This document discusses various approaches to managing solid and liquid waste in smart cities. It covers objectives of a smart waste management system such as pollution control and disease prevention. It also discusses management of different types of radioactive waste from nuclear power, including long-term storage methods like deep borehole disposal and geological repositories. Other topics include waste recycling techniques like nuclear reprocessing and e-waste recycling using eddy current separation. Mathematical modeling of waste management systems using geographic information systems is also summarized.

1. Solid and Liquid
Waste Management
IN SMART CITIES
RV College of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication
Presented by: R Jayanth, 1RV15EC112 PHASE II

2. Objective
• As the population of a city grows, the necessity for a proper waste
management system becomes critical.
• Following are some objectives of having a smart waste management
system:
(a)To control different types of pollution, i.e., air pollution, soil pollution,
water pollution etc.
(b)To stop the spread of infectious diseases.
(c)To conserve all our environmental resources, including forest, minerals
water etc.
(d)To recycle hazardous wastes for further production.
(e) Reduce the amount of time and energy required to provide waste
management services.
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3. Nuclear Waste Management
• In addition to hydro, marine, solar, and wind power, nuclear power will a key element of
smart cities.
• It is the world’s most concentrated energy source.
• Despite it’s reputation, nuclear power remains one of the safest yet economic means of
power generation.
• However, one major obstacle is the disposal of radioactive waste generated from nuclear
power plants.
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4. 4
Types of radioactive waste: • LLW: Generated from hospitals and
industry, as well as the nuclear power
plants.
• ILW:
• contains higher amounts of radioactivity
and in some cases requires shielding.
• Includes resins, chemical sludge and metal
reactor nuclear fuel cladding
• HLW:
• It contains fission products and transuranic elements generated in the reactor core.
• It is highly radioactive and often hot. It is the most dangerous type.
• Tc-99 (half-life 220,000 years), I-129 (half-life 15.7 million years)
Nuclear Waste Management

5. Civil Engineering
Deep borehole disposal
• Disposing of high-level radioactive waste from
nuclear reactors in extremely deep boreholes.
• Waste is placed about five kilometers beneath
the surface of the Earth.Waste is sealed in
strong steel containers and lowered down the
borehole.
• Borehole is then sealed with materials, including
perhaps clay, cement, crushed rock backfill.
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Nuclear Waste Disposal

6. Civil Engineering
Deep geological repository
• A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated deep within a stable
geologic environment (typically below 300 m).
• Common elements of repositories include the radioactive waste, the containers
enclosing the waste, other engineered barriers or seals around the containers, the
tunnels housing the containers, and the geological makeup of the surrounding area.
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Nuclear Waste Disposal

7. Civil Engineering
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Nuclear Waste Disposal

8. Civil Engineering
Geological Constraints
• Circulation of water - increases the speed at which engineered barriers such as metal
casing will degrade.
• Properties of host rock
• Erosion – should be minimum
• Hazards like earthquake / volcanic eruption.
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Nuclear Waste Disposal

9. Physics
• Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one chemical element or
an isotope into another.
• The nuclear wasteTransmutation is a possible component of the nuclear
fuel cycle, that aims to transform a large fraction of the long term source
of radioactivity, radiotoxicity and heat into stable or short lived.
• This will increase the capacity of the geological repositories as the waste
does not need to be stored for as long.
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Nuclear waste disposal by transmutation

10. Physics
10
Nuclear waste disposal by transmutation

11. Physics
11
Nuclear waste reprocessing
• Nuclear reprocessing technology is
used to chemically separate and
recover fissionable uranium and
plutonium from irradiated nuclear
fuel.
• Benefits:
• Reduces the load on existing
repositories
• Avoids the need to spend large
amounts of money on waste storage
• Avoids the need to build more
repositories
• Reduces the time for which waste
remains radioactive
• TheTarapur Atomic Power Station in Maharashtra is constructing a Nuclear Reprocessing
Facility, expected to be complete by 2020.

12. Physics
12
Nuclear waste reprocessing
Once-Through Cycle
Closed Fuel Cycle

13. Electrical Engineering
• Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic
products that have become unwanted, non-working
or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of
their useful life.
• Electronic scrap components, such as CPUs, may
contain contaminants such
as lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame
retardants.
• Great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure
in recycling operations and leaking of materials such
as heavy metals from landfills
and incinerator ashes.
• It is possible to recover some valuable metals from
e-Waste before disposal using an eddy current
separator.
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Recycling of e-Waste

14. Electrical Engineering
• Eddy currents are loops of electrical
current induced within conductors by a
changing magnetic field in the conductor, due
to Faraday's law of induction.
• Eddy current separation is based on the use of a
magnetic rotor with alternating polarity, spinning
rapidly inside a non-metallic drum driven by a
conveyor belt.
• As non-ferrous metals pass over the drum, the
alternating magnetic field creates eddy currents in
the non-ferrous metal particles repelling the
material away from the conveyor.
• While other materials drop off at the end of the
conveyor, the non-ferrous metals are propelled
forward over a splitter for separation.
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Recycling of e-Waste

15. Electrical Engineering
Separation of Ferrous from Non-
Ferrous
The non-ferrous block drops off at the
end of the conveyor belt.The ferrous
block stays stuck to the magnets inside
the roller and drops off further right.
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Recycling of e-Waste
Separation of Non-metal from Non-
Ferrous
The non-metal block drops off at the
end of the conveyor belt due to gravity.
The non-ferrous metal block is flung to
the left due the high eddy currents
induced by the fast spinning magnets.

16. Mathematics
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Waste management modelling using GIS
• Usually, manual street collection of waste bins in current waste management
systems is based on practical experience and intuitive methods.These are
inefficient and expensive.
• There is a need of a system that minimises costs while suggesting collection
frequencies and schedules, bin re-allocation, and optimal vehicle route.
• A geographic information (GIS) system is an interconnected web of hardware
and software designed to collect, organize, analyze, store and display
spatially referenced data in order to answer complex questions.
• A design of a waste management system can be undertaken by applying a
methodology based on the distribution network design, consisting of three
phases: bin clusterisation, vehicle routing, and fleet design.

17. Mathematics
17
Waste management modelling using GIS

18. Mathematics
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Waste management modelling using GIS
• Each bin has an associated parameter hi related to its
temporal attribute.
• A temporal parameter Hj is defined for each cluster,
where Nj represents a group of bins belonging to cluster
j.
• A representative bin is elected for each cluster and the
remaining bins are assigned to it.
• The minimum number of hubs (HubMIN) or number of
clusters is defined as the ratio between the total
quantity of solid waste deposited in bins and the
capacity of the utilised vehicles.
• Qi is the quantity of solid waste deposited in bin i (kg), L
is the total number of bins to be served, andCv is the
vehicle capacity (kg).

19. Mathematics
19
Waste management modelling using GIS
Local search improvement:
A bin is re-assigned to another cluster in a
without violating the vehicle maximum
capacity restriction for each cluster.
However, each time a bin with hi = 1 is
assigned to another cluster, the temporal
parameter Hj of each cluster must be
verified before and after the change.
On the other hand, if the bin may be served
at any period, the cluster’s temporal
parameter will remain unchanged.

20. references
[1] Urban solid waste collection system using mathematical modelling and
tools of geographic information systems, Claudia Andrea Arribas et al.,Andrés
Bello National University Chile, 2009
[2] Eddy current separation of fine non-ferrous particles from bulk streams,
Shahrokni , Francesca Settimo et al, Physical Separation in Science and
Engineering, 2004
[3] NuclearWasteTransmutation, Enrique M. Gonzalez, European Physics
Society, 2004
[4] NuclearWaste Disposal – Geological Constraints,Anand Paul
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21. THANK YOU