezyneecole.com
Residential project 1st year diploma vartika khandelwal m.sc. i.d.dezyneecole
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Year end Residential project of student,Ms.Vartika Khandelwal student of MS.c-Interior Design of Dezyne E'cole College,Ajmer
This project is an outcome after 1 year of interior design programme of study at the college.The project focuses more on space planning and design development .
Neha Assudani B.Sc.Interior Design ( Building Construction Assignment)types ...dezyneecole
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This is the Work Compiled by the Student of B.Sc.-Interior Design of Dezyne E'cole College.The Presentation of Residential Design is Developed by the Student …
Bhavika Goyal
B.Sc. Interior Design
CHAPTER 3ANTHROPOMETRYLEARNING OBJECTIVESAt the end of the c.docxspoonerneddy
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CHAPTER 3
ANTHROPOMETRY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, students will have the ability to describe anthropometry, identify the best ergonomic design principle for a given situation, demonstrate how to use anthropometric data tables, and apply anthropometric principles to a workplace design.
INTRODUCTION
In basic terms, anthropometry is the measurement of the physical attributes of humans. Over time, the body dimensions of the human population have changed. In general, people have become taller and heavier than in the past. There is currently an obesity epidemic in the United States (US), and the result is that people are much heavier compared with the population around the 1930s and 1940s. This chapter is not concerned with how people in the US got to this point, rather how the tools people use must be changed to accommodate this heavier population.
In addition to these sorts of changes, the people who work within a population also change. In the early 1980s, a large number of female workers began working in heavy industries. At that time, safety equipment had not yet been adapted yet for smaller females. In one particular instance, a female with size 6 shoe was hired by a chemical company. Because size 6 female chemical boots were not available, the worker had to wear male size 7 chemical boots. This caused a big problem for the worker who had to walk and work in these boots. A female size 6 shoe is 8.9 in. in length. A male size 7 shoe is 9.7 in. in length. This is almost an inch difference, and makes a tremendous difference for the person wearing the shoes. This condition did not change until the mid-1980s. Now work boots of all sizes can be found.
It is obvious that ancient peoples used anthropometry of sorts to adapt tools and clothing to their needs. Even today, consumer goods such as clothing, appliances, cars, and tools are the biggest producers of anthropometric data. Though, in many instances, products adapted to one individual are still produced. Take a tailored article of clothing. In this case, the individual is measured and the product designed and manufactured from these data.
The savant, Alphonse Bertillon (born 1853), gave this name in 1883 to a system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human frame (Rhodes, 1956). He found by studying patient inquiry that several measures of physical features, along with dimensions of certain bones or bony structures in the body, remain fairly constant throughout adult life.
He concluded that when these measurements were made and recorded systematically every single individual would be found to be perfectly distinguishable from others. The system was soon adapted to police methods when crime fighters found value in being able to fix a person's identity. It prevented false impersonation and brought home, to any one charged with an offense, a person's responsibility for a wrongdoing. After its introduction in France in .
Anthropometry is the measurement of the dimensions of the body and other physical characteristics. In Korea the 1st National Sizing survey was conducted in 1979 by Korean Govt. division. The Korean agency for technology & standards (KATS,1979). At that time, data was collected from 17000 sample individuals between 6-50 years. A total number of 117 measurements dimension associated with men’s wear, females wear, brassieres, socks etc. Then Korean Govt. has been presenting a National survey in every 5/6 years. The survey of 1986, 1992, 1997, 2003 & 2010 was established by maintaining sequences.
The Size Korea survey which was conducted in 2010. A total of 14,200 civilians aged 7-69 years participated in the survey with 139 body and weight dimensions (in cm) measured in 2010. Twenty new dimensions from In-body measurement were added in 2010 and the data were continuously updated in Korean standard KSK0051 to KSK0053.
Surashmie Kaalmegh, Asisstant professor , LAD College this presentation is an introductory lecture for the design of ergonomic spaces for the physically challenged .
Jitesh Thakur ,B.Sc-ID+ 2 Year Residential & Commercial Design Diplomadezyneecole
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This Project has been Developed by the Student of Dezyne E'cole College Doing His Interior Design Studies Bachelor Degree Programme + 2Yr Residential & Commercial Design Diploma Programme www.dezyneecole.com
The presentation contains the details of Ergonomics along with different difficulties faced by Workers during actual work in industry
It depicts different Sitting positions eye, Color identification,color codes etc
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
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Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
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Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
2. ANTHROPOMETRY
• Terminologically, anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos”
whichmeans human and “metron” which means measurement
(Bridger,1995).
• Anthropometrics can be defined as a study which related with the
measurement of human’s body dimension. Widely, Anthropometry can be
used as an ergonomics consideration in product design or work system
that needs human interaction. The ergonomics aspects in a facility build
and design process are very important factors in support the development
of production service.
• Every product design, whether simple or complex design, should be
oriented to the users’ anthropometry. According to Sanders & Mc Cormick
(1987); Pheasant (1988), and Pulat (1992), anthropometry is body
dimension measurement or other physical body characteristics that
relevant with the design of somethingthat used by people.
3. There are 3 basic philosophies
of design
• Product design for individual with extreme dimension.
Example: determining the minimum width and height
of emergency door.
• Product design that can be operated in certain range
measurement.
Example: car chair design that can be slided forward or
backward, and the angle of the back rest also can be
changed.
• Product design for the average measurement.
Example: public facility design, such as restroom,
waiting chair, etc.
4. The antropometric data that we already get will
be applicated widely,which are :
• Work station design (work station, car interior,etc)
• Work equipments design (tools, mesins, dll).
• Consumptive products design (clothes, chair, desk,
etc).
• Physical work environment design.
5. Anthropometry is divided into 2 parts
• Anthropometry statics, where the
measurements are taken to human body
in static position. The measured dimension
are taken linearly and in the body surface
• Anthropometry dynamics, where the
measurements are taken in various body
position while moving, so it will be more
complex and difficult tomeasure
6. Factors the human body dimension
a) Age
Human body dimension will be grown since born until around 20
years old for man and 17 years old for woman. And then it will
decrease in age 60 years old.
b) Gender
Generally, man has bigger body dimension except for chest and hip.
c) Ethnic
Dimension variation will be emerged, because of ethnic influence.
d) Work
Daily work activities also causing the differences in human body
dimension.
7. Body Position While Working
• Pulat (1992) gave several considerations about the best
type of work
that can be done in sitting position:
1. A work that needs an accurate control on feet;
2. The main work is writing or needs an accuration on hands;
3. Do not need large force;
4. Do not need hands to work on more than 15 cm height
work base while holding the object;
5. Need high level of body stability;
6. The work takes long time to be done.
7. All the objects that being done or supplied are still within
reach in sitting position.
8. the guidance to arrange the height of work
base in sitting position as follow:
1. If it is possible, provide a table that can be
adjusted upward and downward;
2. The work base should be possible for arm to
hang in relax position from shoulder, with
forearm approach to horizontal position or
sloping down slightly; and
3. The height of work base does not need
excessive flexion of backbone.
9. several considerations for the best type of work
that can be done in standing position:
1. No space for feet or knee rest;
2. Should hold object with more than 4,5 kg
weight;
3. Often to reach upward, downward and
sideward;
4. Often to work with pressing downward
motion; high mobility required.
10. Work Station Dedign and
DynamicsWork Posture
• While Das (1991) and Pulat (1992) stated that
the combination of sitting and standing
position is the best position than only
standing or sitting.
• This is because the possibility of workers to
change the work position to reduce muscle
fatigue because unnatural posture in a work
position
12. Anthropometry needed a product
design
• percentile”. Percentile is a value that shows certain
percentage of people that have the size in the percentage or
below the percentage.
• For example, (95th percentile shows that 95% people are in or
below the value and can use the product).
• To determine the anthropometry data in normal distribution,
it can be formulated from mean and standard deviation of the
data.
• From the value, it canbe determined the percentile value
according to the probability tabel of normal distribution.
13. Design Method using Anthropometry
The steps of work system design by considering the anthropometry
factor generally are as follows (Roevuck, 1995):
1. Determine the design needs (establish requirements)
2. Define and describe the users’ population.
3. Sample selection that will be taken the data.
4. Determine the required data (body dimension that will be used)
5. Determine the source of data (body dimension that will be
measured) and
percentile that will be used.
6. Prepare the measurement tools that will be used
7. Data acquisition
8. Processing Data
• - Normality Test Data
14. • Uniformity Test Data
• Sufficiency Test Data
• Percentile Calculation Data
9. Design Visualization by consider:
– Normal body position
- Allowance (Clothes and clearance)
- Motion variation
10. Design result analysis
15. Normality Processing Data and Percentile using SPSS:
1. Input data of dimension value in data view
2. Enter to variable view, change the collumn with dimension name.
3. Data Processing :
1. Click analyze, choose descriptive statistics, then explore.
• 2. Input all variables as dependent variables.
• 3. Checklist both to toolbox display.
• 4. Choose statistic: checklist descriptive, percentiles, then
continue.
• 5. Choose plots: checklist none to box plots, stem and leaf to
descriptive.
• 6. Checklist normality plots with test, then continue.
• 7. Choose options: checklist exclude cases listwise, then continue.
• 8. Click continue. Processing Data Results are shown in the
output.
17. Anthropometry Today
• Biometrics
• Nutrition and wellness
– Weight Training
• Ergonomics
– dynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and around
the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones.
– Everyday life
• Evolutionary Significance
– Changes in humans overtime
• Monitor growth in children
– Cranial Anthropometry
17
18. Biometrics
• the automatic identification of a person based
on his/her physiological or behavioral
characteristics
• Verification vs. identification
– Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves
confirming or denying a person's claimed identity
– Identification: Who am I?
18
19. Biometrics Applications
• Forensics: criminal identification and prison
security
• Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs,
cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs,
workstations, and computer networks
• Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry
and key-less ignition
• Border control and national ID cards
19
20. Biometrics Programs
• Fingerprint Identification
• Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand
for authenticating a user's identity
• Face Location: an arbitrary black and white,
still image, find the location and size of every
human face
• Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition,
fingerprint verification, and speaker
verification in making a personal identification
20
21. Biometrics in Use
Heathrow Airport- Iris
BenGurion Airport: Hand
Geometry
FacePass: Face
Verification
Grocery Store Payment:
Fingerprint
INSPASS: Hand
Geometry
US- Visit Program
21
22. Cranial Anthropometry
• Also known as Craniometry
• measurement of the skull and face
• 3 ways to categorize the skull
– dolichocephalic: long and thin
– brachycephalic: short and broad
– mesocephalic: intermediate length and
breadth
22
23. Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones
– en (endocanthion)
– g (glabella)
– eu (eurion)
– gn (gnathion)
– ex (exocanthion)
– obi (otobasion inferius)
– ft (frontotemporale)
– op (opisthocranion)
– fz (frontozygomaticus)
– po (porion)
23
24. Cranial Anthropometry: 16 Facial Zones
(cont.)
– n (nasion)
– sn (subnasale)
– t (tragion)
– tr (trichion)
– v (vertex)
– zy (zygion)
24
26. 3- D Anthropometry
• 3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly
aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at
how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how
they can be used for the measurement of entire populations
• Programs:
– Cyberware
• DigiSize
• CySlice
• Ear Impression 3-D Scanner
– SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data
into measurement extraction software.
– CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for
men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and
65
– Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.
26
28. Human anatomy
1. Study of the structure of the human body
(anatomy = to cut apart, to dissect)
2. Biomechanically, one can describe the human
body as a basic skeleton whose parts are linked
in joints; the members have volumes and mass
properties and are moved by muscles.
3. Understanding the properties, capabilities, and
limitations of the body allow us to design
equipment and tools that use and enhance
human strengths.
28
29. Human Physiology
1. Study of the functions of the human body, of
all activities characteristic of living matter
(physi-o-logy = study of nature).
2. Living organisms made up of cells; Cell is
composed of protoplasm, the physical basis
of our life.
29
30. (BODILY) SYSTEM
Group of organs acting together to accomplish some
overall bodily function:
• Skeletal system
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Excretory
• Reproductive
• Endocrine
30
31. Body Measurement
Body measurements are usually defined by the two endpoints
of the distance measured.
Example
starts at the floor on which the subject stands and
extends to the highest point on the skull.
1. Height: Vertical point-to-point, straight-line
2. Breadth: Horizontal point-to-point, straight-line
3. Distance: Straight-line, point-to-point measurement
between landmarks on the body
4. Curvature: Point-to-point measurement following a
contour
31
34. Standardization of body measurement:
• ISO began to standardize anthropometric measures
and measuring
• technique in the 1980s.
• ISO/DIS 7250-1,2,3 (www.iso.org)
• ISO/DIS 7250-1 Basic human body measurements for
technological design -- Part 1: Body measurement
definitions and landmarks
• ISO/NP 7250-2 Basic human body measurements for
technological design -- Part 2: Statistical summaries of
body measurements from individual ISO populations
• ISO/NP 7250-3 Basic human body measurements for
technological design -- Part 3: Worldwide and regional
34
35. Measurement technique:
1. Classical technique:
Shortcoming: Simple but time consuming;
1. Many bony landmarks cannot be projected
easily onto grids
2. Contact measurements cannot be made on
certain sensitive parts
3. Body dimensions unrelated to each other, not a
3-D picture
35
36. Measurement technique:
2. New technique:
Photograph, video, laser-based anthropometry
Laser: distance-measuring device to determine the shape of irregularbodies.
Markers: be placed on points of surface so that the laser can recognize
them.
* V-scope analysis
Tool for measurement and recording the motion of bodies in 1-D,2-D, and
3-D
Tracking technology: Emit infrared signal → trigger ultrasonic
Response signal
Components: Towers, Buttons, Micro computer
The principle of measurement: each tower sends an infrared signal, a
button activated the button beeps; Given the speed of sound, the time it
takes for the “beep” can be converted into distance.
36
37. Anthropometric measurement
• Standing /sitting (static) posture
• Reaches – “functional” data
Body postures at work
Such data are used for engineering design
(e.g., workstation, equipment design…)
37
44. Anthropometric data Variability
Sources of variability:
• Measurement(e.g., population samples selected)
• Intra-individual (e.g., longitudinal study on statue
from young to old)
• Inter-individual (e.g., cross-sectional study, people
of different ages, sizes… included in the sample
set)
• Secular: (e.g., statue, weight increases,
contemporizes bigger than ancestors)
44
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