Climate change is real
Humans are having a massive impact
Animal agriculture's issues:
- Inherent and gross inefficiency
- Scale
- Greenhouse gases and other warming agents
- Deforestation
- Water usage
- Nutrition
Climate change tipping points and their implications - not downloadablePaul Mahony
The document discusses climate change tipping points and their implications. It notes that Arctic sea ice in 2011 was the second lowest on record and unprecedented releases of methane from permafrost were observed in 2011. Greenhouse gas emissions also increased by the highest percentage on record in 2010. The International Energy Agency warned that the world is on the brink of irreversible climate change and will hit a point of no return in five years.
Climate change tipping points and their implications - downloadablePaul Mahony
Climate change presentation dealing with: the science; tipping points; implications (including insurance); denialism; media reporting; and essential measures.
The impression conveyed in the media of a debate among scientists is not supported by the evidence. The overwhelming majority of climate researchers most actively publishing in the field, concur that the climate is changing rapidly due to human activity.
Urgent and meaningful action is required if we are to avoid runaway climate change, leading to a planet vastly different to the one in which human civilisation has developed.
The document discusses the impacts of livestock on climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and land use. It outlines that livestock farming is an inherently inefficient use of resources, as only a small fraction of plant calories fed to livestock are ultimately obtained from meat production. A large portion of agricultural land and fresh water is used for livestock as well. The document notes that official greenhouse gas emissions figures omit or underestimate emissions from livestock such as methane, which has a stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide over shorter time periods. The Arctic is seeing unprecedented melting, with the Greenland ice sheet losing over 250 cubic km of ice per year. This level of melting is not accounted for in projections of sea level rise by the IPCC. If left unaddressed
Atmospheric aerosols are particles in the air that can affect climate in various ways. They can cool the climate by reflecting sunlight, but also impact clouds and precipitation. Aerosols have likely offset some warming from greenhouse gases in the past, but exactly how much is unclear. The presenter studies aerosols using climate models to better understand their effects on climate and how their future reduction may influence additional warming from rising carbon dioxide levels.
This document summarizes concepts related to insolation and temperature on Earth's landscape. It discusses how temperature affects living and nonliving things, the forms of energy from the sun, and the processes by which heat is transferred within the atmosphere and oceans. These include radiation, conduction, convection, and the greenhouse effect. It also addresses global patterns in temperature, factors influencing these patterns like latitude and land-water distribution, and concerns about rising global temperatures due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
1. The document analyzes the role of clouds in modifying estimates of the direct radiative effect of aerosols using satellite observations from CALIPSO and CloudSat.
2. It finds that the global mean direct radiative effect is -1.9 W/m^2, agreeing with prior estimates. However, there are significant regional differences when compared to estimates from the CESM climate model.
3. These differences may be partly due to biases in the model's representation of cloud cover, as patterns in cloud fraction biases correspond to patterns in direct radiative effect biases.
Climate Change and Wilderness - A Scottish PerspectiveforestryCommission
The document discusses the impacts of climate change from a Scottish perspective. It notes that the effects of releasing fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere will persist for hundreds of thousands of years. Comparison of modern temperatures with paleoclimate data suggests the planet is currently at its warmest in the past one million years, constituting dangerous climate change. The impacts of climate change are already being observed globally through rising temperatures and sea levels as well as decreasing snowfall.
Climate change tipping points and their implications - not downloadablePaul Mahony
The document discusses climate change tipping points and their implications. It notes that Arctic sea ice in 2011 was the second lowest on record and unprecedented releases of methane from permafrost were observed in 2011. Greenhouse gas emissions also increased by the highest percentage on record in 2010. The International Energy Agency warned that the world is on the brink of irreversible climate change and will hit a point of no return in five years.
Climate change tipping points and their implications - downloadablePaul Mahony
Climate change presentation dealing with: the science; tipping points; implications (including insurance); denialism; media reporting; and essential measures.
The impression conveyed in the media of a debate among scientists is not supported by the evidence. The overwhelming majority of climate researchers most actively publishing in the field, concur that the climate is changing rapidly due to human activity.
Urgent and meaningful action is required if we are to avoid runaway climate change, leading to a planet vastly different to the one in which human civilisation has developed.
The document discusses the impacts of livestock on climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and land use. It outlines that livestock farming is an inherently inefficient use of resources, as only a small fraction of plant calories fed to livestock are ultimately obtained from meat production. A large portion of agricultural land and fresh water is used for livestock as well. The document notes that official greenhouse gas emissions figures omit or underestimate emissions from livestock such as methane, which has a stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide over shorter time periods. The Arctic is seeing unprecedented melting, with the Greenland ice sheet losing over 250 cubic km of ice per year. This level of melting is not accounted for in projections of sea level rise by the IPCC. If left unaddressed
Atmospheric aerosols are particles in the air that can affect climate in various ways. They can cool the climate by reflecting sunlight, but also impact clouds and precipitation. Aerosols have likely offset some warming from greenhouse gases in the past, but exactly how much is unclear. The presenter studies aerosols using climate models to better understand their effects on climate and how their future reduction may influence additional warming from rising carbon dioxide levels.
This document summarizes concepts related to insolation and temperature on Earth's landscape. It discusses how temperature affects living and nonliving things, the forms of energy from the sun, and the processes by which heat is transferred within the atmosphere and oceans. These include radiation, conduction, convection, and the greenhouse effect. It also addresses global patterns in temperature, factors influencing these patterns like latitude and land-water distribution, and concerns about rising global temperatures due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
1. The document analyzes the role of clouds in modifying estimates of the direct radiative effect of aerosols using satellite observations from CALIPSO and CloudSat.
2. It finds that the global mean direct radiative effect is -1.9 W/m^2, agreeing with prior estimates. However, there are significant regional differences when compared to estimates from the CESM climate model.
3. These differences may be partly due to biases in the model's representation of cloud cover, as patterns in cloud fraction biases correspond to patterns in direct radiative effect biases.
Climate Change and Wilderness - A Scottish PerspectiveforestryCommission
The document discusses the impacts of climate change from a Scottish perspective. It notes that the effects of releasing fossil fuel CO2 into the atmosphere will persist for hundreds of thousands of years. Comparison of modern temperatures with paleoclimate data suggests the planet is currently at its warmest in the past one million years, constituting dangerous climate change. The impacts of climate change are already being observed globally through rising temperatures and sea levels as well as decreasing snowfall.
2014 state of the climate carbon dioxideJulianne Cox
Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Global carbon dioxide levels have increased over 40% since the Industrial Revolution, causing global warming and ocean acidification. In 2014, the average carbon dioxide concentration was 397.2 parts per million, up 1.9 ppm from 2013. Scientists have directly measured rising carbon dioxide levels at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1968, showing a 25% increase over this period. The growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide has accelerated from 0.6 ppm annually in the 1960s to around 2 ppm in recent years, though it varies slightly due to natural phenomena like El Niño.
NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME AND NATIONAL GREEN CORPS CLIMATE EDUCATION MODULEW G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
The document discusses several topics related to sustainability including:
1) Global warming and the potential costs and impacts of it being true or not being true.
2) The triple bottom line concept of evaluating impacts on the environment, society, and economy.
3) Key aspects of climate change such as the scientific consensus that recent warming is extremely unlikely to be due to natural causes alone and its impacts on areas like health, agriculture, and wildlife.
4) Greenhouse gases and their role in energy generation and strategies like becoming carbon neutral.
5) The differences between indoor environmental quality and indoor air quality, and factors beyond airborne contaminants that affect IEQ.
6) The concept of
Web science emerged as a new interdisciplinary field to study and understand the World Wide Web. It aims to:
1) Model the Web's structure as a scale-free network and understand the architectural principles that fueled its growth.
2) Discover how online human interactions are driven by social conventions and how these interactions shape emergent properties like social networking and online communities.
3) Develop approaches to harness the Web's positive potential while addressing issues like privacy, security, and intellectual property through technical and policy solutions.
Major universities have established the Web Science Research Initiative to advance this new field through research collaborations, publications, and conferences. Important insights into search algorithms, network structure, and online behavior
This article discusses findings from the MESSENGER spacecraft revealing details about Mercury's dynamic atmosphere. The spacecraft found that Mercury's polar regions contain large amounts of water ice, fulfilling predictions. However, measurements also surprisingly showed that the laser altimeter detected very low reflectance of Mercury's surface in polar regions, indicating it is coated in a dark, absorbing material in addition to water ice. Further studies are needed to understand the nature and origin of this dark material.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their effect on the environment. It defines greenhouse gases as gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The main greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. The document discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have greatly increased greenhouse gas levels since the Industrial Revolution. This intensified greenhouse effect has led to consequences like rising global temperatures, changes in weather patterns, and sea level rise. The document also examines potential solutions to mitigate the greenhouse effect through sectors like industry, transportation, renewable energy, and forestry.
- Dust can both positively and negatively impact rainfall over the Red Sea coast. Using a WRF-Chem model, the study finds dust enhances extreme rainfall events but suppresses normal rainfall.
- For normal rainfall, dust's suppressing direct effect, from weakening sea breezes due to SW cooling, is dominant. For extreme rainfall events, diverse synoptic processes are more influential than sea breezes.
- The study highlights both problems with dust for air quality but also its positive role in modulating rain, with implications for regional water management and cloud seeding practices over dusty regions.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
This presentation was given by Prof Herman Russchenberg, director of TU Delft Climate Institute, at the kick-off meeting on March 1st 2012. It describes background, aims and goals of the new institute.
The document discusses overpopulation and the exponential growth of the world's human population over the past 50 years. It notes that the world population has more than doubled from 3 billion in 1959 to 7 billion in 2011, increasing by 233% over that time period. This growth rate is alarming and unsustainable given demands on resources. The document questions whether limits should be placed on population growth to balance with death rates and ensure long term sustainability of life on Earth.
Talk by Prof Sieh at Temasek Junior College, October 2012EarthObsSingapore
This document provides a summary of a presentation on earth science in a rapidly changing world. It discusses how earth scientists study phenomena like volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and past climate change to understand natural hazards and contribute to more sustainable societies. It highlights several earth scientists and their research using techniques like chemistry, GPS, modeling, and analyzing coral and cave deposits to study eruptions, earthquakes, sea level rise, and temperature changes over thousands of years. It emphasizes how humanity must address issues like climate change and natural hazards through education and informed decision making.
This document provides an overview of ionizing radiation and radiation monitoring in low Earth orbit. It discusses the various sources of radiation in space, including galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events, and trapped radiation belts. It also covers the biological effects of radiation, dose terminology, radiation monitoring devices used on spacecraft, and regulations for astronaut radiation exposure limits. The goal of radiation monitoring is to ensure crew radiation exposures are as low as reasonably achievable and within safety standards to prevent both acute and long-term health effects from space radiation.
This document provides an overview of applied geology as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses key topics including:
- The evolution of the Earth over 4.6 billion years and the study of geology.
- The composition and layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, core, lithosphere, etc.
- External geological processes like erosion and internal processes like volcanism.
- Plate tectonics theory and the movement of tectonic plates.
- Other topics like minerals, the rock cycle, groundwater, and geological hazards.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It describes the major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It explains that while greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities like burning fossil fuels have substantially increased their levels since the Industrial Revolution. The document also outlines the role of greenhouse gases and water vapor in the greenhouse effect, sources of anthropogenic emissions, how long gases remain in the atmosphere, their global warming potential, and some related effects.
Stockholm environment institute (ccac november 2012)ESTHHUB
1) Implementing 16 measures to reduce short-lived climate pollutants like black carbon, methane and tropospheric ozone could reduce global warming by 0.5°C by 2050, slowing the rate of near-term warming.
2) Reducing these pollutants through measures like improved cookstoves, landfill gas recovery, and fugitive methane emission controls provides both climate and health benefits, avoiding 2.4 million premature deaths annually globally.
3) Latin America and the Caribbean would see significant benefits from reducing short-lived climate pollutants, including reduced warming of 0.5°C by 2050, avoided crop losses, and 39,000 fewer premature deaths each year
The 2016 die-off of coral on the Great Barrier Reef was the largest ever recorded. Higher-than-normal sea temperatures caused corals to expel the algae they rely on for survival, turning the reefs white. If temperatures remain high, the corals typically die within months. This event demonstrates how climate change is negatively impacting fragile ecosystems through rising ocean temperatures.
Radiometric survey of aluu landfill, in rivers state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that measured terrestrial radioactivity around the Aluu landfill in Nigeria. Measurements were taken in four directions around the landfill at intervals of 10 meters up to 100 meters, using radiation meters and GPS. The average radiation levels ranged from 0.0123 to 0.0151 mR/hr, equivalent to an average dose of 1.001 to 1.270 mSv/yr. This exceeds the recommended public dose limit of 1.0 mSv/yr. Over half of the sampling locations had radiation levels above normal background levels, indicating a potential long-term health risk from the landfill.
This document describes observations of microclimates within Ilingas Gorge in Crete. 19 locations within the gorge were studied and measurements were taken of light intensity, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The data showed variations between the left, center, and right sides of the gorge at each location, likely due to differences in shade, slope, and morphology. For example, locations near the entrance recorded higher temperatures on sunny sides compared to shaded sides. The analysis indicates distinctive microclimates exist due to the complex topography creating micro-variations in climatic conditions within the narrow gorge system.
The IMF warns that human fortunes will “evaporate like water under a relentless sun” if climate change is not checked. “It’s nice for people to talk about two degrees,” says Bill Gates, a philanthropist and investor. “But we don’t even have the commitments that are going to keep us below four degrees of warming.”
Alarmist?
On the contrary - my review has changed my world view and it's not a comfortable feeling.
But you know what's funny ? I mean odd not humourous - this site only allows me to file this paper under 'science'!
The money view - between “5 and 20 per cent of global GDP every year now and forever"
The Low Emissions Diet: Eating for a safe climatePaul Mahony
The aim of this booklet is to highlight the greenhouse gas emissions associated with different types of food. To assist you in adopting or retaining a climate-friendly diet, we have included a sample of mouth-watering recipes complemented by charts showing the relevant carbon footprints.
Some Quotations on Climate Change from the World of Politics and ElsewherePaul Mahony
- President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 stated that the current generation had altered the atmosphere through increasing carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. This quote is presented along with the names of subsequent US presidents.
- Barack Obama in 2006 stated that climate change is real, its effects are already occurring, and it is creating man-made natural disasters. The document questions what Obama has done about climate change.
- Former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott in 2009 called the climate change argument "absolute crap". The document argues Australia is knowledgeable about climate change.
- A quote from the 2008 Environmental Activists' Conference is presented, calling climate change a precipice and saying human actions will soon be unable to control climate trajectory. The need for action
2014 state of the climate carbon dioxideJulianne Cox
Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activities such as burning fossil fuels. Global carbon dioxide levels have increased over 40% since the Industrial Revolution, causing global warming and ocean acidification. In 2014, the average carbon dioxide concentration was 397.2 parts per million, up 1.9 ppm from 2013. Scientists have directly measured rising carbon dioxide levels at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii since 1968, showing a 25% increase over this period. The growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide has accelerated from 0.6 ppm annually in the 1960s to around 2 ppm in recent years, though it varies slightly due to natural phenomena like El Niño.
NATIONAL SERVICE SCHEME AND NATIONAL GREEN CORPS CLIMATE EDUCATION MODULEW G Kumar
A training module to introduce College Lecturers and School Teachers to the subject of Climate Education and Live Projects that they can do in their institution and elsewhere
The document discusses several topics related to sustainability including:
1) Global warming and the potential costs and impacts of it being true or not being true.
2) The triple bottom line concept of evaluating impacts on the environment, society, and economy.
3) Key aspects of climate change such as the scientific consensus that recent warming is extremely unlikely to be due to natural causes alone and its impacts on areas like health, agriculture, and wildlife.
4) Greenhouse gases and their role in energy generation and strategies like becoming carbon neutral.
5) The differences between indoor environmental quality and indoor air quality, and factors beyond airborne contaminants that affect IEQ.
6) The concept of
Web science emerged as a new interdisciplinary field to study and understand the World Wide Web. It aims to:
1) Model the Web's structure as a scale-free network and understand the architectural principles that fueled its growth.
2) Discover how online human interactions are driven by social conventions and how these interactions shape emergent properties like social networking and online communities.
3) Develop approaches to harness the Web's positive potential while addressing issues like privacy, security, and intellectual property through technical and policy solutions.
Major universities have established the Web Science Research Initiative to advance this new field through research collaborations, publications, and conferences. Important insights into search algorithms, network structure, and online behavior
This article discusses findings from the MESSENGER spacecraft revealing details about Mercury's dynamic atmosphere. The spacecraft found that Mercury's polar regions contain large amounts of water ice, fulfilling predictions. However, measurements also surprisingly showed that the laser altimeter detected very low reflectance of Mercury's surface in polar regions, indicating it is coated in a dark, absorbing material in addition to water ice. Further studies are needed to understand the nature and origin of this dark material.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their effect on the environment. It defines greenhouse gases as gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The main greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. The document discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have greatly increased greenhouse gas levels since the Industrial Revolution. This intensified greenhouse effect has led to consequences like rising global temperatures, changes in weather patterns, and sea level rise. The document also examines potential solutions to mitigate the greenhouse effect through sectors like industry, transportation, renewable energy, and forestry.
- Dust can both positively and negatively impact rainfall over the Red Sea coast. Using a WRF-Chem model, the study finds dust enhances extreme rainfall events but suppresses normal rainfall.
- For normal rainfall, dust's suppressing direct effect, from weakening sea breezes due to SW cooling, is dominant. For extreme rainfall events, diverse synoptic processes are more influential than sea breezes.
- The study highlights both problems with dust for air quality but also its positive role in modulating rain, with implications for regional water management and cloud seeding practices over dusty regions.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
This presentation was given by Prof Herman Russchenberg, director of TU Delft Climate Institute, at the kick-off meeting on March 1st 2012. It describes background, aims and goals of the new institute.
The document discusses overpopulation and the exponential growth of the world's human population over the past 50 years. It notes that the world population has more than doubled from 3 billion in 1959 to 7 billion in 2011, increasing by 233% over that time period. This growth rate is alarming and unsustainable given demands on resources. The document questions whether limits should be placed on population growth to balance with death rates and ensure long term sustainability of life on Earth.
Talk by Prof Sieh at Temasek Junior College, October 2012EarthObsSingapore
This document provides a summary of a presentation on earth science in a rapidly changing world. It discusses how earth scientists study phenomena like volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and past climate change to understand natural hazards and contribute to more sustainable societies. It highlights several earth scientists and their research using techniques like chemistry, GPS, modeling, and analyzing coral and cave deposits to study eruptions, earthquakes, sea level rise, and temperature changes over thousands of years. It emphasizes how humanity must address issues like climate change and natural hazards through education and informed decision making.
This document provides an overview of ionizing radiation and radiation monitoring in low Earth orbit. It discusses the various sources of radiation in space, including galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events, and trapped radiation belts. It also covers the biological effects of radiation, dose terminology, radiation monitoring devices used on spacecraft, and regulations for astronaut radiation exposure limits. The goal of radiation monitoring is to ensure crew radiation exposures are as low as reasonably achievable and within safety standards to prevent both acute and long-term health effects from space radiation.
This document provides an overview of applied geology as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses key topics including:
- The evolution of the Earth over 4.6 billion years and the study of geology.
- The composition and layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, core, lithosphere, etc.
- External geological processes like erosion and internal processes like volcanism.
- Plate tectonics theory and the movement of tectonic plates.
- Other topics like minerals, the rock cycle, groundwater, and geological hazards.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It describes the major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It explains that while greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities like burning fossil fuels have substantially increased their levels since the Industrial Revolution. The document also outlines the role of greenhouse gases and water vapor in the greenhouse effect, sources of anthropogenic emissions, how long gases remain in the atmosphere, their global warming potential, and some related effects.
Stockholm environment institute (ccac november 2012)ESTHHUB
1) Implementing 16 measures to reduce short-lived climate pollutants like black carbon, methane and tropospheric ozone could reduce global warming by 0.5°C by 2050, slowing the rate of near-term warming.
2) Reducing these pollutants through measures like improved cookstoves, landfill gas recovery, and fugitive methane emission controls provides both climate and health benefits, avoiding 2.4 million premature deaths annually globally.
3) Latin America and the Caribbean would see significant benefits from reducing short-lived climate pollutants, including reduced warming of 0.5°C by 2050, avoided crop losses, and 39,000 fewer premature deaths each year
The 2016 die-off of coral on the Great Barrier Reef was the largest ever recorded. Higher-than-normal sea temperatures caused corals to expel the algae they rely on for survival, turning the reefs white. If temperatures remain high, the corals typically die within months. This event demonstrates how climate change is negatively impacting fragile ecosystems through rising ocean temperatures.
Radiometric survey of aluu landfill, in rivers state, nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that measured terrestrial radioactivity around the Aluu landfill in Nigeria. Measurements were taken in four directions around the landfill at intervals of 10 meters up to 100 meters, using radiation meters and GPS. The average radiation levels ranged from 0.0123 to 0.0151 mR/hr, equivalent to an average dose of 1.001 to 1.270 mSv/yr. This exceeds the recommended public dose limit of 1.0 mSv/yr. Over half of the sampling locations had radiation levels above normal background levels, indicating a potential long-term health risk from the landfill.
This document describes observations of microclimates within Ilingas Gorge in Crete. 19 locations within the gorge were studied and measurements were taken of light intensity, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The data showed variations between the left, center, and right sides of the gorge at each location, likely due to differences in shade, slope, and morphology. For example, locations near the entrance recorded higher temperatures on sunny sides compared to shaded sides. The analysis indicates distinctive microclimates exist due to the complex topography creating micro-variations in climatic conditions within the narrow gorge system.
The IMF warns that human fortunes will “evaporate like water under a relentless sun” if climate change is not checked. “It’s nice for people to talk about two degrees,” says Bill Gates, a philanthropist and investor. “But we don’t even have the commitments that are going to keep us below four degrees of warming.”
Alarmist?
On the contrary - my review has changed my world view and it's not a comfortable feeling.
But you know what's funny ? I mean odd not humourous - this site only allows me to file this paper under 'science'!
The money view - between “5 and 20 per cent of global GDP every year now and forever"
The Low Emissions Diet: Eating for a safe climatePaul Mahony
The aim of this booklet is to highlight the greenhouse gas emissions associated with different types of food. To assist you in adopting or retaining a climate-friendly diet, we have included a sample of mouth-watering recipes complemented by charts showing the relevant carbon footprints.
Some Quotations on Climate Change from the World of Politics and ElsewherePaul Mahony
- President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 stated that the current generation had altered the atmosphere through increasing carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. This quote is presented along with the names of subsequent US presidents.
- Barack Obama in 2006 stated that climate change is real, its effects are already occurring, and it is creating man-made natural disasters. The document questions what Obama has done about climate change.
- Former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott in 2009 called the climate change argument "absolute crap". The document argues Australia is knowledgeable about climate change.
- A quote from the 2008 Environmental Activists' Conference is presented, calling climate change a precipice and saying human actions will soon be unable to control climate trajectory. The need for action
1) The study examines the impact of index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) payments on asset recovery after a severe winter disaster in Mongolia in 2009/10.
2) Using a matching method, the study finds that households that received IBLI payments recovered faster, with significantly larger herd sizes in the 1-2 years after the disaster compared to uninsured households.
3) The payments helped insured households smooth consumption and relieved credit constraints, allowing them to avoid selling livestock and use the funds for basic needs rather than rebuilding herds.
National Disaster Loss Databases (using DesInventar methodology)ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-events/infosystem/en/
Expert consultation: Establishing an information system on damage and losses from disasters in crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture and forestry.
Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Assessment for Livestock in LMBMekong ARCC
This document provides an overview of the structure and methodology for conducting a baseline assessment and impact/vulnerability assessment of livestock systems in the Lower Mekong Basin due to climate change. It describes selecting priority livestock species/systems, outlining their characteristics and linkages. The impact/vulnerability assessment methodology considers exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity criteria for each system. The document aims to identify how climate change may affect livestock and priorities for building resilience.
This document provides an overview of a World Vision Tanzania project aimed at climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction for pastoralist communities. It first discusses the impacts of climate change, including risks to agriculture, food security, and water-borne disease. It then outlines World Vision's approaches to climate change response through mitigation, adaptation, and advocacy efforts. The document focuses on a pilot project supporting pastoralist livelihoods in northern Tanzania through improving livestock health and marketing, natural resource management, alternative incomes, and conflict mitigation. Key challenges included tensions over limited water resources and grazing land.
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
Livestock-Climate Change Annual Meeting 2011: Gender and Climate Change (S. R...Colorado State University
Tips on incorporating gender equity assessments into research on the interactions of climate change and livestock or agricultural production. Presentation given by S. Russo (University of Florida) at the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Annual Meeting, Golden, CO, April 26-27, 2011.
The document discusses strategies implemented in Kalimantan, Indonesia to manage deforestation, including afforestation/reforestation, controlled logging, conservation, and controlling forest fires. The Ministry of Forestry issues licenses and monitors timber companies while involving local communities. These four main policies aim to carefully use forest resources for future use through replanting trees, sustainable harvesting, preserving forests, and preventing fires. Students are assigned to evaluate the policies' effectiveness in a table.
Ca Cares 3 24 11 - Veterinary Role in Large Scale DisastersDiane McClure
This document provides an overview of veterinarians' roles in large scale disaster response. It discusses the need for multi-agency coordination between animal-related organizations, public health, law enforcement, and emergency management at the federal, state, and local levels. The document also outlines principles of the National Incident Management System and Incident Command System that provide standardized frameworks for flexible and comprehensive emergency management.
The Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP II) in Bangladesh aimed to mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation across government sectors to make development more resilient. It worked with 13 departments and 1 ministry, investing in partnerships and capacity building. Key achievements include training over 30,000 government professionals, establishing early warning systems, and incorporating disaster risk reduction into national education curricula. The program demonstrated the value of collaborative efforts to integrate resilience planning across sectors.
The document discusses how carbon cycles through the biosphere. It notes that while a person will die, the carbon in their body will be recycled through various processes. The carbon may be taken up by plants through photosynthesis and re-enter the food chain to support new life. The cycling of carbon is one of several important biogeochemical cycles that sustain life on Earth.
The 2004 Indonesian tsunami caused increases in particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll concentration levels. Particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll levels were highest in 2005, suggesting the tsunami impacted nutrient availability. While the hypothesis predicted impacts in 2004, levels increased the following year. A correlation analysis found a significant relationship between the two parameters. The tsunami likely stirred sediments, increasing nutrients and benefitting algal growth. Future similar disasters may also impact ocean chemistry.
This document provides an overview of a microbial genomics course project involving bacterial isolates from a long-term soil warming experiment. The project aims to sequence genomes of isolates collected from control and warmed soil plots over the course of the experiment to investigate evidence of microbial adaptation to warming at the genomic level. Isolates representing different time points in the experiment may allow insights into evolutionary responses to warming over time. The document outlines the workflow for building a culture collection from the soil samples and selecting isolates for genome sequencing based on phylogenetic and physiological analyses.
This document discusses evidence that human activities like agriculture and deforestation first altered atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide in pre-industrial centuries. Natural explanations for observed changes in greenhouse gas cycles have been ruled out. Instead, rice irrigation and extensive land clearing in places like Europe, China, and India beginning around 8,000 years ago likely emitted enough carbon to increase atmospheric concentrations. While gradual, this early anthropogenic warming was already large enough to potentially stop a glaciation in northeastern Canada during the last millennium. The document concludes that human emissions significantly impacted greenhouse gas levels and climate long before the Industrial Era.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to climate change, including:
- The introduction outlines the main sections to be covered: causes of climate change, impacts, mitigation and adaptation strategies, and public policy approaches.
- Subsequent sections discuss mechanisms of climate change like the greenhouse effect and carbon cycle, predicted impacts such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and effects on biodiversity.
- Mitigation strategies addressed include reducing emissions in sectors like transportation, industry, and energy through renewable alternatives and reforestation. Adaptation approaches aim to adjust natural and human systems to climate impacts.
- Global public policy challenges are also reviewed, including the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and issues
This study examined the relationship between climate change and air quality by reviewing previous research. The study began by dividing the topic into sub-topics and formulating research questions. Answers were found by searching earlier articles related to climate change, air quality, and ozone layer depletion. The results provided information on the causes of climate change, its impacts on factors like sea level and species, and potential solutions like emissions reductions. The study concluded by gaining knowledge on how atmospheric composition is changing and the economic effects of climate change.
Dr Brett Paris – The physical and economic impacts of climate variability NEXTDC
The document summarizes a presentation on the physical and economic impacts of climate change. It discusses the context of resurgent skepticism on climate change and recaps the scientific evidence of rising global temperatures supported by multiple independent records. It outlines projections for significant impacts including rising sea levels that threaten coastal areas, more extreme weather events, effects on global food security, and impacts in regions like Africa, Asia and Australia. It notes Australia's high per capita emissions and contribution to rising CO2 levels. It argues for strong mitigation efforts to transition to a low-carbon economy as a responsible approach and avoid severe economic and social consequences of unchecked climate change in the coming decades and centuries.
This document discusses the risks of continuing economic growth within planetary boundaries and finite resources. It argues that the current economic system is unsustainable and a new paradigm is needed that incorporates environmental and social costs. Specific problems highlighted include climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and resource constraints like peak oil. The document calls for reforms in many areas including economic indicators, business models, finance, policy frameworks and education to enable a transition to a sustainable society within planetary boundaries.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN LAKE ERIE:
TEMPORAL, SPATIAL,AND WEATHER-
INFLUENCED TRENDS IN THE CENTRAL BASIN, SANDUSKY SUBBASIN, AND WESTERN BASIN
Presented at Ohio Academy of Sciences, April 2012
The document discusses climate change and covers four main topics:
1) Climate science establishes that climate change is real and caused by human greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels. The level of scientific consensus is extremely high.
2) Climate impacts explains that the effects of climate change are already occurring, with global temperatures rising much faster than historical rates. Impacts include melting Arctic sea ice.
3) Climate solutions acknowledges that solutions exist to address climate change through reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though specifics are not discussed.
4) Climate politics questions why more action is not being taken given the severity of the problem and the existence of solutions. Moving forward will require global cooperation and a shift to more sustainable energy sources.
energy sources, quality , characteristics and classification( latika yadav)Dr. Latika Yadav
Energy sources can be classified into non-renewable and renewable sources. Non-renewable sources like petroleum, natural gas, coal are fossil fuels that were formed over millions of years from decayed organic matter. While fossil fuels are abundant and economical, they produce greenhouse gas emissions and will be depleted. Renewable sources like solar, wind and hydropower are continually replenished and produce no emissions, but have high initial costs. All energy sources have benefits and limitations, and a variety of resources will be needed to meet growing global energy demand in a sustainable manner.
Prof. Michael Raupach "Synthesis in science and society" ACEAS Grand 2014 part Aaceas13tern
1. The document discusses synthesis in science, which involves seeing the big picture by accounting for interactions between system elements and defining system boundaries.
2. Examples of synthesis provided include linking climate change science to the Anthropocene era and examining the tragedy of the commons concept across disciplines.
3. The grand challenge of synthesis is developing a unified perspective on nature and humanity as a single, interacting Earth system.
Per Olsson - Critical thresholds and transformationsSTEPS Centre
Presentation at the STEPS Conference 2010 - Pathways to Sustainability: Agendas for a new politics of environment, development and social justice
http://www.steps-centre.org/events/stepsconference2010.html
The document summarizes a student group project on fossil fuels and the carbon cycle. The group hypothesized that burning fossil fuels releases an unnatural amount of carbon into the carbon cycle, perturbing the global balance. They designed an experiment using a greenhouse to model how increased CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels impacts the carbon cycle compared to a control environment. Research showed fossil fuel combustion is the main source of excess CO2 release into the atmosphere. The conclusions were that anthropogenic CO2 emissions will dominate the carbon cycle in the 21st century and climate change is occurring due to human intervention in the carbon cycle through fossil fuel use.
STRI talk, long-term ecosystem development and plant diversityelalib
This document summarizes research on long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity using a chronosequence of coastal dunes in Western Australia ranging from recent to over 2 million years old. The summary discusses how ecosystems shift from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation over time, and how measures of plant diversity including alpha, beta, and gamma diversity generally increase with soil age, contrary to hypotheses linking higher beta diversity to higher productivity. The chronosequence approach provides a way to study long-term ecological patterns and processes.
[Challenge:Future] 21 Century Disaster = Climatic Change !Challenge:Future
The document discusses that climate change is caused largely by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, and that the risks of climate change are substantial. It summarizes the Royal Society's 2010 report which found strong evidence that over 50% of global warming has been caused by human activity. The report aims to outline the established science around both the causes and uncertainties still around climate change impacts.
Similar to Solar Or Soy: Which is better for the planet? (A review of animal agriculture's impact) (20)
This document summarizes a response to the Victorian government's review of animal welfare legislation. It makes three key points:
1) Current exemptions in legislation allow widespread cruelty to farmed animals, with over 146 million slaughtered annually compared to 7 million pets.
2) The government claims exemptions do not permit cruelty, but many routine practices like debeaking, confinement, and separating mothers and babies constitute cruelty.
3) Responsibility for farmed animals falls to the agriculture department rather than the RSPCA, so their welfare is not properly overseen. The review represents "window dressing" rather than meaningful reform.
Livestock production, particularly beef, has significant negative environmental impacts:
1) It is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, with beef alone producing nearly double the emissions of all non-ferrous metals in Australia.
2) It consumes vast amounts of water, with beef requiring five times more water than rice to produce. The beef and dairy industries use nearly three times more water than all of Australia's towns and cities combined.
3) The sector produces around 40% more greenhouse gases than the entire global transport system and is a major source of water and land pollution worldwide.
Most climate change campaigners focus on the fossil fuel sector.
While it's essential that we move away from fossil fuels if we're to avoid an ongoing climate catastrophe, we must also move away from animal agriculture.
The concept of the electric cow aims at providing some context to livestock's greenhouse gas emissions by comparing such emissions to those of: (a) electricity generated by fossil fuels; and (b) aluminium smelting, known within the industry as "congealed electricity" due to its enormous energy requirements.
I have an interest in the world of insurance, which is a far more comprehensive and intricate industry than suggested by domestic insurers’ multi-policy discounts and the like.
In fact, commerce and industry in general would not operate without the insurance mechanism to support it.
Risk management is a related discipline, consisting of insurance (within its "risk transfer" component) and many other elements.
I also have a keen interest in climate change, and have felt for some time that its near-term and longer-term impacts are not fully appreciated by various major participants in the insurance industry. For that reason, I have developed this presentation, which I will soon expand into a more comprehensive discussion paper:
The document summarizes a speech given by Paul Mahony of Melbourne Pig Save on October 13, 2012. It discusses the cruel treatment of pigs and sows in factory farms, including mutilations without anesthesia, confinement of pregnant sows in small stalls, and the slaughter process involving beating pigs with sledgehammers and leaving them to die in agony over six minutes without stunning. The document specifically calls out Wally's Piggery in NSW, where hidden camera footage revealed sick and dying animals, workers throwing and kicking piglets and beating sows, and infestations of flies. Protesters were bringing awareness to the public about the treatment of animals used for food like ham, bacon, and pork.
National food-plan-green-paper-submission-sep-12-ePaul Mahony
This document is a submission in response to Australia's National Food Plan addressing the need to transition to a plant-based diet. It discusses how animal agriculture significantly contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and land clearing for grazing. It also impacts water usage and biodiversity loss. Charts show Arctic sea ice melting at an accelerating rate, indicating the climate change emergency. The submission argues for educating the public on environmental benefits of a plant-based diet and pricing animal products to fully account for environmental costs.
A climate-of-opportunity-submission-paul-mahony-9-july-08Paul Mahony
The document is a submission in response to the Victorian government's climate change summit paper. It argues that the most significant contribution individuals can make is to adopt a plant-based diet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture. Adopting such diets could help Australia meet its emissions reduction targets and address other environmental problems like water pollution, biodiversity loss, and land degradation. The submission calls on the government to better inform the public about the environmental benefits of dietary choices, as these could have a much larger impact than other encouraged practices around water and energy use.
Victorian climate green paper submission sep '09 vnv - 5Paul Mahony
This document is a submission in response to the Victorian State Government's Climate Change Green Paper. It makes the following key points:
1. Adopting a plant-based diet is the most significant action individuals can take to address climate change and environmental problems.
2. The government needs to inform the community of the environmental benefits of dietary choices, as the impact would be much greater than other measures promoted.
3. Pricing of animal agriculture products needs to incorporate external environmental costs not currently included to reflect their full costs.
4. A plant-based diet can easily meet nutritional needs and has far greater environmental benefits than animal-based diets.
Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture - Part 2Paul Mahony
This document compares the environmental impacts of beef versus plant-based foods like soy, wheat, rice and potatoes. It finds that:
1) Beef has significantly higher greenhouse gas emissions and water usage per hectare than plant-based foods, but provides less protein, energy, and other nutrients per hectare.
2) Producing beef is inherently inefficient, as it takes many kilograms of plant foods to produce one kilogram of beef.
3) Individual dietary choices can significantly impact the environment, so reducing meat consumption, especially beef, could help avoid catastrophic climate change.
Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture - Part 1Paul Mahony
To provide some context to the consideration of livestock’s environmental impact, this article compares it to: (a) aluminium;
and (b) coal-fired power; both of which are widely recognised as being extremely greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions intensive.
Comments on Meat & Livestock Australia's So-Called "Myth Busters"Paul Mahony
This article considers material produced by Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA) in the form of what
it calls “myth busters” and “red meat green facts”.
It deals with:
- water usage;
- greenhouse gas emissions;
- other environmental impacts; and
- human health.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Solar Or Soy: Which is better for the planet? (A review of animal agriculture's impact)
1. Solar
Or
Soy
Which is better for the planet?
(A review of animal agriculture’s impact)
Handout for presentations by Paul Mahony in Melbourne, Australia
on various dates during 2011 as at 16th June 2011
(Please print double-sided if possible)
2. Solar Or Soy
versus versus
Paul Mahony 2011
To the extent that solar power represents an alternative to coal, it is critical.
To the extent that soy represents an alternative to animal agriculture, it is also critical.
3. Key messages - General
Climate change is real
Human activity is having a massive impact
Paul Mahony 2011
4. Key messages – Livestock
Inherent inefficiency
Scale
Greenhouse gases and other warming agents
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
Also . . .
5. . . . it has to be part of the main game
Paul Mahony 2011
6. Some terms
CO2-e: Carbon dioxide equivalent (see next slide)
GHG: Greenhouse gas
GWP: Global warming potential (see next slide)
IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
Paul Mahony 2011
7. Some terms (cont.)
CO2-e and GWP:
• The emissions of different gases can be aggregated by
converting them to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e). It
is like a common denomination for greenhouse gases.
• They are converted by multiplying the mass of emissions
by the appropriate global warming potentials (GWPs).
• GWPs represent the relative warming effect of a unit
mass of the gas when compared with the same mass of
CO2 over a specific period.
• For methane, the GWPs used by the UN’s
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are
21 for 100 years and 72 for 20 years.
Paul Mahony 2011
• The UN Food & Agriculture Organization used a GWP of
23 for the 100 year time horizon in its 2006 “Livestock’s
Long Shadow” report.
8. It's real General
Human impact
A sign of the times?
Brisbane, Australia, January 2011
40 knots?
Paul Mahony 2011
9. It's real General
Human impact Some of the fundamental science
• There’s no disagreement about the
physics of radiative transfer and the fact
that adding infra red absorbing gases to
the atmosphere is going to make the
atmosphere more opaque in the thermal
spectrum, in the long waves.
• That will reduce heat radiation to space
and if you reduce the radiation to space,
given the fact that the amount of energy
coming from the sun is unchanged, then
you have to warm up the planet.
• You’ve got an energy imbalance and until the planet warms up enough to
radiate that energy away, it’s going to continue to get warmer.
• So the basic physics is very hard to dispute.
Dr James Hansen, Director, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA interviewed on
Late Night Live, ABC Radio National (Australia), 8th March, 2010 and replayed 8th July, 2010.
Paul Mahony 2011
10. General
It's real
Human impact GHGs, sea levels and temperature
See next slide for more detailed image
390
• In less than 100 years, atmospheric concentrations of CO2 have
increased to around 390 ppm, after never exceeding 300 ppm in
the previous 1,000,000 years.
300
• Ice core data show that during the period of 425,000 years before
the industrial revolution, there was a close correlation between
atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane
(CH4), temperature and sea level.
• In 1960, CO2 concentrations were around 315 ppm, so they have
increased 75 ppm (24%) in 50 years.
• Prior to the start of the industrial revolution in around 1750, CO2
concentrations were approximately 280 ppm.
• For the period of human civilization before 1750 (around 10,000
years), CO2 concentrations, temperature and sea level were
relatively stable.
Paul Mahony 2011
0
Sources: Hansen, J; Sato, M; Kharecha, P; Beerling, D; Berner, R; Masson-Delmotte, V; Pagani, M; Raymo, M; Royer, D.L.; and
Zachos, J.C. “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?”, 2008. (This presenter has inserted the various overlays.)
http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/TargetCO2_20080407.pdf and Hansen, J., “Storms of my grandchildren”, 2009, Bloomsbury
11. It's real GHGs, sea levels and temperature General
Human impact 390
Previous
slide contains 300
a simpler
version.
Note the
correlation
between CO2
concentrations,
temperature and The shaded circles
sea level over a incorporate the
period of 425,000 10,000 years of
years. human civilization,
During that period during which
(and during the conditions have
past million been relatively
years), except stable.
during the past
100 years, the
atmospheric Atmospheric CO2
concentration of concentrations
CO2 has not were 280 ppm in
exceeded 300 1750, before the
ppm. It has industrial
increased from revolution.
around 315 ppm
Paul Mahony 2011
in 1960 to around
390 ppm in 2011.
1750
Sources: Hansen, J; Sato, M; Kharecha, P; Beerling, D; Berner, R; Masson-Delmotte, V; Pagani, M; Raymo, M; Royer, D.L.; and
Zachos, J.C. “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?”, 2008. (This presenter has inserted the various overlays.)
http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/TargetCO2_20080407.pdf and Hansen, J., “Storms of my grandchildren”, 2009, Bloomsbury
12. It's real General
Human impact
A sign of the times?
Atmospheric CO2 over the past 2,000 years
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Adapted from CSIRO, “The Science of Climate Change: Questions and Answers”, Fig. 4.1, p. 10
13. It's real General
Human impact
A sign of the times?
Atmospheric CO2 over the past 2,000 years
uble?
tro
rious
in se
re we
A et!
Youb
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Adapted from CSIRO, “The Science of Climate Change: Questions and Answers”, Fig. 4.1, p. 10
14. It's real General
Human impact
A sign of the times?
Record number of hot and cold days in Australia since 1960
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: CSIRO, “The Science of Climate Change: Questions and Answers”, Fig. 3.3, p. 8
15. It's real General
Human impact
A sign of the times?
Inflow to dams - WA
1911-1974: 338 GL p.a.
2010: 6 GL
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Water Corporation, WA “Impact on Water Availability – WA Reduced Inflow to Dams”,
http://www.watercorporation.com.au/D/dams_streamflow_large.cfm (Overlays have been inserted by this presenter.)
16. It's real General
Human impact
Paul Mahony 2011
A sign of the times?
Source: Munich Re, “Topics GEO.
Natural Catastrophes 2010:
Analyses, Assessments, Positions”
17. It's real General
Human impact
Paul Mahony 2011
A sign of the times?
Source: Munich Re, “Topics GEO.
Natural Catastrophes 2010:
Analyses, Assessments, Positions”
18. It's real General
Human impact
Paul Mahony 2011
A sign of the times?
Source: Munich Re, “Climate
Change and Impacts”
19. It's real General
Human impact
What about risk management?
Likelihood: The planet is warming rapidly, with at
least 90 per cent certainty that this is
primarily due to human activities.
(IPCC 4th assessment report, 2007)
Consequences: Catastrophic
RISK RATING: EXTREME!
WOULD AN ORGANISATION, FACED WITH A RISK OF THIS
Paul Mahony 2011
MAGNITUDE, TAKE MEANINGFUL ACTION OR WOULD IT
STALL WHILE BOARD MEMBERS DEBATED?
20. It's real General
Human impact
The need is urgent!
“ . . . the world stands . . .
on the edge of a precipice . . .
beyond which human actions will no longer be
able to control in any meaningful way the
trajectory of the climate system . . .”
David Spratt, co-author of
“Climate Code Red: the case
Paul Mahony 2011
for emergency action”
Source: “Global Warming – No more business as usual: This is an emergency!”, Environmental Activists’
Conference ’08: Climate Emergency – No More Business as Usual, 10 October, 2008, reproduced in
Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal, http://links.org.au/node/683
21. It's real General
Human impact
The need is urgent!
• British glaciologists have
recorded water pouring down
one of hundreds (possibly
thousands) of moulins (craters)
on Greenland's 2km thick ice
cap at an estimated rate of 42
million litres per day.
• James Hansen of NASA says Greenland's ice cap is now
losing more than 250 cubic km of ice per year.
• As recently as the 1990's the ice cap was neither losing nor
gaining mass at a substantial rate.
Sources: The Telegraph, 20th Feb 2009,
Paul Mahony 2011
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/4734859/Scientists-capture-dramatic-
footage-of-Arctic-glaciers-melting-in-hours.html
Hansen, J., “Storms of my grandchildren”, 2009, Bloomsbury, p. 287. (An alternative figure had been
shown on p. 255 but the correct figure has been confirmed as 250 cubic km.)
22. It's real General
Human impact
A sign of the times?
“Natural climate change is
inseparably linked to the
history of the earth and its
development.
Human activity has had a massive impact on
the climate system over the past one hundred
years - a unique experiment with an indefinite
outcome.”
Munich Re, 2005
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Munich Re, “Weather
catastrophes and climate change: is
there still hope for us?”, 2005
23. It's real General
Human impact
Paul Mahony 2011
A sign of the times?
Source: IPCC 2007: WG1-AR4, cited in Munich Re, “Climate Change and Impacts”
24. Livestock
“A global shift towards a vegan diet is vital to save the world
from hunger, fuel poverty and the worst impacts of climate
change, a UN report said today.”
The Guardian, 2nd June 2010
“A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible
with a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal
products.”
United Nations Environment Programme, June 2010
“Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to
today’s most serious environmental problems. Urgent action is
required to remedy the situation.”
Henning Steinfeld, United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization,
Paul Mahony 2011
2006 (Co-author of the UN FAO’s “Livestock’s Long Shadow” report)
25. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water
Inherent inefficiencies
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
Derived from W.O. Herring and J.K. Bertrand, “Multi-trait Prediction of Feed
Conversion in Feedlot Cattle”, Proceedings from the 34th Annual Beef
Improvement Federation Annual Meeting, Omaha, NE, July 10-13, 2002,
www.bifconference.com/bif2002/BIFsymposium_pdfs/Herring_02BIF.pdf, cited
in Singer, P & Mason, J, “The Ethics of What We Eat” (2006), Text Publishing
Company, p. 210
26. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Inherent inefficiencies
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
Derived from W.O. Herring and J.K. Bertrand, “Multi-trait Prediction of Feed
Conversion in Feedlot Cattle”, Proceedings from the 34th Annual Beef
Improvement Federation Annual Meeting, Omaha, NE, July 10-13, 2002,
www.bifconference.com/bif2002/BIFsymposium_pdfs/Herring_02BIF.pdf, cited
in Singer, P & Mason, J, “The Ethics of What We Eat” (2006), Text Publishing
Company, p. 210
27. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Inherent inefficiencies
Nutrition
Nutrition via animals involves more:
• land clearing, • emissions from
with release of farming and
CO2 and loss of transportation;
sequestration;
• nitrogen based • pesticides,
fertilizer producing herbicides and
nitrous oxide (300 antibiotics;
times as potent as
CO2);
• fugitive methane • water used and
emissions from polluted, including
fertilizer oceanic dead
production (using zones from
natural gas); nitrogen run-off.
Paul Mahony 2011
Derived from W.O. Herring and J.K. Bertrand, “Multi-trait Prediction of Feed
Conversion in Feedlot Cattle”, Proceedings from the 34th Annual Beef
Improvement Federation Annual Meeting, Omaha, NE, July 10-13, 2002,
www.bifconference.com/bif2002/BIFsymposium_pdfs/Herring_02BIF.pdf, cited
in Singer, P & Mason, J, “The Ethics of What We Eat” (2006), Text Publishing
Company, p. 210
28. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Inherent inefficiencies
Nutrition
Nutrition via animals involves more:
• water used and polluted
The grazing of around 4.5 million cattle in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment
has caused widespread soil erosion, resulting in sediments, fertilizers and
Paul Mahony 2011
pesticides entering the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area.
Australian Government Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority,
http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/key_issues/water_quality/agriculture (accessed 3 July 2008)
29. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Inherent inefficiencies
Nutrition
t n al p l a u n n a s’ h t r a E f o n oi t ai r p o r p p A e k a t n i ) y g r e n e( e i r ol a c ’ s n a m u H
r o y t i vi t c u d o r p y r a m i r p t e n( h t w o r g
)PPN
17% from
Other Food for livestock
30% livestock
58%
83% direct
Food for from plants
humans
12%
Paul Mahony 2011
Sources: Derived from Fridolin Krausmann, et al “Global patterns of socioeconomic biomass flows in the year 2000: A
comprehensive assessment of supply, consumption and constraints” and Helmut Haberl, et al “Quantifying and
mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth's terrestrial ecosystems”, cited in Russell, G.
“Burning the biosphere, boverty blues (Part 1)”, www.bravenewclimate.com
30. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Inherent inefficiencies
Nutrition
• At present, the US livestock population consumes more
than 7 times as much grain as is consumed directly by the
entire American population.
US Department of Agriculture, 2001. Agricultural statistics. Washington, DC
• The amount of grains fed to US livestock is sufficient to feed
about 840 million people who follow a plant-based diet”
Dr David Pimentel, Cornell University “Livestock production and energy
use”, Cleveland CJ, ed. Encyclopedia of energy (in press). [Cited 2003]
Paul Mahony 2011
The above references were cited in Pimentel, D. & Pimentel M. “Sustainability of meat-based and plant-
based diets and the environment”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 78, No. 3, 660S-663S,
September 2003
31. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
Scale
“In the United States, more than 9 billion livestock are
maintained to supply the animal protein consumed
each year.”
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural statistics, 2001
Paul Mahony 2011
The above reference was cited in Pimentel, D. & Pimentel M. “Sustainability of meat-based and plant-based
diets and the environment”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 78, No. 3, 660S-663S, September
2003
32. Inefficiency
Scale Scale Livestock
GHGs
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition Cattle, sheep and goat population in 2006 3.3 billion:
3,600
3,400
3,200
M illio n In d iv id u a ls
3,000
2,800
2,600
2,400
2,200
2,000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Source: FAO; UNPop
Billions slaughtered in 2009:
• Chickens 51.5 10,000 years ago, all animals
• Other 7.8 were wildlife.
Total 59.3
• Plus laying hens 6.5
• Plus milk providers 0.7
Livestock biomass is 700 million tonnes compared to human biomass
335 million tonnes.
Paul Mahony 2011
Livestock/wildlife ratio 23:3
Source: Chart - UN FAO cited in Earth Policy Institute book_wote_ch3_13.xls, http://www.earth-policy.org
Other figures – FAOSTAT, http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx,
Biomass – Geoff Russell “Burning the biosphere – Boverty Blues Pt. 1”, www.bravenewclimate.com
Livestock/wildlife ratio – UN Food & Agriculture Organization “Livestock’s Long Shadow”, 2006
33. Inefficiency
Scale Scale Livestock
GHGs
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
Australia 2008
Killed for human consumption: Population:
45 million cows, sheep & pigs 26.3 million cows
475 million chickens 76.9 million sheep
19 million other fowls, 2.4 million pigs
turkeys, ducks and drakes
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Chart - UN FAO cited in Earth Policy Institute book_wote_ch3_13.xls, http://www.earth-policy.org
Other figures – ABS 1301.0 Year Book Australia 2009-10
34. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Deforestation
Water CO2-e emissions from livestock
Nutrition
20-year “Global Warming Potential” (GWP)
Most CO2-e measures of methane are based on a period of 100 years.
GWP of methane over 100 years is 21.
12 yrs 20 yrs 100 yrs
Most of the methane breaks down within 12 years and
is therefore non-existent over the final 88 years.
GWP of methane over 20
years is 72.
Paul Mahony 2011
This more accurately reflects
its shorter-term impact.
Short-term impacts become long-term if they
contribute to us reaching tipping points.
35. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Some context for beef: Aluminium
Deforestation
Water Based on conservative 100 year GWP
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
36. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Some context for beef: Aluminium
Deforestation
Water Based on conservative 100 year GWP
Nutrition
16% of Australia’s electricity
but provides only 0.06% of jobs
and 0.23% of GDP.
2.5 times the world average of
GHGs per tonne of product.
Paul Mahony 2011
Sources: Hamilton, C, “Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change”, (2007) Black Inc Agenda, p. 40; Turton, H. “The Aluminium
Smelting Industry Structure, market power, subsidies and greenhouse gas emissions”, The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper
Number 44, January 2002, ISSN 1322-5421, p. ix; Turton, H. “Greenhouse gas emissions in industrialised countries Where does
Australia stand?”, The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper Number 66, June 2004, ISSN 1322-5421, p. viii.
37. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Some context for beef: Aluminium
Deforestation
Water Based on conservative 100 year GWP
Nutrition
“To phrase it in terms of the
industry joke, aluminium is
congealed electricity.”
Mining Weekly.com
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Campbell, K., "Energy crunch constraining aluminium expansions”, 27 February, 2006, www.miningweekly.com,
http://www.miningweekly.com/article/energy-crunch-constraining-aluminum-expansions-2006-02-27
38. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Some context for beef: Aluminium
Deforestation
Water Based on conservative 100 year GWP
Nutrition
“Aluminium is the ultimate
proxy for energy”
Marius Kloppers, BHP
Billiton CEO
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Campbell, K., "Energy crunch constraining aluminium expansions”, 27 February, 2006, www.miningweekly.com,
http://www.miningweekly.com/article/energy-crunch-constraining-aluminum-expansions-2006-02-27
39. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
So how does beef compare?
Paul Mahony 2011
40. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Deforestation
Based on conservative 100 year GWP
Water
Nutrition GHG Emissions Intensity (kg of GHG per kg of product)
60
50
This chart is about
emissions intensity.
40
30
Things get even worse
when you realise that we
20
produce 10% more beef
than aluminium.
10
0
Wheat Other Sugar Cement, Steel Alumin- Other non- Wool Sheep Beef
grains lime, etc ium ferrous meat
Paul Mahony 2011
George Wilkenfeld & Associates Pty Ltd and Energy Strategies,
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990, 1995, 1999, End Use
Allocation of Emissions Report to the Australian Greenhouse
Office, 2003, Volume 1, Table S5, p. vii
41. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale Based on conservative 100 year GWP
GH Gs
Deforestation
Water GHG Emissions - Absolute
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
George Wilkenfeld & Associates Pty Ltd and Energy Strategies, National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990, 1995, 1999,
End Use Allocation of Emissions Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office, 2003, Volume 1, Table S5, p. vii
42. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Deforestation
Water What about coal-fired electricity?
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
43. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
Total CO2-e emissions from electricity
generation by fossil fuels
Coal
180mt
approx.
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Dept of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, National Greenhouse Inventory 2008, Fig 7, p. 8.
44. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Deforestation
Water CO2-e emissions from Australian livestock
Nutrition
59 mt
approx.
The figure of 59mt represents 10.7% of Australia’s total emissions of
549mt.
It is based solely on enteric fermentation and manure management.
Adding emissions from livestock-related deforestation and savanna-
burning increases livestock’s emissions to 106mt or 17.8% of the
revised total.
Using a 20-year GWP, the final percentage increases to 29.6%.
Paul Mahony 2011
Source:
- Dept of Climate Change & Energy Efficiency, National Greenhouse Inventory 2008, Fig. 15, p. 15
- Livestock’s share of deforestation and savanna burning derived from George Wilkenfeld & Associates
Pty Ltd and Energy Strategies, National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990, 1995, 1999, End Use
Allocation of Emissions Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office, 2003
45. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GH Gs
Deforestation
Water CO2-e emissions from Australian livestock
Nutrition
Based on conservative 100 year GWP
If we were to consider end-use, the percentage would be 30.64%.
30.64%
Animal Agriculture
Other
69.36%
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: The University of Sydney and CSIRO, 2005, “Balancing Act – A Triple Bottom Line
Analysis of the Australian Economy”
46. Livestock
CO2-e emissions from livestock globally
18% United Nations Food & Agriculture Organization,
“Livestock’s Long Shadow”, 2006
Animal Agriculture
- Significantly more than all the world’s transport
Other - Excludes factors considered by the World Watch
Institute (refer below)
82%
World Watch Institute, 2009
- 20 year GWP on methane
Animal Agriculture - Foregone sequestration on land previously cleared*
49% 51.00%
Other - Livestock respiration overwhelming photosynthesis in
absorbing carbon
- Increased livestock production since 2002
- Corrections in documented under-counting
- More up to date emissions figures
- Corrections for use of Minnesota for source data
- Re-alignment of sectoral information
43% Animal Agriculture
- Fluorocarbons for extended refrigeration
Other
57% - Cooking at higher temperature and for longer periods
- Disposal of waste
- Production, distribution and disposal of by-products and
packaging
Paul Mahony 2011
World Watch Institute, 2009 (amended) - Carbon-intensive medical treatment of livestock-related
- As above but amended (by this presenter) illness
by removing livestock respiration as a factor * Foregone sequestration still not fully accounted for.
Source of World Watch material: Goodland, R & Anhang, J, “Livestock and Climate Change - What if the key actors in climate change are cows,
pigs, and chickens?”, World Watch, Nov/Dec, 2009, pp 10-19. (Note: Robert Goodland was formerly lead environmental adviser at the World
Bank. Jeff Anhang is a research officer and environmental specialist at the World Bank Group’s International Finance Corporation.)
47. Comparison with electricity generation in Australia
allowing for livestock-related deforestation and savanna burning
Based on conservative 100 year GWP
GHG emissions from Australia’s LIVESTOCK are equivalent to:
6.8 times
Paul Mahony 2011
53% of total; and 1.7 times
60% of coal-fired Hazelwood Victoria
49. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs Annual CO2-e emissions from
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
National Greenhouse Inventory 2008
Based on conservative 100 year GWP and excluding deforestation and savanna burning
300
250
200
150
180 mt 216 mt
100
50
180 mt 59 mt
0
Coal-fired power Methane from livestock
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Dept of Climate Change & Energy Efficiency, National Greenhouse Inventory 2008
50. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs Annual CO2-e emissions from
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
National Greenhouse Inventory 2008
Amended for 20 year GWP but still excluding deforestation and savanna burning
300
250
200
150
180 mt 216 mt
100
50
180 mt 216 mt
0
Coal-fired power Methane from livestock
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Brook, Prof. Barry and Russell, Geoff, “Meat’s Carbon Hoofprint”, Australasian Science, Nov/Dec 2007, pp. 37-
39, http://www.control.com.au/bi2007/2810Brook.pdf (accessed 27 June, 2010)
51. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs Annual CO2-e emissions from
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
National Greenhouse Inventory 2008
Amended for 20 year GWP and now including deforestation and savanna burning
300
250
200
150
100 180 mt 258 mt
50
0
Coal-fired power Methane, deforestation
and savanna burning
Paul Mahony 2011
from livestock
52. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs What’s better,
Deforestation
Water giving up your car or giving up meat?
Nutrition
Based on 20 year GWP and including deforestation and savanna burning
300
250
200 Exports 62%
of 258 mt
= 160 mt
150
180 mt 258 mt
100
98 mt
50 excl.
exports
43 mt 258 mt
43 mt
0
Passenger Livestock excl.
vehicles exports
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Vehicle emissions from Brook, Prof. Barry and Russell, Geoff, “Meat’s Carbon Hoofprint”, Australasian Science, Nov/Dec
2007, pp. 37- 39, http://www.control.com.au/bi2007/2810Brook.pdf (accessed 27 June, 2010)
Livestock production of 98 mt represents an estimate of domestic consumption, using beef as an indicator. 62% of beef is
exported. Emissions from all livestock are 258 mt x 38% = 98 mt. Source: http://www.mla.com.au/About-the-red-meat-
industry/Industry-overview/Cattle# accessed 3 April, 2011.
53. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation Land Clearing
Water
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
54. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation Land Clearing
Water
Nutrition
Paul Mahony 2011
55. Livestock
Land Clearing in Australia
Total area cleared since European settlement almost 1 million sq. km.
Approx. 70% or almost 700,000 sq km (9% of Australia’s land area) is due to livestock.
Cleared native vegetation and protected areas
Cleared native vegetation
Native vegetation
Protected areas
Sources: Map - National Biodiversity Strategy Review Task Group, “Australia’s
Paul Mahony 2011
Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2020”, Figure A10.1, p. 91
Other figures derived from Russell, G. “The global food system and climate
change – Part 1”, 9 Oct 2008, www.bravenewclimate.com, which utilised:
Dept. of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities,
State of the Environment Report 2006, Indicator: LD-01 The proportion and
area of native vegetation and changes over time, March 2009; and
ABS, 4613.0 “Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends”, Jan 2010; and
ABS 1301.0 Australian Year Book 2008, since updated for 2009-10, 16.13 Area of crops
56. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Land clearing in Australia – Queensland 1988 -2008
Nutrition
• 8.6 million hectares (86,000 sq km) cleared in Queensland
over 20 years from 1988 to 2008.
• 91% was for livestock pasture.
• If we drew a line 10km east from Melbourne’s CBD, it would
almost reach Balwyn Rd, Balwyn.
• If we assumed that all the land north of that line was forest,
how far would we go if we were to clear as much land as was
cleared in Queensland for livestock grazing between 1988
and 2008? (See next two slides.)
Source:
Paul Mahony 2011
First two points from Bisshop, G. & Pavlidis, L, “Deforestation and land degradation in Queensland - The culprit”, Article 5,
16th Biennial Australian Association for Environmental Education Conference, Australian National University, Canberra, 26-
30 September 2010
57. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Land clearing in Australia – Queensland 1988 -2008
Water
Nutrition
10 km
Paul Mahony 2011
Original Map: Copyright 2010 Melway Publishing Pty Ltd. Reproduced from Melway Edition 38 with permission.
58. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Land clearing in Australia – Queensland 1988 -2008
Water
Nutrition
Approximately 78,000 square kilometres
Cairns
20 years of land clearing
And that’s just Queensland!
Source:
Derived from Bisshop, G. & Pavlidis, L, “Deforestation and land
Paul Mahony 2011
degradation in Queensland - The culprit”, Article 5, 16th Biennial Australian
Association for Environmental Education Conference, Australian National
University, Canberra,
26-30 September 2010
Original map: www.street-directory.com.au. Used with permission.
(Cairns inserted by this presenter.)
59. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Rainforest destruction in Africa
Nutrition
The vertical lines primarily
represent the Guinea
Savanna, which was once
forest and is maintained as
savanna through regular
burning, primarily to enable
cattle grazing.
Paul Mahony 2011
Sources: Sankaran, M; Hanan, N.P.; Scholes, R.J.; Ratnam, J; Augustine, D.J.; Cade, B.S.; Gignoux, J; Higgins, S.I.; Le Roux, X; Ludwig, F; Ardo, J.;
Banyikwa, F; Bronn, A; Bucini, G; Caylor, K.K.; Coughenour, M.B.; Diouf, A; Ekaya, W; Feral, C.J.; February, E.C.; Frost, P.G.H.; Hiernaux,
P; Hrabar, H; Metzger, K.L.; Prins, H.H.T.; Ringrose, S; Sea, W; Tews, J; Worden, J; & Zambatis, N., “Determinants of woody cover in
African savannas”, Nature 438, 846-849 (8 December 2005), cited in Russell, G. “Burning the biosphere, boverty blues (Part 2)”,
www.bravenewclimate.com
MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/firemaps/
60. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Rainforest destruction in Africa
Nutrition
The vertical lines primarily
represent the Guinea
Savanna, which was once
forest and is maintained as
savanna through regular
burning, primarily to enable
cattle grazing.
Paul Mahony 2011
Sources: Sankaran, M; Hanan, N.P.; Scholes, R.J.; Ratnam, J; Augustine, D.J.; Cade, B.S.; Gignoux, J; Higgins, S.I.; Le Roux, X; Ludwig, F; Ardo, J.;
Banyikwa, F; Bronn, A; Bucini, G; Caylor, K.K.; Coughenour, M.B.; Diouf, A; Ekaya, W; Feral, C.J.; February, E.C.; Frost, P.G.H.; Hiernaux,
P; Hrabar, H; Metzger, K.L.; Prins, H.H.T.; Ringrose, S; Sea, W; Tews, J; Worden, J; & Zambatis, N., “Determinants of woody cover in
African savannas”, Nature 438, 846-849 (8 December 2005), cited in Russell, G. “Burning the biosphere, boverty blues (Part 2)”,
www.bravenewclimate.com
MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/firemaps/
61. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Rainforest destruction in South America
Nutrition
http://www.world-maps.co.uk/continent-map-of-south-america.htm 70 percent of previously forested land in the
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_map.html Amazon is occupied by livestock pastures, and
livestock feedcrops cover a large part of the
Paul Mahony 2011
MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight
remainder (United Nations Food & Agriculture
Center - http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/firemaps/ Organization, “Livestock’s Long Shadow”, 2006)
Black carbon information: Presentation by Gerard Bisshop, World Preservation Fund presentation to Cancun Climate
Summit, Dec, 2010 “Shorter lived climate forcers: Agriculture Sector and Land Clearing for Livestock” (co-authors
Lefkothea Pavlidis and Dr Hsien Hui Khoo)
62. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Rainforest destruction in South America
Nutrition
Winds transport black carbon
from the Amazon to the Antarctic
Peninsula.
47% to 61% of black carbon in
Antarctica comes from pasture
management in the Amazon and
Africa.
Black carbon melts ice rapidly by
absorbing heat from sunlight.
http://www.world-maps.co.uk/continent-map-of-south-america.htm
http://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_map.html
Paul Mahony 2011
MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center - http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/firemaps/
Black carbon information: Presentation by Gerard Bisshop, World Preservation Fund presentation to Cancun Climate
Summit, Dec, 2010 “Shorter lived climate forcers: Agriculture Sector and Land Clearing for Livestock” (co-authors
Lefkothea Pavlidis and Dr Hsien Hui Khoo)
63. James Hansen – Essential Measures
1. End coal-fired power. Required to reduce CO2
concentrations to < 350
ppm (currently 390 ppm
approx.)
2. Massive reforestation.
3. Significantly reduce non-CO2 forcings, e.g.
methane, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone
and black carbon.
A key factor in reducing CO2 concentrations will be
measure 2. Not possible without
addressing animal agriculture
Hansen says a CO2 target of <350ppm won’t solve the
Paul Mahony 2011
problem without measure 3. Not possible without
addressing animal agriculture
Source: Hansen, J; Sato, M; Kharecha, P; Beerling, D; Berner, R; Masson-Delmotte, V; Pagani, M; Raymo, M; Royer, D.L.;
and Zachos, J.C. “Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?”, 2008.
64. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Water Consumption - Victoria
Nutrition
8.10% Dairy Farming
5.24% Other Agriculture, incl. beef & sheep
Dairy
Services to Agricuture
farming 34.26%
(incl. flood
irrigation of Forestry & Fishing
15.89%
pasture)
34.26% Mining
Manufacturing
1.98% Electricity & Gas
Plant Animal
2.28%
based agriculture
agriculture
Water supply
excl. dairy
14% 17%
Other industries
31.47% Household
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Water Account, Australia, 2004-05, 4610.0, Media Release
112/2006, November 28, 2006
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Water Use on Australian Farms, 2004-05, 4618.0
65. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Water Consumption – Murray Darling Basin
Nutrition
4,500
4,000
3,500
Dairy
farming 3,000
Gigalitres
35%
2,500
Other 65%
2,000
Murray Aust
1,500 Darling Towns &
Dairy Cities
1,000
4,200 GL 2,300 GL
500
0
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Russell, G. “Water for cattle”, Letters to the Editor, New Scientist Print Edition, 7 July, 2007, Issue 2611,
p. 21, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526111.300-water-for-cattle.html including reference to
Bryan, B & Marvanek, S, “Quantifying and valuing land use change for Integrated Catchment
Management evaluation in the Murray-Darling Basin 1996/97-2000/01. Stage 2 Report to the Murray-
Darling Basin Commission” , CSIRO Land and Water, Nov, 2004
66. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water Comparative water savings per annum
Nutrition
(‘000 litres)
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Vegetarian Diet (no Stage 3 Savings 3 Star Show erhead
meat or milk & 4 Minute Show ers
products)
1 year on a vegan diet = 45 years of 4 min., 3 star showers
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Derived from Ian Rutherfurd, School of Social and Environmental Enquiry, University of Melbourne, Amelia
Tsang and Siao Khee Tan, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne
(2007) “City people eat rivers: estimating the virtual water consumed by people in a large Australian city”
67. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs Nutrition – Meat & Livestock Australia
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition
“Five essential ingredients in one amazing food”
Paul Mahony 2011
He’s handsome, charismatic and intelligent. Unfortunately, we’re not so
sure about Sam.
68. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation Nutrition
Water
Nutrition Food Amino Acid Completeness
(Protein) Score Score
Trout 148 48
Beef 144 29
Pork 136 36
Chicken 136 32
Spinach 120 93
Soybeans 118 52
Potato 109 52
Tofu 107 49
Quinoa 106 45
Cauliflower 102 74
Lentils 86 58
Broccoli 83 92
Rice 71 27
Walnuts 55 26
Almonds 54 42
Legend: Note:
Paul Mahony 2011
Animal-based An Amino Acid Score of 100
or more indicates a complete
Plant-based or high-quality protein.
Source: Self Nutrition Data, http://nutritiondata.self.com/. (Derived from USDA Nutritional
database for standard reference.)
69. Livestock
Protein (g) per hectare
1,200,000
1,000,000 Soy provides 12
times the protein of
800,000
beef per hectare . . .
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Beef Soy Wheat Rice Potato
GHG per hectare
20,000
. . . for one-seventh
15,000 of the emissions.
10,000
5,000
0
Paul Mahony 2011
Beef Soy W heat Rice Potato
Source: Mahony, P, “Some Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture, Part 2”, updated Dec, 2010,
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1097247/bccag/images/animals2.pdf and Mahony, P for Vegetarian Network Victoria “Submission in Response
to Victorian State Government’s Climate Change Green Paper”, Sep 2009,
http://www.vnv.org.au/site/files/submission090921climatechangegreenpaper.pdf
70. Livestock
Protein (g) per hectare
1,200,000
1,000,000 Soy provides 12
800,000 times the protein of
beef per hectare . . .
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Beef Soy Wheat Rice Potato
Water per hectare
20,000,000
. . . for one-third of the water.
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
Paul Mahony 2011
Beef Soy W heat Rice Potato
Source: Mahony, P, “Some Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture, Part 2”, updated Dec, 2010,
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/1097247/bccag/images/animals2.pdf and Mahony, P for Vegetarian Network Victoria “Submission in Response
to Victorian State Government’s Climate Change Green Paper”, Sep 2009,
http://www.vnv.org.au/site/files/submission090921climatechangegreenpaper.pdf
71. Inefficiency Livestock
Scale
GHGs
Deforestation
Water
Nutrition Similar results for iron, zinc, calcium, omega-3
(ALA) and energy
What about Vitamin B12?
• One source is bacteria which can be found in soil
and in the digestive systems of some animals.
• B12 analogues are found in certain fungi and algae,
although not always beneficial to humans.
• It can also be produced directly from bacteria as a
dietary supplement.
• That is a more natural approach than destroying
natural environments and killing livestock.
Paul Mahony 2011
See:
http://animalliberation.org.au/blog/98-vitamin-b12-fuss.html (Russell, G.)
http://www.vegetarianvictoria.org.au/cms/infosheets/9veganismandvitaminb12.pdf (Ogilvie, D.)
72. Livestock
Other issues
- Fish:
- Ocean habitats are being destroyed by industrial fishing.
- 36% - 50% of the global catch is fed to livestock.
- Pigs & chickens eat 6 times as much seafood as Americans.
- Kangaroo: Difficult to farm and insufficient yield for mass consumption.
- Chicken: See above re seafood. Also corn and nitrogen-based fertilizer
contributing to oceanic dead zones. Also inherently inefficient relative to a
plant-based diet.
- Dairy: Is it natural? We are the only species that consumes the milk of
other species, and the only one that consumes milk beyond a young age.
- Vested interests
- Environmental groups
- Political expediency
- Aid agencies promoting livestock donations
Paul Mahony 2011
- Cultural and social conditioning, blind spots and blinkers
73. Livestock
Other issues
- Fish:
- Ocean habitats are being destroyed by industrial fishing.
- 36% - 50% of the global catch is fed to livestock.
- Pigs & chickens eat 6 times as much seafood as Americans. !
CY
- Kangaroo: Difficult to farm and insufficient yield for mass consumption.
N
E
- Chicken: See above re seafood. Also corn and nitrogen-based fertilizer
G
ER
contributing to oceanic dead zones. Also inherently inefficient relative to a
plant-based diet.
EM that consumes the milk of
- Dairy: Is it natural? We are the only species
A N
other species, and the only one that consumes milk beyond a young age.
- Vested interests
IT ’S
UT
- Environmental groups
B
- Political expediency
- Aid agencies promoting livestock donations
Paul Mahony 2011
- Cultural and social conditioning, blind spots and blinkers
74. Livestock
What can we do?
Corporations:
- Modify dining and entertaining practices.
Individuals:
- Consume fewer livestock products.
- Inform others.
Environmental Groups:
- Make animal agriculture a high priority.
Governments:
- Utilise pricing factors, e.g. carbon tax.
Paul Mahony 2011
- Inform the community.
- Modify dining and entertaining practices.
75. Livestock
Do you have to miss out on delicious food?
Not at all.
See:
Paul Mahony 2011
www.veganeasy.org
www.vegetarianvictoria.org.au/recipes.html
www.vegetarianvictoria.org.au/healthy-living/healthy-living.html
76. Review of key messages - General
Climate change is real
Human activity is having a massive impact
Review of key messages – Livestock
Inherent inefficiency
Scale
Greenhouse gases and other warming agents
Deforestation
Nutrition
Livestock needs to be part of the main game
Paul Mahony 2011
77. Concluding message
• “ . . . if we could recognise who we
really are
• rather than beings who were
magically and separately created from
the rest of nature,
• and if we could come to grips with that
reality,
• then maybe we could be aroused from
the stupor that we find ourselves in
and begin to save ourselves."
Paul Mahony 2011
Source: Ann Druyan, co-author with late husband Carl Sagan of “Shadows of forgotten ancestors” interviewed on Late Night
Live, ABC Radio National, Australia, 13 Dec, 2007