To provide some context to the consideration of livestock’s environmental impact, this article compares it to: (a) aluminium;
and (b) coal-fired power; both of which are widely recognised as being extremely greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions intensive.
Livestock production, particularly beef, has significant negative environmental impacts:
1) It is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, with beef alone producing nearly double the emissions of all non-ferrous metals in Australia.
2) It consumes vast amounts of water, with beef requiring five times more water than rice to produce. The beef and dairy industries use nearly three times more water than all of Australia's towns and cities combined.
3) The sector produces around 40% more greenhouse gases than the entire global transport system and is a major source of water and land pollution worldwide.
Victorian climate green paper submission sep '09 vnv - 5Paul Mahony
This document is a submission in response to the Victorian State Government's Climate Change Green Paper. It makes the following key points:
1. Adopting a plant-based diet is the most significant action individuals can take to address climate change and environmental problems.
2. The government needs to inform the community of the environmental benefits of dietary choices, as the impact would be much greater than other measures promoted.
3. Pricing of animal agriculture products needs to incorporate external environmental costs not currently included to reflect their full costs.
4. A plant-based diet can easily meet nutritional needs and has far greater environmental benefits than animal-based diets.
Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture - Part 2Paul Mahony
This document compares the environmental impacts of beef versus plant-based foods like soy, wheat, rice and potatoes. It finds that:
1) Beef has significantly higher greenhouse gas emissions and water usage per hectare than plant-based foods, but provides less protein, energy, and other nutrients per hectare.
2) Producing beef is inherently inefficient, as it takes many kilograms of plant foods to produce one kilogram of beef.
3) Individual dietary choices can significantly impact the environment, so reducing meat consumption, especially beef, could help avoid catastrophic climate change.
The Low Emissions Diet: Eating for a safe climatePaul Mahony
The aim of this booklet is to highlight the greenhouse gas emissions associated with different types of food. To assist you in adopting or retaining a climate-friendly diet, we have included a sample of mouth-watering recipes complemented by charts showing the relevant carbon footprints.
Comments on Meat & Livestock Australia's So-Called "Myth Busters"Paul Mahony
This article considers material produced by Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA) in the form of what
it calls “myth busters” and “red meat green facts”.
It deals with:
- water usage;
- greenhouse gas emissions;
- other environmental impacts; and
- human health.
A climate-of-opportunity-submission-paul-mahony-9-july-08Paul Mahony
The document is a submission in response to the Victorian government's climate change summit paper. It argues that the most significant contribution individuals can make is to adopt a plant-based diet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture. Adopting such diets could help Australia meet its emissions reduction targets and address other environmental problems like water pollution, biodiversity loss, and land degradation. The submission calls on the government to better inform the public about the environmental benefits of dietary choices, as these could have a much larger impact than other encouraged practices around water and energy use.
National food-plan-green-paper-submission-sep-12-ePaul Mahony
This document is a submission in response to Australia's National Food Plan addressing the need to transition to a plant-based diet. It discusses how animal agriculture significantly contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and land clearing for grazing. It also impacts water usage and biodiversity loss. Charts show Arctic sea ice melting at an accelerating rate, indicating the climate change emergency. The submission argues for educating the public on environmental benefits of a plant-based diet and pricing animal products to fully account for environmental costs.
Most climate change campaigners focus on the fossil fuel sector.
While it's essential that we move away from fossil fuels if we're to avoid an ongoing climate catastrophe, we must also move away from animal agriculture.
The concept of the electric cow aims at providing some context to livestock's greenhouse gas emissions by comparing such emissions to those of: (a) electricity generated by fossil fuels; and (b) aluminium smelting, known within the industry as "congealed electricity" due to its enormous energy requirements.
Livestock production, particularly beef, has significant negative environmental impacts:
1) It is one of the largest contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, with beef alone producing nearly double the emissions of all non-ferrous metals in Australia.
2) It consumes vast amounts of water, with beef requiring five times more water than rice to produce. The beef and dairy industries use nearly three times more water than all of Australia's towns and cities combined.
3) The sector produces around 40% more greenhouse gases than the entire global transport system and is a major source of water and land pollution worldwide.
Victorian climate green paper submission sep '09 vnv - 5Paul Mahony
This document is a submission in response to the Victorian State Government's Climate Change Green Paper. It makes the following key points:
1. Adopting a plant-based diet is the most significant action individuals can take to address climate change and environmental problems.
2. The government needs to inform the community of the environmental benefits of dietary choices, as the impact would be much greater than other measures promoted.
3. Pricing of animal agriculture products needs to incorporate external environmental costs not currently included to reflect their full costs.
4. A plant-based diet can easily meet nutritional needs and has far greater environmental benefits than animal-based diets.
Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture - Part 2Paul Mahony
This document compares the environmental impacts of beef versus plant-based foods like soy, wheat, rice and potatoes. It finds that:
1) Beef has significantly higher greenhouse gas emissions and water usage per hectare than plant-based foods, but provides less protein, energy, and other nutrients per hectare.
2) Producing beef is inherently inefficient, as it takes many kilograms of plant foods to produce one kilogram of beef.
3) Individual dietary choices can significantly impact the environment, so reducing meat consumption, especially beef, could help avoid catastrophic climate change.
The Low Emissions Diet: Eating for a safe climatePaul Mahony
The aim of this booklet is to highlight the greenhouse gas emissions associated with different types of food. To assist you in adopting or retaining a climate-friendly diet, we have included a sample of mouth-watering recipes complemented by charts showing the relevant carbon footprints.
Comments on Meat & Livestock Australia's So-Called "Myth Busters"Paul Mahony
This article considers material produced by Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA) in the form of what
it calls “myth busters” and “red meat green facts”.
It deals with:
- water usage;
- greenhouse gas emissions;
- other environmental impacts; and
- human health.
A climate-of-opportunity-submission-paul-mahony-9-july-08Paul Mahony
The document is a submission in response to the Victorian government's climate change summit paper. It argues that the most significant contribution individuals can make is to adopt a plant-based diet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture. Adopting such diets could help Australia meet its emissions reduction targets and address other environmental problems like water pollution, biodiversity loss, and land degradation. The submission calls on the government to better inform the public about the environmental benefits of dietary choices, as these could have a much larger impact than other encouraged practices around water and energy use.
National food-plan-green-paper-submission-sep-12-ePaul Mahony
This document is a submission in response to Australia's National Food Plan addressing the need to transition to a plant-based diet. It discusses how animal agriculture significantly contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and land clearing for grazing. It also impacts water usage and biodiversity loss. Charts show Arctic sea ice melting at an accelerating rate, indicating the climate change emergency. The submission argues for educating the public on environmental benefits of a plant-based diet and pricing animal products to fully account for environmental costs.
Most climate change campaigners focus on the fossil fuel sector.
While it's essential that we move away from fossil fuels if we're to avoid an ongoing climate catastrophe, we must also move away from animal agriculture.
The concept of the electric cow aims at providing some context to livestock's greenhouse gas emissions by comparing such emissions to those of: (a) electricity generated by fossil fuels; and (b) aluminium smelting, known within the industry as "congealed electricity" due to its enormous energy requirements.
This document summarizes a report on pigs and the environment commissioned by BPEX. It finds that while pork production has less environmental impact than beef or lamb per unit, it still significantly contributes to climate change and other issues like water pollution. The report recommends that BPEX focus on ensuring pork production and consumption is environmentally sustainable from a domestic supply. It suggests BPEX develop a "Pork Roadmap" similar to plans for other meats to enhance sustainability, expand research on other impacts beyond greenhouse gases, and help farmers reduce impacts through best practices. The report analyzes various environmental issues linked to pork including climate change, water use, biodiversity loss, and more.
Over 850 million people worldwide are undernourished and nearly 2 billion suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of undernourishment at over 17% of its population, while South and East Asia also have significant populations suffering from lack of food. Global population is projected to increase from 7 billion in 2010 to over 9 billion by 2050 and 10 billion by 2100, placing additional stress on food production. Agricultural practices must adapt to climate change through strategies like improved irrigation and more resilient crop varieties, while also pursuing mitigation efforts such as restoring degraded lands, to help ensure future global food security.
This document discusses how ecological agriculture can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. Specifically, it argues that shifting to more sustainable farming practices that build up soil carbon and use fewer chemical inputs has significant potential to reduce agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon sequestration in soils. Practices like crop rotations, cover crops, and agroforestry can both mitigate emissions and help agriculture adapt to climate impacts by improving soil quality, fertility, and resilience. The document estimates that a global conversion to organic agricultural practices could mitigate 40-65% of agriculture's emissions through soil carbon sequestration alone. Overall, the document makes the case that ecological agriculture optimally integrates climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.
EAT LESS MEAT -Analysis and valuation of the health and Climate Change co ben...New Food Innovation Ltd
Millions of lives and trillions of dollars could be saved if people the world over ate more fruits and vegetables and less red meat, according to a new study. Such a shift in global eating patterns would also reduce the planetary burden of greenhouse gas emissions and help halt the worst effects of climate change.
The report, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, argues that food-related emissions could fall between 29 and 70 percent by 2050 were the world’s population to adhere to certain dietary guidelines established by global health agencies. Global mortality could drop by as much as 10 percent — preventing as many as 8.1 million deaths per year — and between $1 trillion and $31 trillion could be saved.
Reducing meat consumption can benefit China from a health resource , climate and geopolitical perspective.Over 50% of the population is suffering from environmental-related illnesses many of which are made worse by higher meat consumption , such as heart disease , obesity , cancer and diabetes , China having 20% of population but 33% of the worlds diabetics - Child obesity has quadrupled in a single generation . The rising health care costs associated with these emerging crisis will be significant
Beef consumption produces large amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, through cattle belching and flatulence. Methane emissions from livestock farming account for about 28% of global methane from human activities. Increased methane is contributing to climate change, which is linked to various health issues including respiratory problems. Reducing beef consumption could help lower methane emissions and mitigate climate impacts. Going meatless one day a week is one approach to lowering individual beef intake and environmental effects.
This document provides information about a special edition magazine called "Tomorrow's Food, Tomorrow's Farms" produced by Green Futures magazine in association with other organizations. It lists the editor, production staff, and design details. It also provides background on the organizations Farming Futures and the Food and Drink Federation. Green Futures magazine is described as focusing on environmental solutions and sustainable futures. The document encourages subscribing to or ordering copies of the special edition magazine.
1) A plant-based diet is the cheapest, fastest way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming, as livestock such as cows are a major source of methane emissions.
2) Reducing methane emissions through decreased meat and dairy consumption can have a faster impact on reducing global warming than carbon dioxide reductions alone, as methane is a more potent greenhouse gas.
3) A widespread shift to plant-based diets could reduce global greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture by over 30% and help preserve water resources, as meat and dairy production requires more water than production of plant foods.
The document discusses the negative consequences of beef consumption, particularly the production of methane by cattle. It notes that beef production worldwide is high and increasing, and that cattle release methane through belching and flatulence, which is a potent greenhouse gas. This methane emission contributes significantly to climate change, which in turn poses myriad health risks to humans such as respiratory impacts. To help address this issue, the document suggests reducing individual beef consumption, such as by having meatless Mondays, and considering the source of meat when consuming it.
This document discusses the impact of climate change on food security in Pakistan. It introduces food security and climate change, then outlines the dimensions of food security. It states that Pakistan is an agrarian country and the interaction between climate change and agriculture is complex. Problems caused by climate change that affect food security are then discussed, such as floods, drought, and water crises. The effects of climate change like acidic rain and heat stress on agriculture are also outlined. The document establishes the problem statement, significance, research questions and objectives of studying this topic. It reviews relevant literature and presents two hypotheses. The methodology and model used are described, which find that rainfall has a positive impact on food production while temperature has a negative impact. Recommend
Livestock production, climate change and mitigation strategiesDr. Ishwor Dhakal
Large ruminants like cattle and buffalo reared in Nepal are responsible for most livestock emissions, representing 65% of the sector's emissions. The main sources are feed production (45%), enteric digestion by cows (39%), and manure decomposition (10%). Livestock emissions total 7.1 gigatonnes annually, with 44% as methane, 29% as nitrous oxide, and 27% as carbon dioxide. Mitigation strategies include improving animal efficiency, breeding, health, manure management, grazing lands, and feeding practices. The government should focus on extension services, research, incentives, advocacy, NAMAs, and international agreements.
Conventional agriculture relies heavily on fossil fuels and chemical inputs which account for a large portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. The production of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides alone contributes over 1 trillion pounds of GHG emissions per year, similar to the emissions from 88 million cars. Livestock also produces a significant amount of emissions, with the meat industry accounting for nearly 1/5 of global greenhouse gases. Reducing the consumption of processed foods and eating local, seasonal produce can help lower our carbon footprint from the food system.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
Food systems and natural resources-2016 Food Security and Climate change im...New Food Innovation Ltd
"We are what we eat, they say . Our Existence and, therefore, any of aspirations we might have as a society depend on the availability of , and access to, food. At the same time , our food depends on the state of natural resources .The Food we grow, harvest and trade , transport , store , sell and consumer is therefore one of the essential connecting threads between culture and wellbeing, their health and that of the planet
Livestock and Climate Change - Tara Garnett, Food Climate Research Network, U...guycollender
This document summarizes livestock and dairy production's significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and discusses options for reducing emissions. Livestock accounts for around 15-18% of global GHG emissions. Meeting projected global demand increases in meat and dairy by 2050 without changes would be unsustainable. Technological improvements could reduce emissions by 13-30% by 2020 and 50% by 2050, but reductions in consumption are also needed to see an actual decrease in emissions. To meet UK climate targets, livestock consumption may need to be cut by 11-36% by 2020 and 48% by 2050. Approaches that focus on ecological constraints and meeting needs rather than demand are recommended.
This document discusses strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture and adapting animal farming practices to climate change. It provides background on the impacts of climate change and outlines how livestock, particularly cattle and other ruminants, are a major source of the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide. The document then discusses several approaches for reducing these emissions, including developing low-methane producing breeds and feeds, using vaccines or genetic engineering to reduce enteric fermentation in ruminant digestive systems, and growing forage crops that result in lower methane emissions from cattle.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheatICARDA
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
This document provides an overview of issues related to coal exports in Australia. It discusses the country's historical reliance on coal exports and the conservative government's vision of Australia as an energy superpower. However, the document notes that climate change poses challenges to this outlook as domestic impacts increase and other countries take steps to reduce emissions. While coal remains highly valuable to Australia's economy, prices have declined and resistance to coal has grown due to environmental and health concerns. The future of Australia's coal export industry is uncertain as these various factors create challenges to the status quo.
This document summarizes a report on pigs and the environment commissioned by BPEX. It finds that while pork production has less environmental impact than beef or lamb per unit, it still significantly contributes to climate change and other issues like water pollution. The report recommends that BPEX focus on ensuring pork production and consumption is environmentally sustainable from a domestic supply. It suggests BPEX develop a "Pork Roadmap" similar to plans for other meats to enhance sustainability, expand research on other impacts beyond greenhouse gases, and help farmers reduce impacts through best practices. The report analyzes various environmental issues linked to pork including climate change, water use, biodiversity loss, and more.
Over 850 million people worldwide are undernourished and nearly 2 billion suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of undernourishment at over 17% of its population, while South and East Asia also have significant populations suffering from lack of food. Global population is projected to increase from 7 billion in 2010 to over 9 billion by 2050 and 10 billion by 2100, placing additional stress on food production. Agricultural practices must adapt to climate change through strategies like improved irrigation and more resilient crop varieties, while also pursuing mitigation efforts such as restoring degraded lands, to help ensure future global food security.
This document discusses how ecological agriculture can help mitigate and adapt to climate change. Specifically, it argues that shifting to more sustainable farming practices that build up soil carbon and use fewer chemical inputs has significant potential to reduce agriculture's greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon sequestration in soils. Practices like crop rotations, cover crops, and agroforestry can both mitigate emissions and help agriculture adapt to climate impacts by improving soil quality, fertility, and resilience. The document estimates that a global conversion to organic agricultural practices could mitigate 40-65% of agriculture's emissions through soil carbon sequestration alone. Overall, the document makes the case that ecological agriculture optimally integrates climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.
EAT LESS MEAT -Analysis and valuation of the health and Climate Change co ben...New Food Innovation Ltd
Millions of lives and trillions of dollars could be saved if people the world over ate more fruits and vegetables and less red meat, according to a new study. Such a shift in global eating patterns would also reduce the planetary burden of greenhouse gas emissions and help halt the worst effects of climate change.
The report, published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, argues that food-related emissions could fall between 29 and 70 percent by 2050 were the world’s population to adhere to certain dietary guidelines established by global health agencies. Global mortality could drop by as much as 10 percent — preventing as many as 8.1 million deaths per year — and between $1 trillion and $31 trillion could be saved.
Reducing meat consumption can benefit China from a health resource , climate and geopolitical perspective.Over 50% of the population is suffering from environmental-related illnesses many of which are made worse by higher meat consumption , such as heart disease , obesity , cancer and diabetes , China having 20% of population but 33% of the worlds diabetics - Child obesity has quadrupled in a single generation . The rising health care costs associated with these emerging crisis will be significant
Beef consumption produces large amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, through cattle belching and flatulence. Methane emissions from livestock farming account for about 28% of global methane from human activities. Increased methane is contributing to climate change, which is linked to various health issues including respiratory problems. Reducing beef consumption could help lower methane emissions and mitigate climate impacts. Going meatless one day a week is one approach to lowering individual beef intake and environmental effects.
This document provides information about a special edition magazine called "Tomorrow's Food, Tomorrow's Farms" produced by Green Futures magazine in association with other organizations. It lists the editor, production staff, and design details. It also provides background on the organizations Farming Futures and the Food and Drink Federation. Green Futures magazine is described as focusing on environmental solutions and sustainable futures. The document encourages subscribing to or ordering copies of the special edition magazine.
1) A plant-based diet is the cheapest, fastest way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming, as livestock such as cows are a major source of methane emissions.
2) Reducing methane emissions through decreased meat and dairy consumption can have a faster impact on reducing global warming than carbon dioxide reductions alone, as methane is a more potent greenhouse gas.
3) A widespread shift to plant-based diets could reduce global greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture by over 30% and help preserve water resources, as meat and dairy production requires more water than production of plant foods.
The document discusses the negative consequences of beef consumption, particularly the production of methane by cattle. It notes that beef production worldwide is high and increasing, and that cattle release methane through belching and flatulence, which is a potent greenhouse gas. This methane emission contributes significantly to climate change, which in turn poses myriad health risks to humans such as respiratory impacts. To help address this issue, the document suggests reducing individual beef consumption, such as by having meatless Mondays, and considering the source of meat when consuming it.
This document discusses the impact of climate change on food security in Pakistan. It introduces food security and climate change, then outlines the dimensions of food security. It states that Pakistan is an agrarian country and the interaction between climate change and agriculture is complex. Problems caused by climate change that affect food security are then discussed, such as floods, drought, and water crises. The effects of climate change like acidic rain and heat stress on agriculture are also outlined. The document establishes the problem statement, significance, research questions and objectives of studying this topic. It reviews relevant literature and presents two hypotheses. The methodology and model used are described, which find that rainfall has a positive impact on food production while temperature has a negative impact. Recommend
Livestock production, climate change and mitigation strategiesDr. Ishwor Dhakal
Large ruminants like cattle and buffalo reared in Nepal are responsible for most livestock emissions, representing 65% of the sector's emissions. The main sources are feed production (45%), enteric digestion by cows (39%), and manure decomposition (10%). Livestock emissions total 7.1 gigatonnes annually, with 44% as methane, 29% as nitrous oxide, and 27% as carbon dioxide. Mitigation strategies include improving animal efficiency, breeding, health, manure management, grazing lands, and feeding practices. The government should focus on extension services, research, incentives, advocacy, NAMAs, and international agreements.
Conventional agriculture relies heavily on fossil fuels and chemical inputs which account for a large portion of global greenhouse gas emissions. The production of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides alone contributes over 1 trillion pounds of GHG emissions per year, similar to the emissions from 88 million cars. Livestock also produces a significant amount of emissions, with the meat industry accounting for nearly 1/5 of global greenhouse gases. Reducing the consumption of processed foods and eating local, seasonal produce can help lower our carbon footprint from the food system.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
Food systems and natural resources-2016 Food Security and Climate change im...New Food Innovation Ltd
"We are what we eat, they say . Our Existence and, therefore, any of aspirations we might have as a society depend on the availability of , and access to, food. At the same time , our food depends on the state of natural resources .The Food we grow, harvest and trade , transport , store , sell and consumer is therefore one of the essential connecting threads between culture and wellbeing, their health and that of the planet
Livestock and Climate Change - Tara Garnett, Food Climate Research Network, U...guycollender
This document summarizes livestock and dairy production's significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and discusses options for reducing emissions. Livestock accounts for around 15-18% of global GHG emissions. Meeting projected global demand increases in meat and dairy by 2050 without changes would be unsustainable. Technological improvements could reduce emissions by 13-30% by 2020 and 50% by 2050, but reductions in consumption are also needed to see an actual decrease in emissions. To meet UK climate targets, livestock consumption may need to be cut by 11-36% by 2020 and 48% by 2050. Approaches that focus on ecological constraints and meeting needs rather than demand are recommended.
This document discusses strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from animal agriculture and adapting animal farming practices to climate change. It provides background on the impacts of climate change and outlines how livestock, particularly cattle and other ruminants, are a major source of the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide. The document then discusses several approaches for reducing these emissions, including developing low-methane producing breeds and feeds, using vaccines or genetic engineering to reduce enteric fermentation in ruminant digestive systems, and growing forage crops that result in lower methane emissions from cattle.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheatICARDA
8 May 2019. Cairo. ICARDA Workshop on Modeling Climate Change Impacts in Agriculture.
Climate change impact and adaptation in wheat. Presentation by by Prof. Senthold Asseng, Professor at the Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department of the University of Florida.
This document provides an overview of issues related to coal exports in Australia. It discusses the country's historical reliance on coal exports and the conservative government's vision of Australia as an energy superpower. However, the document notes that climate change poses challenges to this outlook as domestic impacts increase and other countries take steps to reduce emissions. While coal remains highly valuable to Australia's economy, prices have declined and resistance to coal has grown due to environmental and health concerns. The future of Australia's coal export industry is uncertain as these various factors create challenges to the status quo.
Bord gais final potential for renewable gas in irelandBallyhouraCountry
The document discusses the potential for renewable gas, specifically biomethane, in Ireland. It finds that Ireland has significant potential to produce biomethane from waste sources and surplus agricultural materials. Under a baseline scenario, biomethane could meet 7.5% of Ireland's natural gas demand by 2020 and help Ireland meet its renewable energy targets. Biomethane production would provide benefits by utilizing waste, reducing landfill, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing energy security. The economics of biomethane require support mechanisms but blending it into the existing natural gas network could provide renewable thermal energy at competitive prices.
This document discusses how agriculture is both a victim and cause of global warming, as well as potential solutions. Rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns are negatively impacting crop yields around the world. Agriculture accounts for 9% of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from livestock methane emissions and nitrogen fertilizer use. However, certain agricultural practices like conservation tillage, forestry, and use of biofuels can sequester carbon from the atmosphere and reduce emissions, positioning agriculture as part of the solution to climate change. Carbon markets and offsets may provide economic incentives for farmers to adopt more sustainable practices.
Check the webinar recording here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDgOXqM4MuY
Cultivated meat has the potential to be a sustainable source of animal protein. How it compares to conventional meats depends on various factors, most importantly, the sources of energy used for the facility and the production of medium ingredients. When fully renewable energy is used in these areas, its carbon footprint can compete with ambitious benchmarks of chicken and is lower than that of other conventional meats. Land use of cultivated meat is significantly lower than all conventional meats, resulting from the more efficient conversion of crops into meat. If cultivated meat replaces conventional meats in diets, this means that land is freed up. This land could be used to mitigate climate change, support biodiversity, or provide other societal and environmental benefits, but robust policies are needed to realize this.
Cultivated meat companies should invest in strong supply chain collaborations to drive down the carbon footprint in all parts of the supply chain. Strong climate goals can be set and realized by continuously conducting LCAs to support decision-making and guide technology development.
Assessing the bio-diverse and carbon forest plantings as one of the land-base...SPERI
Biodiverse and carbon forest plantings have potential to contribute significantly to climate change mitigation in Australia. Estimates find they could sequester between 350-750 megatons of CO2e annually by 2050. However, achieving large-scale mitigation will be challenging. Uptake by rural landholders is currently low due to high establishment costs, risks of drought and fire, and long contract lengths. Stable carbon pricing that incentivizes participation will be needed to realize the full mitigation potential. While biodiverse plantings provide benefits, obstacles like monitoring carbon cycles and landholder adoption rates must be addressed for this option to meaningfully impact Australia's emissions reductions goals.
Nnfcc market review feedstocks issue nineteen october 2013NNFCC
This document summarizes the key events and announcements from the biomass feedstock sector reported in the NNFCC Market Review for October 2013. It provides an overview of developments in the areas of land use, wood, crops, and waste. Specifically, it highlights studies finding potential for bioenergy production from abandoned agricultural lands, reports concluding wood pellets can provide rapid carbon savings, expansion of the Canadian and US pellet industries, and estimates of multi-billion pound savings available from reducing waste in the UK grocery sector.
Australian Aluminium Industry Energy and Emissions ReportingPaul Boundy
The document summarizes reporting of energy use and emissions in the Australian aluminum industry, with a focus on smelting. It outlines that aluminum production involves mining bauxite, refining it into alumina, and smelting alumina into aluminum. Major companies operating aluminum smelters in Australia are required to report greenhouse gas emissions and energy use under the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Scheme due to the large quantities of coal-powered electricity used in smelting. The Australian Aluminum Council sustainability report provides industry-wide data on production, exports, safety, water use, waste management, and greenhouse gas emissions.
The agricultural sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change through several means. It is responsible for 10-12% of total emissions, which can rise as high as 17% when accounting for land use changes due to agriculture. Key sources of emissions include rice production, livestock (enteric fermentation and manure), and use of nitrogen fertilizers. Mitigation strategies proposed to reduce agricultural emissions include more efficient livestock farming, improved manure management, lower dependence on fossil fuels, and reducing production and consumption of animal-sourced foods.
Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock manure (cattle) in different feeding ...Open Access Research Paper
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) reported that the livestock sector generates more greenhouse gas emissions with 18% of the total CO2 emissions, 3% higher than the transport sector with 15%. Thus, urgent action is needed to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gasses from livestock. The study used twenty-four (24) heads of cattle (eight natives, eight crossbreeds, and eight Brahman). These test animals were distributed in the four experimental treatments: treatment 1- commercial feeding practices, treatment 2- good agricultural practices, treatment 3- conventional feeding practices, and treatment 4- organic agricultural practices. The result shows that conventional feeding practice had the lowest greenhouse gas emission with an average emission of 1,996.37 L, while good agricultural practice is the highest (3,614, 59 L) and is a significant difference among treatment means (p = >0.05). With regards to the breeds of cattle, crossbreeds had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions (2,030.87 L) while Brahman was the highest (3,312.42 L) with no significant difference (p = >0.05). Moreover, gas chromatography analysis shows methane had the highest percent emission (52-72%), followed by carbon dioxide (16.33-18.33%) and other gasses (11-22%). The findings revealed that feeding practices affect the emission and composition of greenhouse gasses in cattle manure.
The Egg's Global Footprint: Searching for True Sustainability in Global Egg P...Novus International
The document discusses the sustainability of egg production globally. It summarizes that while organic and free-range eggs seem more sustainable, studies have found they actually have a larger carbon footprint than cage eggs due to lower productivity and higher feed consumption of free-range birds. True sustainability means producing more with less land, water and pollution. The largest contributor to egg production's environmental impact is feed, so improving feed efficiency could help make the industry more sustainable. Applying a Life Cycle Assessment shows that shifting U.S. production entirely to organic would increase the carbon footprint by 33% due to lower organic bird productivity requiring more feed and resources. Overall intensified, higher-productivity production may be more sustainable for meeting growing global demand while minimizing environmental
1. The document discusses biomass and combined heat and power (CHP) opportunities in North Carolina, highlighting various biomass resources available in the state including woody biomass from forests and agricultural residues.
2. It analyzes the potential of these biomass resources to meet the state's renewable energy production goals through biopower and biofuels production using CHP technologies.
3. The analysis finds that satisfying both biofuels and biopower mandates is achievable with modest increases in forest productivity in most regions of the state.
This document discusses converting cow dung into methanol through a two-step process of anaerobic digestion followed by acid treatment. The quantities and qualities of methane gas and methanol produced depend on factors like slurry concentration and temperature. Gas chromatography analysis found the biogas contained 57.23% methane. Refining the biogas enhanced the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, making the organic components more available for the acid reaction. Spectroscopic analysis indicated methanol was formed, with a purity of 92.5%. The process also generates fertilizer from the leftover sludge.
Public lecture to the Australian Academy of Science in the wonderful Shine Dome in Canberra on 4 November 2009. A big picture look at the policy and science integration challenges across water, energy, carbon, food and health against a background of climate chaos and a looming oil crunch.
Power Point Presentasi Low Carbon Diet1 (anny655755
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on global food supply. It notes that greenhouse gas emissions are primarily from food production activities like agriculture and livestock. Rising temperatures, droughts, floods and pests are reducing crop yields and damaging agricultural lands. Climate change is also spreading diseases and toxins that threaten food crops and livestock. These impacts endanger global food security and could lead to political instability if food supplies are disrupted. The document advocates addressing climate change through sustainable food systems and diets that have lower carbon footprints.
Martindale W (2009) Co-development of bioethanol, feed and food supply chains...MPC Research
The development of bioethanol refineries within the Yorkshire and Humber and neighbouring regions in the UK will impact on the Yorkshire and Humber agri-food system. The construction of refineries within and outside the Region has resulted in the
need for an impact assessment to be used by food anufacturers utilising local wheat and those farmers who produce premium wheat for the food system (principally bread wheat).
There are also priorities concerning regional food security that must be considered so that robust and sustainable biofuel-food policy is developed with food manufacturers, farmers and bioethanol producers. This research provides the basis for delivering these producer, manufacturer and processor driven (supply chain) frameworks.
Key words: Bioethanol, cereals, biorefinery, supply chain
Feasibility Study of Standalone Hybrid Power System Modeled With Photovoltaic...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses challenges and the future of biofuels. It summarizes that while biofuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase fuel security, their production and use has limits and risks increasing food prices and displacing people. Factors like drought have also contributed to rising food costs. Sustainable production that protects communities and the environment is important. Ireland is supporting biofuel development through tax relief and plans a biofuels obligation in 2009. The EU may set a 10% biofuels target by 2020 but sustainable criteria are still being developed.
Richard Young - True Cost Accounting in Food and Agricultural PolicySustainable Food Trust
This document discusses the negative external costs associated with nitrogen fertilizer use, antibiotic resistance, and pollinator loss in the UK food system. It provides estimates of the costs for each issue area: £2.9-15 billion/year for nitrogen fertilizer due to environmental and health impacts; £300 million to £1.1 billion/year for antibiotic resistance resulting from farm antibiotic use; and £3.6-5 billion/year if pollinators were lost due to their role in food production. It argues that policies need to incorporate these "true costs" through mechanisms like an EU-wide nitrogen tax. The Sustainable Food Trust's role is to explain these issues to consumers and promote more sustainable farming practices.
This document summarizes a response to the Victorian government's review of animal welfare legislation. It makes three key points:
1) Current exemptions in legislation allow widespread cruelty to farmed animals, with over 146 million slaughtered annually compared to 7 million pets.
2) The government claims exemptions do not permit cruelty, but many routine practices like debeaking, confinement, and separating mothers and babies constitute cruelty.
3) Responsibility for farmed animals falls to the agriculture department rather than the RSPCA, so their welfare is not properly overseen. The review represents "window dressing" rather than meaningful reform.
I have an interest in the world of insurance, which is a far more comprehensive and intricate industry than suggested by domestic insurers’ multi-policy discounts and the like.
In fact, commerce and industry in general would not operate without the insurance mechanism to support it.
Risk management is a related discipline, consisting of insurance (within its "risk transfer" component) and many other elements.
I also have a keen interest in climate change, and have felt for some time that its near-term and longer-term impacts are not fully appreciated by various major participants in the insurance industry. For that reason, I have developed this presentation, which I will soon expand into a more comprehensive discussion paper:
Some Quotations on Climate Change from the World of Politics and ElsewherePaul Mahony
- President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 stated that the current generation had altered the atmosphere through increasing carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. This quote is presented along with the names of subsequent US presidents.
- Barack Obama in 2006 stated that climate change is real, its effects are already occurring, and it is creating man-made natural disasters. The document questions what Obama has done about climate change.
- Former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott in 2009 called the climate change argument "absolute crap". The document argues Australia is knowledgeable about climate change.
- A quote from the 2008 Environmental Activists' Conference is presented, calling climate change a precipice and saying human actions will soon be unable to control climate trajectory. The need for action
The document discusses the impacts of livestock on climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and land use. It outlines that livestock farming is an inherently inefficient use of resources, as only a small fraction of plant calories fed to livestock are ultimately obtained from meat production. A large portion of agricultural land and fresh water is used for livestock as well. The document notes that official greenhouse gas emissions figures omit or underestimate emissions from livestock such as methane, which has a stronger warming effect than carbon dioxide over shorter time periods. The Arctic is seeing unprecedented melting, with the Greenland ice sheet losing over 250 cubic km of ice per year. This level of melting is not accounted for in projections of sea level rise by the IPCC. If left unaddressed
Climate change tipping points and their implications - not downloadablePaul Mahony
The document discusses climate change tipping points and their implications. It notes that Arctic sea ice in 2011 was the second lowest on record and unprecedented releases of methane from permafrost were observed in 2011. Greenhouse gas emissions also increased by the highest percentage on record in 2010. The International Energy Agency warned that the world is on the brink of irreversible climate change and will hit a point of no return in five years.
The document summarizes a speech given by Paul Mahony of Melbourne Pig Save on October 13, 2012. It discusses the cruel treatment of pigs and sows in factory farms, including mutilations without anesthesia, confinement of pregnant sows in small stalls, and the slaughter process involving beating pigs with sledgehammers and leaving them to die in agony over six minutes without stunning. The document specifically calls out Wally's Piggery in NSW, where hidden camera footage revealed sick and dying animals, workers throwing and kicking piglets and beating sows, and infestations of flies. Protesters were bringing awareness to the public about the treatment of animals used for food like ham, bacon, and pork.
Solar Or Soy: Which is better for the planet? (A review of animal agriculture...Paul Mahony
Climate change is real
Humans are having a massive impact
Animal agriculture's issues:
- Inherent and gross inefficiency
- Scale
- Greenhouse gases and other warming agents
- Deforestation
- Water usage
- Nutrition
Climate change tipping points and their implications - downloadablePaul Mahony
Climate change presentation dealing with: the science; tipping points; implications (including insurance); denialism; media reporting; and essential measures.
The impression conveyed in the media of a debate among scientists is not supported by the evidence. The overwhelming majority of climate researchers most actively publishing in the field, concur that the climate is changing rapidly due to human activity.
Urgent and meaningful action is required if we are to avoid runaway climate change, leading to a planet vastly different to the one in which human civilisation has developed.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture - Part 1
1. Some Environmental Impacts of Animal Agriculture
Part 1
Updated December 2010
INTRODUCTION
Concern over the environmental impact of animal agriculture has been expressed as follows by the United
Nations Food & Agriculture Organization:
"Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today’s most serious environmental problems.
1
Urgent action is required to remedy the situation.”
They have also said,
"Perhaps even among the majority of environmentalists and environmental policy makers, the truly
2
enormous impact of the livestock sector on climate, biodiversity and water is not fully appreciated."
To provide some context to the consideration of livestock’s impact, we have compared it to: (a) aluminium;
and (b) coal-fired power; both of which are widely recognised as being extremely greenhouse gas (GHG)
i
emissions intensive .
versus and
BEEF VS ALUMINIUM
Some key points to note in regard to aluminium are as follows:
3
Aluminium smelting consumes around 16% of Australia’s electricity.
The emissions intensity of aluminium smelting in Australia is around 2.5 times the global average
4 & 5
due to the fact that over 90% of the electricity used is generated by coal-fired power stations.
6
"Aluminium is the ultimate proxy for energy." (Marius Kloppers, BHP Billiton CEO)
So how does beef compare?
It is more than 2.5 times as emissions intensive as aluminium smelting!
The following chart depicts figures from an “end use” report commissioned by the Australian Greenhouse
Office (now the Department of Climate Change) on the emissions intensity of various commodities in
7 & ii
Australia, including beef and aluminium:
i
Emissions intensity represents tonnes of GHG emissions per tonne of product.
ii
Refer to note iv on page 3 regarding changing GHG emissions over time.
1
2. Comparative emissions intensity
The comparison in absolute terms is also dramatic, as our annual tonnage of beef production is around
8 &9
10% higher than that of aluminium. The following chart (including aluminium within the category “basic
10
non-ferrous metals”) from the same report compares emissions in absolute terms :
Comparative emissions in absolute terms
The key reasons for beef’s high level of emissions are:
(a) deforestation for grazing and feed crop production;
(b) enteric fermentation within the animals’ digestive system, producing methane which is predominantly
released through belching; and
(c) excrement which releases methane and nitrous oxide.
Much of the deforestation associated with livestock results from the grossly inefficient nature of meat as a
food source for humans. For example, it takes around 13 kilograms of grain, fed to a cow, to produce 1
11
kilogram of meat. When we convert foods like soy or corn to meat via the digestive system of animals, far
more land is required than if those foods were consumed directly by humans. Similarly, forests are
continually destroyed to make way for grazing land, when vast areas could be re-forested if we supplied our
nutritional requirements by way of a plant-based diet.
2
3. LIVESTOCK (INCLUDING BEEF) VS COAL-FIRED POWER
12
Australia’s National Greenhouse Inventory for 2008 (released in May, 2010) provided the following
information (with additional material where indicated below):
Electricity generation in Australia produced 204.3 megatonnes of GHGs (Appendix 2, Table 2).
13
The Hazelwood power station in Victoria produces around 16 megatonnes annually.
Australia as a whole produced 549.5 megatonnes (Section 4.1 “Overview”).
Emissions from livestock were around 59 megatonnes, including around 47 megatonnes from cattle
(Section 4.4 “Agriculture” and Table 15).
14 & 15
Beef cattle comprise around 94.5% of the nation’s cattle population. (We have assumed an
equivalent proportion of cattle’s GHG emissions, i.e. around 44 megatonnes.)
The National Greenhouse Inventory’s emissions figures for livestock were based solely on enteric
fermentation and manure management, and did not take into account deforestation.
Net emissions from deforestation in 2008 were 49.7 megatonnes (Section 4.6).
The Australian Greenhouse Office’s 2003 “end use” report (referred to on page 2) indicated that 85.1% of
16
cleared land in Australia during the most recent reporting period (1999) was used for cattle grazing.
Applying the clearing figure of 85.1% to the 2008 deforestation emissions produces a figure of around 42
megatonnes, with beef cattle’s share (94.5%) being 40 megatonnes. (We have not allowed for any
proportion of the 10.4% of cleared land used for cropping that may be devoted to cattle feed crop.)
Based on these figures, beef cattle are responsible for approximately 84 megatonnes of GHG
emissions.
The 2008 State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories show that electricity generation in Victoria
17
produced 63.2 megatonnes of GHG emissions.
The above figures indicate that the annual GHG emissions from beef cattle in Australia are equivalent to: (a)
41% of the emissions produced from our (mainly coal-fired) electricity generation; (b) 5.25 times the
emissions from the nation’s most GHG intensive major power station, Hazelwood in Victoria; and (c) 1.33
18
times the entire emissions from electricity generation in the State of Victoria (population 5.5 million ).
iii & iv
These comparisons are demonstrated on the following page.
The comparisons raise the question as to why environmental groups in Australia generally pay little attention
to livestock, but are willing to run major campaigns against coal-fired power generation, including the
19
Hazelwood power station in Victoria.
The comparisons with Victoria (including Hazelwood) are particularly significant when one considers that
20
brown coal, the world’s most GHG intensive fuel source, is used for 92% of the state’s electricity generation.
iii
Map of Victoria accessed from Department of Primary Industries Victoria, Australia via ACU online, Australian
Catholic University Ballarat Campus (Aquinas), http://www.rupert.id.au/maps/index.php (accessed 15 November,
2010)
iv
The extent of any sector’s contribution to deforestation will vary over time, and it is possible that the beef industry's
share of deforestation has reduced from the figure of 85.1% referred to above due to a ban on broadscale land
clearing in Queensland with effect from January, 2007. However, the results contained in this report reflect an
overall reduction in deforestation in recent years and are consistent with the emissions intensity figures used by
Professor Barry Brook and Geoff Russell in their article “Meat’s Carbon Hoofprint”, which was published in the
November/December, 2007 issue of Australasian Science (see reference no. 20). In any event, with growing
demand for beef from Asia (and probably domestically) there may be pressure to re-introduce broadscale land
clearing, much like the recently-elected Coalition Government in Victoria intends re-introducing cattle grazing in
that state’s high country, reversing the ban that was introduced in 2005. It is also important to note that while
cleared land continues to be used for cattle grazing, it cannot be re-forested. Since European settlement of Australia,
livestock are responsible for approximately 70% of deforestation.
3
4. It is critical for the integrity of our planet’s climate system that we end our reliance on coal-fired power.
However, animal agriculture, including beef production, should receive no less attention. (Refer to “What you
can do” on page 5.)
v
Comparative GHG emissions: beef production and electricity generation in Australia
GHG emissions from Australia’s
beef cattle are equivalent to:
41% of the emissions from the . . . 5.25 times the emissions from . . . 1.33 times the entire emissions
nation’s (mainly coal-fired) Victoria’s Hazelwood Power Station from electricity generation in the State
electricity generation . . . and . . . of Victoria.
vi
20 YEAR GWP
The preceding comparisons have been based on a on a 100-year GWP (i.e. global warming potential).
A 20-year GWP (see next paragraph) may be more valid than the 100-year figure when considering the
impact of livestock, because methane, a critical factor in livestock’s greenhouse effects, generally breaks
down in the atmosphere in 9–12 years. Accordingly, a 100-year GWP (which shows the average impact over
a period of 100 years) greatly understates methane’s shorter-term impact.
Each year, Australia's livestock (including beef) produce around 3 million tonnes of methane. According to
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, methane's greenhouse impact is 72 times stronger over a
20 year time horizon than carbon dioxide's (i.e. methane’s 20-year GWP is 72).
Accordingly, those methane emissions equate to around 216 megatonnes of carbon dioxide. This means:
Based on a 20-year GWP, livestock in Australia produce more CO2-equivalent emissions than all our coal-
20 & 21
fired power stations combined. This comparison only takes into account livestock’s methane emissions,
and not: (i) their nitrous oxide emissions; or (ii) deforestation for grazing and feed crop production.
v
As indicated on page 3, the comparisons will vary from one time period to another. At times, beef’s contribution
has been significantly higher than indicated, while at others it has been lower.
vi
The emissions of different gases can be aggregated by converting them to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e).
They are converted by multiplying the mass of emissions by the appropriate global warming potentials (GWPs).
GWPs represent the relative warming effect of a unit mass of the gas when compared with the same mass of CO2
over a specific period. For methane, the GWPs used by the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) are 21 for 100 years and 72 for 20 years. The UN Food & Agriculture Organization used a GWP of 23 for
the 100 year time horizon in its 2006 “Livestock’s Long Shadow” report.
4
5. The comparison is depicted as follows:
Annual CO2-e emissions based on 20-year GWP
Coal-fired power versus methane from livestock
250
Megatonnes 200
150
100
50
0
Coal-fired power
Coal-fired power Livestock
Methane from livestock
Note: The comparison does not allow for the deforestation or nitrous oxide (primarily
manure management) impacts of livestock, which are significant.
Although methane may have a shorter life than carbon dioxide (which remains in the atmosphere for
many hundreds of years), its impact can be long term if it contributes to us reaching tipping points that
result in positive feedback loops with potentially irreversible and catastrophic consequences.
On the positive side, the relatively short term nature of methane’s impact means that action on
livestock production can be one of the most effective steps available to us in dealing with climate
change.
CONCLUSION
The world’s population is running out of time to avoid the catastrophic effects of runaway climate change.
Subjects such as diet must not be regarded as taboo, and must feature heavily in the choices that we make in
order to save our planet for all species and future generations. We can no longer regard food choices as
being personal when the impacts of those choices have far-reaching consequences for our natural resources
and climate change.
What you can do
Individuals:
Consume fewer livestock products, particularly beef, lamb, dairy and wool.
Inform others.
Environmental Groups:
Include animal agriculture as a high priority in campaigning efforts directed at the community and
governments.
Governments:
In regard to those factors within their control, ensure that all relevant costs (including environmental
costs) are incorporated in the price of agricultural products.
Inform the community, so that consumers can make purchasing decisions based on adequate
knowledge.
The above governmental measures would assist markets to operate efficiently, which is often the
professed, though often not the practiced, aim of governments.
Prepared by Paul Mahony in August, 2010 and last updated on 12 December 2010
5
6. References:
1
“Livestock a major threat to environment”, FAO Newsroom , 29 November, 2006,
http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000448/index.html (accessed 25 July, 2010)
2
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006 “Livestock’s Long Shadow – Environmental
Issues and Concerns”, Rome
3
Hamilton, C, “Scorcher: The Dirty Politics of Climate Change”, (2007) Black Inc Agenda, p. 40
4
Turton, H. “The Aluminium Smelting Industry Structure, market power, subsidies and greenhouse gas
emissions”, The Australia Institute, Discussion Paper Number 44, January 2002, ISSN 1322-5421, p. ix,
https://www.tai.org.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP44.pdf (accessed 16 July 2010)
5
Turton, H. “Greenhouse gas emissions in industrialised countries Where does Australia stand?”, The Australia
Institute, Discussion Paper Number 66, June 2004, ISSN 1322-5421, p. viii,
https://www.tai.org.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP66.pdf (accessed 16 July 2010)
6
Campbell, K., "If we had the electricity, we could go ahead with Mozal III and Hillside III+", 24 February, 2006,
http://www.miningweekly.com/article/if-we-had-the-electricity-we-could-go-ahead-with-mozal-iii-and-hillside-
iii-2006-02-24 (accessed 22 March, 2009)
7
George Wilkenfeld & Associates Pty Ltd and Energy Strategies, National Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990, 1995,
1999, End Use Allocation of Emissions Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office, 2003, Volume 1, Table S5,
p. vii, http://www.energyrating.gov.au/library/pubs/2003-endusereport-volume1.pdf (accessed 27 June, 2010)
8
Knapp, Ron, Australian Aluminium Council, Letter 10 April 2008 to Prof Ross Garnaut, Garnaut Climate Change
Review (Table 3), http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/WebObj/D0846236ETSSubmission-
AustralianAluminiumCouncil/$File/D08%2046236%20ETS%20Submission%20-
%20Australian%20Aluminium%20Council.pdf (accessed 27 June, 2010)
9
Australian Bureau of Statistics, “Report 7215.0 – Livestock Products Australia”, Dec 2006, p. 10
http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/AA5A6237A0AFC944CA257281001AD8F0/$File/721
50_dec%202006.pdf (accessed 27 June, 2010) and Australian Bureau of Statistics, “Report 7215.0 – Livestock
Products Australia”, Dec 2010, p. 9
http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/EF041893F402DA3ACA2577220016701B/$File/72150
_march%202010.pdf (accessed 27 June, 2010)
10
George Wilkenfeld & Associates Pty Ltd and Energy Strategies (refer above), Figure S2, p. vi and Figure 7.7, p.
111
11
Singer, P & Mason, J, “The Ethics of What We Eat” (2006), Text Publishing Company, p. 210
12
Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, “Australian National Greenhouse Accounts: National
Greenhouse Inventory”, May 2010, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/en/climate-
change/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-2008.ashx (accessed 14
November, 2010)
13
Rood, D., “Power cut for big polluter Hazelwood”, The Age, 10 July, 2010
14
Meat and Livestock Australia, “Fast Facts 2009 – Australia’s Beef Industry”
http://www.cattlecouncil.com.au/userfiles/file/2009%20Beef%20Fast%20Facts%202009.pdf (accessed 13
November, 2010)
15
Dairy Australia, “Industry Statistics - Australian Dairy At A Glance (2008/09)”
http://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/Our-Dairy-Industry/Industry-Statistics.aspx (accessed 13 November, 2010)
16
George Wilkenfeld & Associates Pty Ltd and Energy Strategies (refer above), Table 5.5, p. 85
17
Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, “State and Territory Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2008”,
May 2010, Appendix 2, Table 3, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/en/climate-
change/~/media/publications/greenhouse-acctg/state-territory-inventory-2008.ashx (accessed 15 November, 2010)
18
Australian Bureau of Statistics, “Australian Demographic Statistics, March 2010, ABS 3101.0”, released 29
September 2010.
19
Environment Victoria, “Fast-tracking Victoria’s clean energy future to replace Hazelwood Power Station: A
Report by Green Energy Markets for Environment Victoria”, May 2010,
http://www.environmentvictoria.org.au/sites/default/files/Fast-
tracking%20Victoria%27s%20clean%20energy%20future%20to%20replace%20Hazelwood.pdf (accessed 15
November, 2010)
20
Brook, Prof. Barry and Russell, Geoff, “Meat’s Carbon Hoofprint”, Australasian Science, Nov/Dec 2007, pp. 37-
39, http://www.control.com.au/bi2007/2810Brook.pdf (accessed 27 June, 2010)
21
Russell, G., “CSIRO Perfidy” (2009), Vivid Publishing, p. 61
6