Magnetic stray fields pose an enormous obstacle for safety critical applications. This presentation will illustrate how a magnetic position sensor approach with build in stray field immunity offers an integrated solution that is ideal for a wide range of motion- and motor-control applications for industrial and automotive markets.
Various methods for measuring flux density have evolved, leading to the development of the fully integrated position sensor IC or magnetic position sensor, which incorporates the magnetic sensing element, signal conditioning and signal processing on a single chip. magnetic technology is considered as more robust and reliable than alternative sensing methods for position sensing, since it is unaffected by the dust, dirt, grease, vibration and humidity commonly found in harsh automotive and industrial applications.
Design engineers who use conventional MPS are increasingly running into a problem, however: interference from stray magnetic fields, which tends to corrupt the MPS’s output or reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to unacceptable levels. Even the known risk of malfunction due to stray magnetism is damaging to safety-critical designs, which in the automotive field must comply with the stringent risk-management requirements of the ISO26262 functional safety standard.
The increased risk has emerged as electrification in vehicles has been extended. Motors and cables carrying high current are particularly powerful sources of stray magnetism; these can equally be found in many industrial applications.
Attendees will learn about which arena stray field immunity is going to become an increasingly important attribute of magnetic position sensing, safety critical applications where magnetic stray field can cause false measurements due to the stray field influence, methods to protect the sensor from stray fields and how to built-in immunity into a sensor IC, and the superior performance of a built-in immunity position sensor IC demonstrated in the laboratory with extremely harsh conditions.
This document contains all the necessary basic information to understand Antenna Basics with simple and to the point non mathematical description.
This document is suitable for those who wants to understand only basics of antenna wireless communication.
For any queries or suggestions please contact on : mansithakur0304@gmail.com
Contents:
Electromagnetic Spectrum and RF basics.
Antenna introduction and its parameters.
Some other important factors like radiation pattern and polarization
Types of antennas and mobile antenna designs
How radio wave propagates
The frequency spectrum of a time-domain signal is a representation of that signal in the frequency domain. The frequency spectrum can be generated via a Fourier transform of the signal, and the resulting values are usually presented as amplitude and phase, both plotted versus frequency.
An oscillator is an amplifier which produces an output signal of significant high power whose waveform is similar to the input signal. It is an electronic circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any external input signal.
This document contains all the necessary basic information to understand Antenna Basics with simple and to the point non mathematical description.
This document is suitable for those who wants to understand only basics of antenna wireless communication.
For any queries or suggestions please contact on : mansithakur0304@gmail.com
Contents:
Electromagnetic Spectrum and RF basics.
Antenna introduction and its parameters.
Some other important factors like radiation pattern and polarization
Types of antennas and mobile antenna designs
How radio wave propagates
The frequency spectrum of a time-domain signal is a representation of that signal in the frequency domain. The frequency spectrum can be generated via a Fourier transform of the signal, and the resulting values are usually presented as amplitude and phase, both plotted versus frequency.
An oscillator is an amplifier which produces an output signal of significant high power whose waveform is similar to the input signal. It is an electronic circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any external input signal.
Noise is a general term that is used to describe an unwanted signal which affects a wanted signal. These unwanted signals arise from a variety of sources which may be considered in one of two main categories which is discussed in PPT.
Noise is a general term that is used to describe an unwanted signal which affects a wanted signal. These unwanted signals arise from a variety of sources which may be considered in one of two main categories which is discussed in PPT.
A visual exploration of the relationship between complexity, goodness and time. Based on the book of the same name (available as a free PDF at www.lulu.com/RoguePress)
Take a look at this best in class, versitle, comprehensive range of Proximity Switches. For more detials: http://www.tesensors.com/global/en/product/inductive-capacitive/xs-xt-ref/?filter=business-1-automation-and-control&parent-category-id=4900
Addressing the challenges of position sensor solutions in safety critical aut...HEINZ OYRER
As automobiles evolve, design engineers are continuously calling for components that offer increased performance and flexibility. Further still are the requirements that these devices be versatile and adaptable to a wide range of applications. While traditional position sensing technologies have their strengths, the development of inductive sensing technology offers solutions to the technical challenges and needs of today's demanding automotive electronics. The design flexibility of this type of sensing technology makes it a robust and cost effective solution for many automotive applications. This is particularly true for sensors and other feedback electronics that are required to make cars safer, more fuel-efficient, and emissions friendly. This talk will discuss position sensor challenges such as the issue of stray fields, harsh environments, installation space, mechanical tolerances, as well as levels of accuracy performance for safety critical applications such as electronic power steering (EPS) and electrical motor control to meet new safety and efficiency regulations.
Position sensors are sensors, which measure linear or angular position. Following the trend towards robust and intelligent sensor systems and applications ams offers a broad portfolio of non-contacting (without physical contact), hall-based and intelligent magnetic position sensors with high reliability and long functional life. With these position sensor solutions we are serving high-growth applications within the automotive (safety critical automotive applications concerning transmission, pedal, steering, chassis), consumer (home appliances), industrial (manufacturing, building and office automation, medical) and robotics markets.
We offer our customers and potential customers more than just a product. Our value proposition supports high-performance, superior durability, adherence to the most stringent safety requirements, and best-in class stray field immunity. Based on our differential principle (patented technology) all ams magnetic position sensors can withstand external magnetic stray fields above the limits required by the most demanding OEM’s. This is growing increasingly in importance, especially in the automotive arena as the drivetrain of vehicles becomes partially or wholly electrified, the environment becomes more electromagnetically and mechanically harsh, and new standards such as ISO11452-8 (immunity to magnetic fields) and ISO26262 (functional safety) become adopted.
Based on the fact that rotary and linear magnetic sensor technology shows robust growth, and particular trends in the automotive industry, like the need for contactless technologies (increased need for precision & safety), improvements in reliability & precision, lower CO2 emissions requirements, cost reduction, and the increased use of brush-less (BLDC) motors favors ams. We are encouraged to put significant weight behind magnetic position sensors for applications in automotive systems. A vivid example of these automotive trends can be seen a BLDC Motor for electronic power steering (on-axis motor position sensing and control in an Electric Power Steering (EPS) system). The motor position sensor controls the commutation of a brushless DC motor employed in the system. Sophisticated position sensor ICs with multiple sensing elements on a single die enable faster and more accurate acquisition of information. Stability over temperature, robustness against tolerances and interfering field, high number of pole pairs, high speeds (up to 30.000 rpm), angle error below 1° degree, ISO26262-compliance and redundant magnetic position sensors eliminating the concern of “loss of assist” make an ams position sensor the leading solution for automobile EPS systems.
AS5047P Magnetic Position Sensor in Motor Control SystemsHEINZ OYRER
Unparalleled accuracy over full temperature range at high speed in latest version of ams’ 47 series magnetic position sensor
New AS5047P with incremental ABI output is an ideal replacement for optical encoders and resolvers in motor and motion control systems that enables dramatically lower system costs while still providing high accuracy performance
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A world-class global brand offering a comprehensive line of Limit Switches complying with international standards: IEC, UL, CSA, CCC, GOST. For more details: http://www.tesensors.com/global/en/product/limit-switches/xc-standard/?cat_id=BU_AUT_520_L4&conf=sensors&el_typ=node&nod_id=0000000002&prev_nod_id=0000000001&scp_id=Z000
Sensors are electromechanical devices that use magnetic
field for sensing
Velocity sensors for antilock brakes and stability control
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A nice & better brief presentation on Automatic Braking System that may bring you a great interest and ideology among this fantastic and wonderful technology.
Efficient Motor Commutation through Advanced Position Sensing - The Trend tow...HEINZ OYRER
The session describes how contactless magnetic position sensors are optimized for use in high-speed brushless DC (BLDC) motors to meet reliability/efficiency requirements.
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Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
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Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
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Major cyber events in 2024
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Cyberattack types and targets
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Solving the Challenge of Stray Field Immunity for Safety-Critical Applications
1. Solving the Challenge of Stray Field
Immunity for Safety-Critical Applications
The Need for Magnetic Position Sensors
with Stray Field Immunity
Heinz Oyrer 16/10/2015
2. Agenda
• Sensors exposed to environmental factors
• Stray fields – definition, issues, examples
• Magnetic position sensors
• Solution options
• Unique solution, working principle
• Problem resolution and benefits
• Summary
Heinz Oyrer 26/10/2015
3. Sensors
• Use of sensors has dramatically increased
• Number and strengths of electric fields have increased
• Exposure to environmental factors such as magnetic stray fields,
vibration and misalignment cause issues with system safety and
reliability
Heinz Oyrer 36/10/2015
5. What is a stray field?
• Magnetic fields are generated by magnets, motors, transformers or
any current-carrying conductors
• Stray Fields are parasitic magnetic fields as observed by a
magnetic sensor
Heinz Oyrer 56/10/2015
7. Issues caused by stray fields
• High levels of electro-magnetic interference (EMI) are a strong
concern in industrial and automotive applications
• An even larger concern are:
- Increased electrification of automobiles
- Electric cars - large high current carrying wires run between the front
and back of the vehicle
Heinz Oyrer 76/10/2015
8. Examples of Magnetic Stray fields
• Electric motor
- Generates a magnetic field that effect e.g. the angle position sensor
accuracy
• Drivetrain of vehicles becomes partially or wholly electrified
- Battery cable connections can be negatively impacted e.g. the
position sensor in an acceleration pedal or an electronic power
steering system
- Stray magnetic field from a high-voltage power line in an EV or HEV
is easily large enough to affect safety-critical systems such as the
brake pedal
• Huge induction fields – such as in future charging stations of
electric vehicles.
• Can result in an adverse impact on all on-board sensors in a car
Heinz Oyrer 86/10/2015
11. 6/10/2015 Heinz Oyrer 11
Stray magnetic fields in EV and HEV
Position sensor with integrated stray
field immunity achieves high accuracy
performance even near high current
carrying cables
12. Magnetic position sensors
• Magnetic position sensing technology is more robust and reliable
than optical encoders and contacting potentiometers
- Immune to dirt, dust, grease, moisture, and vibration
- All conditions commonly found in industrial and automotive
applications
Heinz Oyrer 126/10/2015
13. Magnetic position sensors
• However, the Achilles heel with magnetic position sensor
technology is
- Needs to be sensitive to a paired target magnetic field
- But also susceptible to unintended magnetic stray fields.
Heinz Oyrer 136/10/2015
14. Magnetic position sensors
• The unintended stray fields can impair the accuracy of the
magnetic position sensor’s output
- Reducing the signal to noise ratio (SNR) to unacceptable levels within
the device
- A sensor sub-system could yield inaccurate results which could lead to
reduced system performance and safety issues
Heinz Oyrer 146/10/2015
15. Traditional solution – shielding
• Magnetic shielding
- Expensive and takes up space
- Adds to cost and size of the sensor subsystem
- Can shunt away the target magnetic field that the sensor is supposed
to be measuring
- Bares the risk of becoming magnetized over time and its performance
could vary with temperature
- Finding the effective shielding solution takes time, effort and adds to
the development cost of the sensor sub-system
Heinz Oyrer 156/10/2015
16. Traditional solution – magnet
• Use of a stronger magnet
- A magnet with a stronger field, and/or position the magnet closer to the
magnetic sensor
- A magnet with a stronger field, drives up the sensor cost to unacceptable
levels
• Narrow the gap between the magnet and sensor
- Tendency to drive up costs as tighter mechanical tolerances are
required
Heinz Oyrer 166/10/2015
17. A unique integrated solution
• The best solution for addressing the stray field issue is to integrate
stray field immunity circuitry into the magnetic position sensor IC
- Makes the device immune to any and all magnetic stray fields
- Architectural design features as key enabler for preventing magnetic
stray fields from interfering with sensor IC performance
Heinz Oyrer 176/10/2015
18. Integrated stray field immunity –
how does it work?
• The first principle involves the direction of measurement
• This principle ensures that the position sensor is only sensitive to
magnetic fields that are vertical to the IC surface
• The z-direction, which is the direction of the sensor magnet.
• Horizontal magnetic field influences x and y are not measured at all.
Heinz Oyrer 186/10/2015
19. Operation principle normal conditions
Heinz Oyrer 196/10/2015
(1) The magnet is centered over the Hall sensors (2) The magnetic field is sinusoidal, the magnetic field
strength increases linearly with radius
=> 1 turn = 1 sine wave
(3) The differential amplifiers generate one sine and
cosine signal with double amplitude
(4) The Cordic transforms sine and cosine into
angle and magnitude
vertical magnetic
field Bz characteristics
=
)cos(*ˆ
)sin(*ˆ
arctan
a
a
a
a
a
)tan(
)cos(*ˆ
)sin(*ˆ
a
a
a
=
a
a
20. Integrated stray field immunity –
how does it work?
• The second principle is based on an integrated smart algorithm, and
a sensor solution consisting of four integrated hall sensors arranged
in a circle, that together automatically reject any stray fields in the Z-
direction
• This principle is based around a differential measurement
Heinz Oyrer 206/10/2015
21. Integrated stray field immunity –
how does it work?
• The Hall sensors constantly measure the sensor magnets rotation
and any stray fields in the Z-direction
• Through subtraction of the opposite quadrant values, the z-direction
stray fields drop out of the calculation and the result is the target
magnet’s rotation value only.
Heinz Oyrer 216/10/2015
22. External stray fields
(1) An external magnetic field is
present near the sensors
(3) The offset does not influence the
differential signal
(2) The external magnetic field generates an
offset on all sensors.
(4) External magnetic fields do
not influence the angle
=
)cos(*ˆ
)sin(*ˆ
arctan
a
a
a
a
a
)tan(
)cos(*ˆ
)sin(*ˆ
a
a
a
=
a
a
23. Differential principle
Heinz Oyrer 236/10/2015
H2
H4 Hall
0
[V]
Volts
1
2
3
4
Vdiff1
Vdiff2
external magnetic stray field
Vdiff 1 = Vdiff 2
25. Adherence to Standards
• Naturally, these unique magnetic position sensors meet the latest
standards for immunity to magnetic fields and functional safety
- ISO11452-8 - immunity to magnetic fields
- ISO26262 - functional safety
Heinz Oyrer 256/10/2015
26. Integrated stray field immunity –
solving problems
• Stray field immunity is integrated into the magnetic sensor device.
This enables a small form factor and it allows for a cost effective
solution as external components and expensive eternal shielding are
not needed In short:
Heinz Oyrer 266/10/2015
- simple
- inexpensive
- small form factor
- safer usage
- unlimited protection from stray fields
27. Integrated stray field immunity –
benefits 1/2
• Design engineers can be confident that the sensor is unaffected by
stray fields by design
- Save costs of developing and implementing a verified shielding design
• No need for shielding materials
- Reduces cost, size and weight of the entire system
Heinz Oyrer 276/10/2015
28. Integrated stray field immunity –
benefits 2/2
• Verified and documented evidence to support manufacturers’
compliance programs (ISO 26262 and ISO 11542-8)
• Number of vehicles carrying powerful magnetic fields is set to grow
- Built-in immunity to magnetic interference delivers reliability and safety
for a large variety of present and future automotive and industrial
applications
- Magnetic position sensors can withstand external magnetic stray fields
far above the limits required by the most demanding car manufacturers
Heinz Oyrer 286/10/2015
29. Magnetic stray field analysis with
Helmholtz coil
Magnetic Formulas:
B = µo * H
e.g. 1000A/m -> 1,26 mT
30. Magnetic stray field analysis – position error
Magnetic position sensor IC without integrated stray field immunity
-3,5
-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
1V;X;0Hz;0A/m
1V;X;0Hz;2500A/m
1V;X;50Hz;2500A/m
1V;X;200Hz;1000A/m
1V;Z;0Hz;0A/m
1V;Z;0Hz;2500A/m
1V;Z;50Hz;2500A/m
1V;Z;200Hz;1000A/m
2,5V;X;0Hz;0A/m
2,5V;X;0Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;X;50Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;X;200Hz;1000A/m
2,5V;Z;0Hz;0A/m
2,5V;Z;0Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;Z;50Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;Z;200Hz;1000A/m
4V;X;0Hz;0A/m
4V;X;0Hz;2500A/m
4V;X;50Hz;2500A/m
4V;X;200Hz;1000A/m
4V;Z;0Hz;0A/m
4V;Z;0Hz;2500A/m
4V;Z;50Hz;2500A/m
4V;Z;200Hz;1000A/m
PositionError[%Vdd]
tolerance limits in Automotive
31. Magnetic stray field analysis – position error
Magnetic position sensor IC with integrated stray field immunity
-3,5
-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
1V;X;0Hz;0A/m
1V;X;0Hz;2500A/m
1V;X;50Hz;2500A/m
1V;X;200Hz;1000A/m
1V;Z;0Hz;0A/m
1V;Z;0Hz;2500A/m
1V;Z;50Hz;2500A/m
1V;Z;200Hz;1000A/m
2,5V;X;0Hz;0A/m
2,5V;X;0Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;X;50Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;X;200Hz;1000A/m
2,5V;Z;0Hz;0A/m
2,5V;Z;0Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;Z;50Hz;2500A/m
2,5V;Z;200Hz;1000A/m
4V;X;0Hz;0A/m
4V;X;0Hz;2500A/m
4V;X;50Hz;2500A/m
4V;X;200Hz;1000A/m
4V;Z;0Hz;0A/m
4V;Z;0Hz;2500A/m
4V;Z;50Hz;2500A/m
4V;Z;200Hz;1000A/m
PositionError[%Vdd]
tolerance limits in Automotive
32. Summary
• Magnetic position sensors with complete stray field immunity deliver reliability
and safety for many present and future automotive and industrial applications.
- Integrated stray field immunity ensures resistance to static and dynamic
parasitic stray magnetic fields
- Independent of how strong or how far away the field is, the differential principle
ensures that the sensor output is unaffected by any magnetic stray fields
- High accuracy measurements even in the noisiest of EMI environments
- No additional unit costs associated with the integrated stray field cancelation
features
- Reduces system costs, while maintaining system sensor performance
- Eliminates the need for magnetic shielding and the use of stronger target
magnets, or requiring narrow air gaps between target magnets and sensor ICs
Heinz Oyrer 326/10/2015
33. Thank you for your attention!
• Future-proof your product with integrated stray field immunity
position sensor solutions!
For further information:
Please visit: www.ams.com/Magnetic-Position-Sensors
Email to: heinz.oyrer@ams.com
Heinz Oyrer 336/10/2015
