Tips on incorporating gender equity assessments into research on the interactions of climate change and livestock or agricultural production. Presentation given by S. Russo (University of Florida) at the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Annual Meeting, Golden, CO, April 26-27, 2011.

1. Incorporating gender equity assessments into your research Adapting Livestock Systems to Climate Change CRSP Annual Meeting April 26-27, 2011 Sandra L. Russo, University of Florida Gender and Climate Change

2. A difficult conversation The exercise analogy The prescriptions The excuses The responses Make a plan Success!

3. Questions? Are there gender differences in the experience of and response to climate change? What are the various pathways and impacts where gender may be important? How is gender assessed in livestock production? And in climate change research? What indicators can be used to assess gender and climate change in livestock projects?

4. Adaptations to climate change -- gender roles and responsibilities Economic Environmental Social Health

5. ECONOMIC IMPACT PATHWAYS Environmental effects of climate change (drought, flooding, cropping season and temperature variations)lead to: Crop losses/failures Depleted livestock pastures Immediate effects: food deficits/insecurity; reduced income; depleted savings; livestock mortality Responses include: Male labor out-migration Changes in gender roles and responsibilities Increased burden on women Outcomes: Reduced productivity Feedback effect: increased food deficits, reduced income

6. EFFECTS of climate change on agricultural production Environmental Effects of Climate Change on Production Crop losses or failure Depleted pastures Food deficits Reduced income Depleted savings Livestock mortality Reduced draft power Male labor out-migration Increased use of hand tillage Changed gender roles & responsibilities Increased burden on women Economic Impact = Reduced Productivity

7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT PATHWAYS Climate change may lead to commercial and subsistence failures in crop and livestock production To cope with livelihood crises, people may resort to land management practices which may be environmentally degrading and unsustainable: Deforestation Overgrazing Overuse of water points, or over-pumping of wells Slope or riparian farming Crop intensification

8. SOCIAL IMPACT PATHWAYS Crop and livestock failures also have social effects due to lower incomes, depleted savings/assets, or food deficits Forced and early marriages Prostitution “Loaning” of children Family breakdown as members leave to find employment Changes in gender roles De-agrarianization Gender-based violence Removal from school

9. Environmental and social consequences of climate change Environmental Effects of Climate Change Crop & livestock production failures Depleted savings/ assets Food deficits Reduced income Responses to livelihood crises Unsustainable resource management practices Negative social effects Environmental degradation Further reductions in production

10. HEALTH IMPACT PATHWAYS Environmental effects of climate change shape health outcomes due to impacts on water quality and quantity Water table fluctuations (flooding or drought) Boreholes run dry Home gardens are under- or over-watered, leading to food deficits & malnutrition Water access points (for domestic use) further away Adds to women’s labor burden & time poverty Less water consumed Poorer hygiene Water supply is of lower quality Pollution runoff, salinity, or mineral-laden Water-borne diseases, vector-breeding grounds Resulting outcomes: Poor health Reduced productivity due to lower human capital

11. Health consequences of climate change Environmental effects of climate change Water table rises/lowers Adds to women’s time poverty Poor water quality Homegardens under/over watered Water points further away Less water for domestic uses Food deficits Hunger & Malnutrition Reduced consumption, hygiene & sanitation Poor health (lower human capital) Reduced productivity

12. Gender and climate change in developing countries relies on adaptation Economic Environmental Social Health

13. POLICY AND PLANNING IMPLICATIONS Meet immediate food needs while addressing larger climate change issues Strengthen women’s role as farmers in their own right Introduce environmentally sustainable long-term solutions to food deficits (strategic) vs. short-term solutions that may immediately improve conditions but do not empower women (practical)

14. Strategic gender needs are met when investments are made that empower women Practical - women’s roles as mothers & housekeepers Strategic – women’s roles as economic actors

15. Food security and climate change analytics Opportunities Use of technology, market functionality, poverty, malnutrition, and gender can be analyzed along with observed environmental changes Assessments Interface between gender, community-based natural resources management, livestock management, and climate change Socioeconomic variables and gender concerns

16. Feed the Future Indicators and gender assessments Two key objectives: Inclusive agriculture sector growth Improved nutritional status of women and children

17. Required indicators for the two key Feed the future objectives Objective: improved nutritional status, especially of women and children Prevalence of stunted children under 5 Prevalence of wasted children under 5 Prevalence of underweight women Objective: inclusive agricultural sector growth Percent growth in agricultural GDP Expenditures of rural HH

18. Indicators and m&E Types of Indicators Process, Output, Outcome, Impact Qualitative and Quantitative ALL quantitative indicators that deal with people must be sex disaggregated. Qualitative indicators are used to illustrate changes in trends, values, roles, responsibilities.

19. Indicators and M&E cont. Three Types of Gender Indicators 1. Gender Blind Measures changes over time without recognizing gender differences. Example: Result: Increased literacy Indicator: Literacy levels over 5 years Stats: 1970: 24% 1975: 36% We don’t know what proportions are women or men

20. Indicators and M&E cont. Three Types of Gender Indicators 2. Gender Sensitive Measures changes in gender relations and is used to assess progress in achieving gender equality by measuring changes in status in women and men over time. Signals changes in power relations between men and women over time. Determines access, use and control of resources and distribution of cost and benefits. Used to determine reduced gender inequality and/or exacerbated gender inequalities Example: Result: Increased literacy for women and men Indicator: Literacy levels over 5 years for women and men Stats: 2004: 24% 2009: 36% (women) Stats: 2004: 34% 2009: 55% ( men)

21. Indicators and M&E cont. Three Types of Gender Indicators 3. Sex-Specific Measures changes in women’s (men’s) condition/positive relation to women (men) over time. Gender inequalities. Example: Result: Increased decision-making among women in senior management Indicator: Levels of decision making of women in senior management Stats: 2004: 24% 2009: 36% (women)

22. Indicators and M&E cont. Sex Disaggregated (Data) Data that is cross-classified by sex, presenting information separately for men, women, boys and girls. A precursor to tracking results but not the overarching objective; not the stopping point. Critical for identifying and assessing the real and potential contributions of the fully-described population. Examples: Prevalence of Poverty: Percent of people (men/women) living on less than $1.25/day. Number of people (men/women) trained in child health and nutrition through USG-supported health area programs.

23. Women or Gender Indicators Proposed indicator Expenditures of rural HH # of individuals receiving agricultural productivity or food security training # of additional hectares under improved technologies or management practices # of farmers who have applied new technologies or management practices Type/Unit of analysis/disaggregation Impact/dollars/sex of HH head Output/individual/sex Outcome/ha Outcome/individual/sex

24. Women or Gender Indicators cont. Proposed indicator # of producer organizations, water users associations, trade and business associations, and community-based organizations receiving assistance # of private enterprises, POs, WUA, and CBOs applying new technologies or management practices Type/Unit of analysis/disaggregation Output/organization Output/organization

25. possible gender sensitive LCC indicators Percentage of male participation in community group meetings where issues of nutrition, healthcare, and intra-family food distribution are discussed Number and percentage of village model farmers/livestock owners who are women Change in perceptions about natural resources problems and solutions, disaggregated by sex

26. Women or Gender Indicators cont. Proposed indicator # of rural hectares formalized Km of roads improved or constructed Value of agricultural and rural loans Type/Unit of analysis/disaggregation Outcome/ha/ Outcome/km Outcome/dollars Are these people-level indicators? Are there any gender issues?

27. Relevance of FtF gender indicators to Livestock-climate change projects Your LCC-CRSP Project… Constraints and issues Which FtF objective are you addressing? What is your time frame? Do you have or did you establish a baseline against which to measure? At what level are you assessing achievements? Agricultural growth or improved nutrition and health of women and girls? LCC Seed projects are one year If not, you can only report anecdotes Probably people level, process or output indicators

28. Quiz What are your project’s gender equity objectives? Project participants, e.g., livestock keepers Project personnel, partners and graduate students Are you achieving these objectives? Do you have/did you conduct a gender analysis? Who does what, when, where? Who has access and control of resources? How does this affect your project’s objectives? Do you know where to go/who to ask for assistance? Do you have the tools?

29. Thank you Click and add insert graphic here (5” high x 8.5” wide maximum). This presentation was made possible by the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through Grant No. EEM-A-00-10-0001. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. Government.