This document discusses nuclear power plant safety and economics. It covers three main sources of radioactive contamination from nuclear power generation. It also discusses safety measures for nuclear power plants including siting them away from population centers and having proper safety systems. The document outlines the economics of nuclear power plants, including capital costs, fuel costs, and operations and maintenance costs. It provides examples of how to calculate costs per kilogram of uranium used as fuel.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
Chernobyl disaster and what are the lessons we have to learn especially India which having 21 Nuclear Centers or Plants
Reference Video Link is given below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9JSGU8MRb0
Power point presentation on Nuclear Power in IndiaMoniSarker
This is a ppt on Nuclear Power in India.Firstly a rough idea about Nuclear Power is given and then most of the slides point out the activities regarding Nuclear Power occuring in India .
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
Chernobyl disaster and what are the lessons we have to learn especially India which having 21 Nuclear Centers or Plants
Reference Video Link is given below
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9JSGU8MRb0
Power point presentation on Nuclear Power in IndiaMoniSarker
This is a ppt on Nuclear Power in India.Firstly a rough idea about Nuclear Power is given and then most of the slides point out the activities regarding Nuclear Power occuring in India .
A nuclear power plant or nuclear power station is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to an electric generator which produces electricity.
Enrico Fermi is considered to have invented nuclear power, along with his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1942, by successfully demonstrating the first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction.
Nuclear Waste: Introduction to its ManagementAM Publications
Nuclear waste is a waste product containing radioactive decay material. It is usually the product of a
nuclear process such as nuclear fission, though industries not directly connected to the nuclear power industry may
also produce radioactive waste. Radioactivity diminishes over time, so in principle the waste needs to be isolated for a
period of time until it no longer poses a hazard. The main approaches to managing radioactive waste to date have
been segregation and storage for short-lived wastes, near-surface disposal for low and some intermediate level wastes,
and deep burial or transmutation for the long-lived, high-level wastes. The main objective in managing and disposing
of radioactive (or other) waste is to protect people and the environment. This study initially focused on how nuclear
power affects the surrounding environment. Also this paper presents various types of waste generation, storage and
transportation. Finally this paper demonstrates that the treatment options for nuclear waste.
Today one of the major challenges facing by mankind is to provide proper management for radioactive waste management. Any industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes. Another unique feature of the radioactive waste is the decay of radioactivity with time. This fact is gainfully exploited by the nuclear waste managers. The NRC regulates the management,storage and di sposal of radioactive waste produced as a result of NRC - licensed activities. The agency has entered in to agreements with 32 states,called Agreement States,to allow these states to regulate the management,storage and disposal of certain nuclear waste. A ny industrial activity results in generation of some waste material. Nuclear industry is no exception and the presence of radiation emitting radioactive materials which may have adverse impact on living beings and which is likely to continue to the subsequ ent generation as well is what sets nuclear or radioactive wastes apart from other conventional hazardous wastes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design parameters to obtain al2 o3 nanofluid to enhance heat transfereSAT Journals
Abstract The study of nanostructures gained more and more ground in the past years due to the acceptable electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility and low cost manufacturing potential (mixing, mechanical stirring, ultrasonication, vacuum chambers).The process of obtaining nanofluids with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% concentration of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) was studied by mechanical stirring (in the reactor station - static process equipment fitted with a stirring device in order to obtain solutions, emulsions, to make or to activate chemical reactions and physic-chemical operations and to increase the heat exchange), vibrations and magnetic stirring. The selected nanoparticles have an average size of 10 nm and were dispersed in base fluids consisting of distilled water and low concentration of glycerin (5.4%, respectively 13%). The samples extracted during the process were analyzed with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM – modern alternative to analyze the complex liquids from water and copolymers to blood and DNA and the dynamic viscoelasticity of fluids can be determined), in terms of homogenization and stability (behavior in time). Also, a heat transfer study with the reactor station and a comparison between the heat transfer of the carrier fluid (consisting of water and 5.4% glycerin) and the heat transfer of the antifreeze used in solar panels installations was conducted. This study showed a decrease of the time consumed with heating the nanofluids and an improvement of the heat transfer due to the nanoparticles of Al2O3. Index Terms: nanopowder, mechanical stirring, cluster, QCM, stability, sedimentation
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. SNIST (JNTUH) – M.Tech (Therm.Engg)
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SAFETY
Dr. SIRIVELLA VIJAYA BHASKAR
Professor in Mechanical Engineering
Sreenidhi Inst. of Science &
Technology Hyderabad, TS
2. Topics Covered
Nuclear Power Plant Safety
Byproduct of nuclear power generation
Economics of nuclear power plant
Nuclear power plant in India
Future of nuclear power
3. Introduction
Main Sources of Radioactive Contamination
Three main sources of radioactive contamination
are:
• Fission of nuclei or nuclear fuels
• The effect of neutron fluxes (number of neutrons
travelling through a unit area in unit time) on the heat
carried in the primary cooling system and on the
ambient air.
• Damage of shell of fuel elements
All the above can cause health hazards to workers,
communing and natural surroundings.
6. • Anuclear power plant should be constructed away from
human habitation ( exclusion zone of 160km radius)
• The materials used for construction should be of required
standards.
• Waste water should be purified.
• Should have a proper safety system, plant could be shut
down when required.
• Regular periodic checks to be performed to evaluate not
to exceed the permissible radioactivity value
• While disposing off the wastes it should be ensured that it
doesn’t contaminate the river or sea.
Safety Measures for Nuclear Power Plants
7. Nuclear Waste Disposal
Geological Disposal
•
The process of geological disposal centers on
burrowing nuclear waste into the ground to the point
where it is out of human reach.
• The waste needs to be properly
protected to stop any material
from leaking out. Seepage from
the waste could contaminate the
water table if the burial location is
above or below the water level.
Furthermore, the waste needs to
be properly fastened to the burial
site and also structurally supported
in the event of a major seismic
event, which could result in
immediate contamination.
8. Reprocessing
• Reprocessing has also emerged as a viable
long term method for dealing with waste.As
the name implies, the process involves taking
waste and separating the useful components
from those that aren’t as useful. Specifically, it
involves taking the fissionable material out
from the irradiated nuclear fuel.
9. Transmutation
• Transmutation also poses a solution for long term disposal. It
specifically involves converting a chemical element into
another less harmful one.
• Common conversions include going from Chlorine to
Argon or from Potassium toArgon.
• The driving force behind transmutation is chemical
reactions that are caused from an outside stimulus, such as a
proton hitting the reaction materials.
Natural transmutation : can also occur over a long period
of time. Natural transmutation also serves as the principle
force behind geological storage on the assumption that giving
the waste enough isolated time will allow it to become a
non-fissionable material that poses little or no risk
10. Byproduct of Nuclear Generation
The Nuclear plants supply many by-products like
isotopes which have many useful applications in
our day-to-day life.
The radioactive isotopes are widely used in
Biology, Medicine, Agriculture and Industries.
11. Application of Nuclear Byproducts
Industrial Applications :
(1) Position location : Buried pipelines can
be traced by using portable geiger
Counters.
(2) Flow patterns in pipes can be detected by
injecting radioactive isotopes into the flow.
The radiation will be different for laminar
and turbulent flows.
(3) Leakage detection can be done by
injecting isotopes into fluid in pipes. The
reactivity will be different at leakage points.
12. Application of Nuclear Byproducts
(5) Thickness gauges.
(6) Liquid level gauges.
(7) Radiography (Flaw detection): X-rays,
which are having a high penetrating power
are made to pass through castings, welds
etc. and on the other side, the photographic
plate receives the radiation.
The attenuation (reduced intensity) is a
function of the thickness of the test material
and its density. Thus the film is exposed to
13. Application of Nuclear Byproducts
(8) Density and content gauges: The
Through Gauge is used for this purpose. If
the reactivity is a function of density of the
material and thus the density of the content
can be measured. This method is used in
cigarette packing line and a relay
arrangement is made to reject the faulty
cigarettes.
(9) Application in chemistry : Substances
deteriorate when exposed to radiation and
14. Application of Nuclear Byproducts
(10) Sterilization of foods and drugs :
Bacteria are produced in food-stuffs and
vegetables and cause fermentation.
Heating process can help in sterilization
(complete destruction of Bacteria) and
pasteurization (90% destruction of
Bacteria).
But this heating process cannot be done
for fruits, vegetables and drugs. Because
the materials are kept in an air-tight
15. Byproduct of Nuclear Generation
(11) Direct electrical power generation:
can be done in devices called atomic
battery.
(12) Tracer applications : In this method,
small dozes of isotopes of small half-lives
are injected into reactants and then traced.
This helps to trace the elements and their
functions in the reactions. Determining the
role of sulphur in the vulcanization is one
16. Economics of nuclear power plant
Typically, all costs of nuclear power plants are
broken down into the following categories :
1. Capital costs (total)
2. Fuel costs (per year)
3. Other operating and maintenance costs
(per year).
With a knowledge of these total and annual costs,
and a knowledge of the pertinent factors relating
to production, anticipated plant life, and the costs
of invested money, unit costs may be determined
17. Economics: 1. Capital costs
Capital costs (aka. Fixed Cost) are those costs
which occur only once and are usually limited
to the costs of procurement and construction of
the facilities prior to the time of commercial
operation. These are normally "capitalized" ; i.e.
, they are treated as an investment which is
depreciated over the useful life of the plant
rather than being treated as an annual or other
shorter-term operating cost.
Determination of those costs which may be
allowed within the capital-cost structure often
depends on review by the appropriate public-
18. Economics: 1. Capital costs
Allocation of the capital-cost items over the life
of the plant is normally accomplished by
applying factors, or percentage rates, which will
account for depreciation, return on investment
(ROI), and taxes applied to income and property
value.
The product of the total of these factors and the
allowable capital costs gives the annual fixed
charge per year for the capitalized investment.
Within this structure, several different
depreciation methods are used, such as
19. Economics: 2. Fuel costs
Fuel cycle: An understanding of nuclear-fuel costs
requires an understanding of the nuclear-fuel
cycle, since the fuel-management programmes
are significantly different from those used for
fossil-fueled plants. See Fig. 7.18 for basic fuel
cycle.
The word "cycle" is intentionally used, for,
unlike fossil fuels, a single pass through the
reactor does not consume all the nuclear fuel.
Further, a valuable new fuel, plutonium, is
generated during power production.
Fuel costs are affected by the number of functional
21. Economics: Fuel costs
The calculation of nuclear-fuel costs using
various data is particularly complex if a
high degree of sophistication is desired,
such as in the evaluation of competitive
fixed-price bids or in the determination of
minimum incremental operating costs
between two or more plants.
However, for project scoping purposes
and general familiarization with the
principles involved, the following simplified
22. Economics: Fuel costs
1. Determine the initial uranium-procurement unit
cost in rupees per kilogram of uranium. This
cost will vary and dependent upon the
enrichment required and the unit cost of
separation of required chemical.
2. Determine the fabrication unit cost, in terms of
rupees per kilogram, of combined uranium.
3. Determine the spent-fuel-element shipping,
reprocessing, and reconversion costs in terms of
rupees per kilogram of contained uranium.
4. Determine the credit available for the recovered
uranium and plutonium.
23. Economics: Fuel costs
5. Determine the indirect costs, return on investment
and provision for applicable taxes, by
determining the average investment level
throughout the procurement period, energy-
production period, and spent-fuel recovery
period and multiplying by the appropriate
interest of fixed-charge rates.
6. Sum items 1 through 5 to give the total unit costs,
in terms of rupees per kilogram of uranium.
7. Determine the unit energy production, based
upon the average fuel energy production
(usually given in terms of megawatt-days
24. Economics: 3. Operations and
maintenance costs
Operating and maintenance costs
categories fall in the following groups :
(i) Labour
(ii) Materials, supplies and services
(iii) Insurance
(iv) Fuel management
(v) Working capital.
25. Economics: Fuel costs
(i) Labour: The plant staff required is relatively
independent of plant size, typically running 60 to
70 men, including all supervision, technical
assistance, operations, maintenance and
miscellaneous supporting services. The costs for
this staff may vary substantially, being highly
dependent upon the local labour market and the
labour costs.
(ii) Materials, supplies, and services are also
relatively insensitive to plant size, although
certain items are directly proportional to the
thermal power level and the frequency and extent
26. Economics: Fuel costs
(iv) Fuel-management services may be provided
either by contracting for external services or by
adding staff to that already discussed. This cost
is also essentially independent of plant size.
Total Energy Costs: The total unit cost of
energy delivered at the bus bar is the sum of all
of the preceding cost components which are
related to the energy-production period divide by
the energy produced during the same period.
If escalation is disregdarded, technological
improvements and lower fuel costs will tend to
reduce this value.
27. Economics: Fuel costs
Fig. 7.19 shows the comparison of cost of
production of power by thermal plants with the
cost of production by nuclear plants.
28. Future of nuclear power
India has hydro-power potential, and some coal
reserves; unfortunately these are not very well
distributed throughout the country.
Moreover, most of the economically feasible
hydropower schemes have already been
developed.
The quality of Indian coal is not very good, and
the reserves are concentrated in one or two parts
of the country. These reserves are also being
depleted at a fast rate, the railways consuming a
large quantity in the past.
29. Future of Nuclear Power
• On the other hand, India has adequate
deposits of fissionable material-thorium, which
can eventually be used for generation of power.
Therefore, development of nuclear power, to
supply the growing electricity demand of the
country is quite logical and necessary. Thus the
future of nuclear power is quite bright.
Following three factors need discussion
1. Cost of Power Generation
2. Availability of nuclear fuel, breeder reactor.
3. Safety of nuclear plants.
Tarapur, Rana Pratap Sagar , Kalpakkam, Narora, Kakrapar
30. Future of nuclear power
All costs of nuclear power plants are broken into:
(i) Cost of power generation: Although cost of
power generation in a nuclear power plant is
comparatively more, yet with research in the
nuclear technology the cost is bound to come
down to a value comparable with that for
conventional plant.
(ii) Availability of nuclear fuel: The problem of
availability of large amount of nuclear fuel can
be overcome to a great extent by switching over
to breeder reactor in which fissionable fuel is
produced at the same time they are consuming
31. Future of nuclear power
(iii) Safety of the nuclear plants: If the
nuclear plants are designed in such a way
that they do not explode like a nuclear
bomb they can give a safe operation, since
they contain only a small amount of
fissionable material (as compared to 90%
fissionable fuel in the atomic bomb core).
Nuclear Share in India
36. Nuclear power plants in India
Tarapur Atomic Power Station, Maharashtra
Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS), Maharashtra was the first nuclear power plant in India. TAPSis
notonlyoldestandbutalsolargestnuclearpowerstationin India.
The plant construction was
started in 1962 and
completed in 1969.
It is housed with boiling
water reactors (BWRs), the
first in Asia
37. Nuclear power plants in India
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, TN
Kaiga nuclear plant ,Karnataka Narora nuclear plant , UP