This document provides a summary of a presentation on earth science in a rapidly changing world. It discusses how earth scientists study phenomena like volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and past climate change to understand natural hazards and contribute to more sustainable societies. It highlights several earth scientists and their research using techniques like chemistry, GPS, modeling, and analyzing coral and cave deposits to study eruptions, earthquakes, sea level rise, and temperature changes over thousands of years. It emphasizes how humanity must address issues like climate change and natural hazards through education and informed decision making.
Main points of The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient EarthTimothy Helble
This presentation presents the 177 main points of the book "The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient Earth, Can Noah's Flood Explain the Grand Canyon?" 120 of the main points are direct refutations of flood geology, most of the remaining ones can be considered to be indirect refutations of flood geology. This presentation was compiled by Tim Helble, one of the editors and authors of the book and has been coordinated with the other 10 authors.
This document provides an overview of applied geology as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses key topics including:
- The evolution of the Earth over 4.6 billion years and the study of geology.
- The composition and layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, core, lithosphere, etc.
- External geological processes like erosion and internal processes like volcanism.
- Plate tectonics theory and the movement of tectonic plates.
- Other topics like minerals, the rock cycle, groundwater, and geological hazards.
Reptilian Undersea Base Destroyed - 5.1 Quake Nicobar IslandsTolec
A 5.1 magnitude earthquake occurred at 18:31:57 PM (UTC), Thursday night, February 15, 2012 in the area of Nicobar Islands, south east of the Bay of Bengal. This specific quake was the trigger event for the Procyon people of the Andromeda Council to take out & destroy a massive, extensive, Draco & Hydra Reptilian controlled & operated undersea base located on the top of the "Ninetyeast Ridge". A written transcript of this official news report can be downloaded for free at: www.andromedacouncil.com.
Reptilian Undersea Base Destroyed - 6.9 Quake East China SeaTolec
Andromeda Council member, Procyon, takes out on of the most malicious, harmful negative programmed frequency transmitters aimed at main land China. Base had been operational for thousands of years. No longer. Base is now destroyed. Many Reptilians sent off to the far reaches of the universe. Removal of many more bases to follow.
The intense heat of Earth's interior creates internal forces that change the planet's surface. These internal forces cause the plates of Earth's crust to move slowly, creating earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes release the strain accumulated along faults, while volcanism involves the movement of magma toward the surface. Studying earthquakes and volcanic eruptions provides insights into Earth's interior.
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. It explains that continents have been drifting for hundreds of millions of years, as evidenced by matching continental shapes and matching plant and animal fossils found around different continents. It describes Pangaea, the supercontinent that existed 300 million years ago before breaking apart. Tectonic plates and processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape the Earth's relief over time. External forces like temperature, water, wind and human activity also change relief through erosion, sedimentation, and the formation of features like canyons, deltas, cliffs, and sand dunes.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known planet capable of supporting life. It formed over 4 billion years ago and is a terrestrial planet with significant geological activity like plate tectonics. Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by outgassing and volcanic activity and water vapor in the atmosphere condensed to form the oceans. Life first appeared on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago and the planet's biosphere has significantly altered conditions on the surface enabling the proliferation of complex life. Earth interacts gravitationally and magnetically with the Moon and Sun.
Main points of The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient EarthTimothy Helble
This presentation presents the 177 main points of the book "The Grand Canyon Monument to an Ancient Earth, Can Noah's Flood Explain the Grand Canyon?" 120 of the main points are direct refutations of flood geology, most of the remaining ones can be considered to be indirect refutations of flood geology. This presentation was compiled by Tim Helble, one of the editors and authors of the book and has been coordinated with the other 10 authors.
This document provides an overview of applied geology as part of a civil engineering course. It discusses key topics including:
- The evolution of the Earth over 4.6 billion years and the study of geology.
- The composition and layers of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, core, lithosphere, etc.
- External geological processes like erosion and internal processes like volcanism.
- Plate tectonics theory and the movement of tectonic plates.
- Other topics like minerals, the rock cycle, groundwater, and geological hazards.
Reptilian Undersea Base Destroyed - 5.1 Quake Nicobar IslandsTolec
A 5.1 magnitude earthquake occurred at 18:31:57 PM (UTC), Thursday night, February 15, 2012 in the area of Nicobar Islands, south east of the Bay of Bengal. This specific quake was the trigger event for the Procyon people of the Andromeda Council to take out & destroy a massive, extensive, Draco & Hydra Reptilian controlled & operated undersea base located on the top of the "Ninetyeast Ridge". A written transcript of this official news report can be downloaded for free at: www.andromedacouncil.com.
Reptilian Undersea Base Destroyed - 6.9 Quake East China SeaTolec
Andromeda Council member, Procyon, takes out on of the most malicious, harmful negative programmed frequency transmitters aimed at main land China. Base had been operational for thousands of years. No longer. Base is now destroyed. Many Reptilians sent off to the far reaches of the universe. Removal of many more bases to follow.
The intense heat of Earth's interior creates internal forces that change the planet's surface. These internal forces cause the plates of Earth's crust to move slowly, creating earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Earthquakes release the strain accumulated along faults, while volcanism involves the movement of magma toward the surface. Studying earthquakes and volcanic eruptions provides insights into Earth's interior.
The document discusses the theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. It explains that continents have been drifting for hundreds of millions of years, as evidenced by matching continental shapes and matching plant and animal fossils found around different continents. It describes Pangaea, the supercontinent that existed 300 million years ago before breaking apart. Tectonic plates and processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape the Earth's relief over time. External forces like temperature, water, wind and human activity also change relief through erosion, sedimentation, and the formation of features like canyons, deltas, cliffs, and sand dunes.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with usTimothy Helble
Each week, thousands of people attend “creation conferences” put on by various young earth creation ministries and hear convincing-sounding arguments for a recent creation (6,000 years ago) and against what they broadly refer to as evolution. These young earth presenters talk just like us and share our spiritual beliefs, so we’d much rather believe them than the host of intellectual-sounding scientists who tell us that the Earth and our universe is very old. In my opinion, the young earth creation ministries have not been truthful with Christians at these conferences and it is time to call them to task for this. Can I substantiate my claim with solid evidence that doesn’t rest on opinions? Review this presentation and see for yourself.
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only known planet capable of supporting life. It formed over 4 billion years ago and is a terrestrial planet with significant geological activity like plate tectonics. Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by outgassing and volcanic activity and water vapor in the atmosphere condensed to form the oceans. Life first appeared on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago and the planet's biosphere has significantly altered conditions on the surface enabling the proliferation of complex life. Earth interacts gravitationally and magnetically with the Moon and Sun.
Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applica...Sérgio Sacani
One popular view of Venus' climate history describes a world that has spent much of its life
with surface liquid water, plate tectonics, and a stable temperate climate. Part of the basis for this
optimistic scenario is the high deuterium to hydrogen ratio from the Pioneer Venus mission that was
interpreted to imply Venus had a shallow ocean's worth of water throughout much of its history. Another
view is that Venus had a long-lived (∼100 million years) primordial magma ocean with a CO2 and steam
atmosphere. Venus' long-lived steam atmosphere would sufficient time to dissociate most of the water
vapor, allow significant hydrogen escape, and oxidize the magma ocean. A third scenario is that Venus had
surface water and habitable conditions early in its history for a short period of time (<1 Gyr), but that a
moist/runaway greenhouse took effect because of a gradually warming Sun, leaving the planet desiccated
ever since. Using a general circulation model, we demonstrate the viability of the first scenario using the
few observational constraints available.We further speculate that large igneous provinces and the global
resurfacing hundreds of millions of years ago played key roles in ending the clement period in its history
and presenting the Venus we see today. The results have implications for what astronomers term “the
habitable zone,” and if Venus-like exoplanets exist with clement conditions akin to modern Earth, we
propose to place them in what we term the “optimistic Venus zone.”
Were Most of Earth's Fossil-Bering Sedimentary Rock Layers Deposited by Noah'...Tim Helble
This presentation uses the Coconino Sandstone to evaluate the question of whether it is quantitatively reasonable for sedimentary formations to have been deposited by Noah's Flood.
The hydrologic system involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by solar energy. It includes atmospheric moisture, precipitation, surface water in rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans. The hydrologic system shapes landscapes through weathering and erosion and transports sediment. It also influences climate patterns and regulates heat distribution around the planet through processes like the greenhouse effect.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with us (200 dpi)Tim Helble
This presentation looks at several cases where it can be readily demonstrated that the young earth creation ministries are not being honest with their Christian audience.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
Class #11: Tung Ping Chau & The AnthropoceneShannon Walsh
In this class we took a trip to the remote island of Tung Ping Chau to learn about geology, non-human time, and the Athropocene. How has human actions in our cities effected the world around us?
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
This document provides information about plate tectonics and the development of the theory. It begins with a brief history of the theory and mentions key figures like Alfred Wegener who first proposed continental drift. It then provides details on the structure of the Earth and what constitutes a tectonic plate. It explains how plates move and interact at their boundaries, which influences geological processes.
Introduction to earthquake engineering by Engr. Basharat Ullahbasharat ullah
This document provides an introduction to earthquake engineering. It discusses key topics such as plate tectonics, the elastic rebound theory of earthquakes, seismic waves, earthquake magnitude and intensity scales, factors affecting seismic forces, and response spectra. The overall goal of earthquake engineering is to design structures to better resist earthquakes by understanding earthquake mechanisms and their effects on buildings.
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and its history. It discusses how the theory of plate tectonics emerged in the 1960s and revolutionized earth sciences by explaining phenomena like earthquakes and mountain building. It also summarizes early ideas around continental drift proposed by scientists like Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century, and how plate tectonics unified and built upon these early concepts.
Earthquake Data in the Earth Toolbox Jalen Z.gmixonscience
This document discusses earthquake data and prediction. It provides a top ten list of areas most susceptible to earthquakes, including Western America, Latin America, Alaska, South-East Asia/Europe, China, Oceana, East China Sea, Japan, Indonesia, and South America. It then discusses new tools for earthquake prediction like InSAR and infrared radiation measurements. Questions are asked about earthquake distribution patterns and the relationship between plate boundaries and large quakes. The document predicts the Pacific-North/South American plate boundary as the most likely place for the next major earthquake.
Solar Or Soy: Which is better for the planet? (A review of animal agriculture...Paul Mahony
Climate change is real
Humans are having a massive impact
Animal agriculture's issues:
- Inherent and gross inefficiency
- Scale
- Greenhouse gases and other warming agents
- Deforestation
- Water usage
- Nutrition
The document discusses three environmental issues of interest to geographers: ozone depletion, greenhouse warming effect, and El Nino. It provides details on the causes and effects of ozone depletion, including the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1975. The production and use of CFCs is identified as the main cause of ozone depletion. The document also discusses the phenomenon of global warming, noting the hottest years on record and trends of rising global temperatures, glacial melting, higher sea levels, and more severe droughts.
The lithospheric plates slowly move due to movement of magma inside the Earth, causing changes on the surface. During an earthquake, safe spots are under sturdy furniture away from fireplaces, windows and falling objects. People should spread awareness about earthquake preparedness among friends and family. A 1999 earthquake in Bhuj, India measured 6.9 on the Richter scale.
HOW TO SAVE THE HUMANITY OF NATURAL DISASTERS CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the necessary strategies to save humanity from natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcano eruptions that have contributed to the deaths of populations and destruction of buildings and infrastructure in many countries. With the exception of Japan that adopts advanced preventive and precautionary measures against earthquakes and tsunamis, humanity remains at the mercy of these natural disasters due to the lack of prediction of the occurrence of these events, plans to evacuate populations from the affected areas and measures of prevention and precaution to take in the face of catastrophes caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. This article presents Japan's experience in dealing with earthquakes and tsunamis and the advances in studies and research carried out by various researchers and scientific institutions that could be used in various parts of the world to deal with natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Additionally, this article proposes global actions to deal with disasters that span several countries and regions.
This document provides information about plate tectonics and associated geological phenomena. It begins by describing the layers of the Earth, including the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust. It notes key differences between oceanic and continental crust, and explains convection currents in the mantle. The document then discusses plate boundaries and associated hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes. Specific topics covered include the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami, the Montserrat volcanic eruption, measuring earthquakes, predicting seismic activity, earthquake proofing, and responses to natural disasters. Comparisons are drawn between responses to disasters in rich and poor countries.
The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
Davis and Penk proposed different models of the cycle of erosion. Davis' model involved three stages - youth, maturity, and old age - where a landscape evolves from high relief to a flat plain over time. Penk emphasized the relationship between uplift and erosion, with landforms resulting from their competition. Later theorists like King and Gilbert built on these ideas but acknowledged no single model explains all landscapes given different environments. While influential, both Davis and Penk's concepts have limitations and underwent criticism regarding assumptions about rates of uplift and erosion.
Expectations of Japanese ecotourists by Masaru TakayamaAivar Ruukel
Expectations of Japanese ecotourists - presentation by Masaru Takayama, President of Spirit of Japan Travel
April 22, 2015 in Tallinn at Estonian Tourist Board
Earthquake research on coral reefs, Sumatra - Talk by Prof Sieh, NTU-SST Prog...EarthObsSingapore
This document summarizes Kerry Sieh's research on earthquakes and tsunamis along the coast of Sumatra. Sieh studies sediment layers deposited by past tsunamis to reconstruct the earthquake history. Sieh has installed 48 GPS stations across Sumatra to measure tectonic deformation from earthquakes. Analysis of uplifted coral reefs and GPS data allowed Sieh to determine which parts of the megathrust fault ruptured in the 2004 earthquake and tsunami, and to forecast areas of increased risk. Sieh continues using these techniques to monitor the "Mentawai patch" of the fault and forecast future earthquakes.
Venusian Habitable Climate Scenarios: Modeling Venus Through Time and Applica...Sérgio Sacani
One popular view of Venus' climate history describes a world that has spent much of its life
with surface liquid water, plate tectonics, and a stable temperate climate. Part of the basis for this
optimistic scenario is the high deuterium to hydrogen ratio from the Pioneer Venus mission that was
interpreted to imply Venus had a shallow ocean's worth of water throughout much of its history. Another
view is that Venus had a long-lived (∼100 million years) primordial magma ocean with a CO2 and steam
atmosphere. Venus' long-lived steam atmosphere would sufficient time to dissociate most of the water
vapor, allow significant hydrogen escape, and oxidize the magma ocean. A third scenario is that Venus had
surface water and habitable conditions early in its history for a short period of time (<1 Gyr), but that a
moist/runaway greenhouse took effect because of a gradually warming Sun, leaving the planet desiccated
ever since. Using a general circulation model, we demonstrate the viability of the first scenario using the
few observational constraints available.We further speculate that large igneous provinces and the global
resurfacing hundreds of millions of years ago played key roles in ending the clement period in its history
and presenting the Venus we see today. The results have implications for what astronomers term “the
habitable zone,” and if Venus-like exoplanets exist with clement conditions akin to modern Earth, we
propose to place them in what we term the “optimistic Venus zone.”
Were Most of Earth's Fossil-Bering Sedimentary Rock Layers Deposited by Noah'...Tim Helble
This presentation uses the Coconino Sandstone to evaluate the question of whether it is quantitatively reasonable for sedimentary formations to have been deposited by Noah's Flood.
The hydrologic system involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by solar energy. It includes atmospheric moisture, precipitation, surface water in rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans. The hydrologic system shapes landscapes through weathering and erosion and transports sediment. It also influences climate patterns and regulates heat distribution around the planet through processes like the greenhouse effect.
Are the creation ministries shooting straight with us (200 dpi)Tim Helble
This presentation looks at several cases where it can be readily demonstrated that the young earth creation ministries are not being honest with their Christian audience.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
Class #11: Tung Ping Chau & The AnthropoceneShannon Walsh
In this class we took a trip to the remote island of Tung Ping Chau to learn about geology, non-human time, and the Athropocene. How has human actions in our cities effected the world around us?
Wind has the ability to shape the surface of the Earth. Wind is one of the greatest agents of land erosion and transportation. The action of wind is very significant in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to profound wetness, wind cannot act in humid regions. Wind is capable of eroding, transporting and depositing the surface materials, in drylands. The landforms created by wind action are called as Aeolian landforms. The word “Aeolian” is derived from the Greek word “Aeolus”, meaning, the god of the winds.
This document provides information about plate tectonics and the development of the theory. It begins with a brief history of the theory and mentions key figures like Alfred Wegener who first proposed continental drift. It then provides details on the structure of the Earth and what constitutes a tectonic plate. It explains how plates move and interact at their boundaries, which influences geological processes.
Introduction to earthquake engineering by Engr. Basharat Ullahbasharat ullah
This document provides an introduction to earthquake engineering. It discusses key topics such as plate tectonics, the elastic rebound theory of earthquakes, seismic waves, earthquake magnitude and intensity scales, factors affecting seismic forces, and response spectra. The overall goal of earthquake engineering is to design structures to better resist earthquakes by understanding earthquake mechanisms and their effects on buildings.
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and its history. It discusses how the theory of plate tectonics emerged in the 1960s and revolutionized earth sciences by explaining phenomena like earthquakes and mountain building. It also summarizes early ideas around continental drift proposed by scientists like Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century, and how plate tectonics unified and built upon these early concepts.
Earthquake Data in the Earth Toolbox Jalen Z.gmixonscience
This document discusses earthquake data and prediction. It provides a top ten list of areas most susceptible to earthquakes, including Western America, Latin America, Alaska, South-East Asia/Europe, China, Oceana, East China Sea, Japan, Indonesia, and South America. It then discusses new tools for earthquake prediction like InSAR and infrared radiation measurements. Questions are asked about earthquake distribution patterns and the relationship between plate boundaries and large quakes. The document predicts the Pacific-North/South American plate boundary as the most likely place for the next major earthquake.
Solar Or Soy: Which is better for the planet? (A review of animal agriculture...Paul Mahony
Climate change is real
Humans are having a massive impact
Animal agriculture's issues:
- Inherent and gross inefficiency
- Scale
- Greenhouse gases and other warming agents
- Deforestation
- Water usage
- Nutrition
The document discusses three environmental issues of interest to geographers: ozone depletion, greenhouse warming effect, and El Nino. It provides details on the causes and effects of ozone depletion, including the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1975. The production and use of CFCs is identified as the main cause of ozone depletion. The document also discusses the phenomenon of global warming, noting the hottest years on record and trends of rising global temperatures, glacial melting, higher sea levels, and more severe droughts.
The lithospheric plates slowly move due to movement of magma inside the Earth, causing changes on the surface. During an earthquake, safe spots are under sturdy furniture away from fireplaces, windows and falling objects. People should spread awareness about earthquake preparedness among friends and family. A 1999 earthquake in Bhuj, India measured 6.9 on the Richter scale.
HOW TO SAVE THE HUMANITY OF NATURAL DISASTERS CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES, TSUNAMIS...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the necessary strategies to save humanity from natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcano eruptions that have contributed to the deaths of populations and destruction of buildings and infrastructure in many countries. With the exception of Japan that adopts advanced preventive and precautionary measures against earthquakes and tsunamis, humanity remains at the mercy of these natural disasters due to the lack of prediction of the occurrence of these events, plans to evacuate populations from the affected areas and measures of prevention and precaution to take in the face of catastrophes caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. This article presents Japan's experience in dealing with earthquakes and tsunamis and the advances in studies and research carried out by various researchers and scientific institutions that could be used in various parts of the world to deal with natural disasters caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. Additionally, this article proposes global actions to deal with disasters that span several countries and regions.
This document provides information about plate tectonics and associated geological phenomena. It begins by describing the layers of the Earth, including the inner and outer core, mantle, and crust. It notes key differences between oceanic and continental crust, and explains convection currents in the mantle. The document then discusses plate boundaries and associated hazards like earthquakes and volcanoes. Specific topics covered include the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami, the Montserrat volcanic eruption, measuring earthquakes, predicting seismic activity, earthquake proofing, and responses to natural disasters. Comparisons are drawn between responses to disasters in rich and poor countries.
The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional work and suggested websites.
Davis and Penk proposed different models of the cycle of erosion. Davis' model involved three stages - youth, maturity, and old age - where a landscape evolves from high relief to a flat plain over time. Penk emphasized the relationship between uplift and erosion, with landforms resulting from their competition. Later theorists like King and Gilbert built on these ideas but acknowledged no single model explains all landscapes given different environments. While influential, both Davis and Penk's concepts have limitations and underwent criticism regarding assumptions about rates of uplift and erosion.
Expectations of Japanese ecotourists by Masaru TakayamaAivar Ruukel
Expectations of Japanese ecotourists - presentation by Masaru Takayama, President of Spirit of Japan Travel
April 22, 2015 in Tallinn at Estonian Tourist Board
Earthquake research on coral reefs, Sumatra - Talk by Prof Sieh, NTU-SST Prog...EarthObsSingapore
This document summarizes Kerry Sieh's research on earthquakes and tsunamis along the coast of Sumatra. Sieh studies sediment layers deposited by past tsunamis to reconstruct the earthquake history. Sieh has installed 48 GPS stations across Sumatra to measure tectonic deformation from earthquakes. Analysis of uplifted coral reefs and GPS data allowed Sieh to determine which parts of the megathrust fault ruptured in the 2004 earthquake and tsunami, and to forecast areas of increased risk. Sieh continues using these techniques to monitor the "Mentawai patch" of the fault and forecast future earthquakes.
Tectonics or magma intrusion? New results from multi-parameter study at Gede ...EarthObsSingapore
This study uses multi-parameter data to analyze activity at Gede Volcano in West Java, Indonesia. Seismic and deformation monitoring detected swarms of small earthquakes in early 2012 beneath Gede that may have been caused by magma intrusion, though no eruption occurred. Tiltmeter data showed a change in deformation pattern in late 2011 from tectonic to inflation, coinciding with the earthquake swarms in early 2012. Gas measurements found elevated CO2 flux around the northeast flank of Gede. The volcanoes require continued monitoring as any increases in seismicity, deformation or gas could signal future eruptive activity posing a threat to nearby communities.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A multi-sensor monitoring network at Mayon Volcano, Philippines. Presentation...EarthObsSingapore
The document summarizes the multidisciplinary monitoring efforts of Mt. Mayon volcano in the Philippines led by EOS and PHIVOLCS. Key aspects include:
1. Establishing a geophysical monitoring network around Mayon including seismic, tiltmeter, and GPS stations to monitor deformation.
2. Installing gas monitoring stations to measure SO2 and soil degassing which provide early unrest indicators.
3. Preliminary analysis shows inflation signals prior to 2006 and 2009 eruptions from GPS and tilt data, though deformation signals are also affected by local tectonics.
4. The collaboration aims to better understand Mayon's magmatic system and isolate volcanic signals from tectonic noise through
Environmental studies notes for Marine studentsCaptMadanKumar
The document summarizes the formation of Earth from a cloud of dust and gas to the planet we know today. Billions of years ago, a disturbance in a giant cloud caused it to collapse and form a spinning disc that became the Sun and planets. Earth formed as matter collided and accumulated. Early Earth was molten, and oceans formed as it cooled over hundreds of millions of years. Asteroid impacts also contributed water and allowed life to evolve in the oceans over billions of years.
The document discusses the history of determining the age of the Earth. Early estimates ranged from thousands to billions of years based on different methods and assumptions. In the late 19th century, radioactive dating methods were developed that provided evidence the Earth was millions to billions of years old, conflicting with a literal reading of the Bible. This sparked debates around assumptions made in dating methods and their application to estimating the Earth's age. While techniques have improved, disagreement remains on interpreting results within biblical or long-age frameworks.
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
The document discusses Earth's oceanographic history from its formation as a cloud of gas and dust to the development of oceans and atmosphere. It describes how Earth separated into layers over time due to gravity, with a molten iron core and cooler mantle and crust. Tectonic plate theory holds that the crust is divided into plates that move independently, causing geological activity like earthquakes and volcanoes along plate boundaries. Major events like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 200,000 people are discussed to illustrate the destructive power of phenomena related to plate tectonics.
The document provides an overview of several geological models that were used in the early 20th century to understand global geological features, including continental drift. It discusses the theory of contractionism, which proposed that continents separated as the Earth cooled and shrank. It also discusses permanentenism, which argued that continents have always been in largely the same positions. The land-bridge hypothesis suggested that land bridges once connected continents to explain terrestrial fossil distributions. The document examines problems with each of these early models and how they helped address questions about matching fossil distributions across continents.
Stealing the Oceans: Humanity Struggles for Survival in This 1000 Year Epic W...Rick Doble
Stealing the Oceans by Rick Doble is a hard science fiction novella based on our current understanding of science and technology. An unusual SF story, it covers 1000 years when the people of the Earth are forced to make drastic changes. This occurs because ocean levels begin to gradually fall for hundreds of years -- with no end in sight. Using the latest technology, world governments work to determine the reason. But the discovery of the cause leads to panic and desperate attempts to rebuild civilizations. This epic story is as much about the forces involved as the individual people -- and comes complete with a city directory for one of the new cities that is established, along with a full description of how a new culture evolved.
Ophiolites provide evidence for the composition and structure of oceanic crust and the upper mantle. They represent sections of oceanic crust and upper mantle that have been obducted or thrust onto continental margins. Studying ophiolites like the Samail ophiolite in Oman has helped scientists understand the layered sequence of rocks that make up oceanic crust, including extrusive basalts, dikes, and intrusive gabbros.
Might our earth undergo a runaway greenhouse warming similar to Venus?
Could there be life on the billions of exo-planets?
Why is the oxygen content of our earth’s atmosphere greater that of Venus and Mars, which are mostly CO2 ?
This document discusses plate tectonic theory and provides examples of evidence that supports it. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries: convergent where plates move toward each other, divergent where they move apart, and transform where they slide past each other. Examples of tectonic activity occurring at boundaries are provided, such as volcanoes and earthquakes. Diagrams show the process of seafloor spreading at divergent boundaries and how convection currents in the mantle drive plate movements globally.
The document discusses theories about the interior structure of the Earth, including the hollow Earth theory. It notes that while most models assume a solid iron core, evidence like excess heat production on Earth and anomalies in gravity measurements cast doubt on this. The document explores historical concepts of the hollow Earth from Halley and Euler, and suggests there may be inner shells, atmospheres and a possible inner sun.
The Late Devonian Mass Extinction PeriodAlison Reed
The Late Devonian Mass Extinction Period saw at least 70% of species perish approximately 374.5 million years ago, making it one of the "Big Five" mass extinctions in Earth's history. The main victims were major reef builders like corals. Potential causes that have been debated include asteroid impacts, volcanic activity from plate tectonics, and climate change from these events causing global cooling and glaciation. Evidence from Siberia supports the role of volcanic eruptions from the Viluy Traps in driving environmental changes that destroyed marine habitats.
This document discusses climate change over various time periods from 1.5 million years ago to the present. It outlines major climate events and conditions during different millennia, including glacial periods and retreats, rising sea levels, changes in ocean currents, volcanic eruptions, and variations in greenhouse gases and solar activity that impacted global temperatures and weather patterns over thousands of years. Records of past climate changes come from sources like geological evidence, historical documents, and tree ring data.
The document summarizes climate changes that have occurred over different time periods in the past, ranging from 1.5 million years ago to the present. It discusses major climatic events and conditions during each millennium, including glacial periods, rising sea levels, changes in ocean currents and wind patterns, volcanic eruptions, and temperature variations. Evidence is provided from geological, astronomical, and historical records.
This document summarizes a study published in the Journal of Energy and Environment that reviewed over 200 studies from the past 10 years on reconstructing ancient climates over the past 1,000 years. The key findings were:
1) Temperatures were found to be warmer than now in many northern regions from 950-1100 AD and many parts of the world were warmer from 800-1300 AD during the Medieval Warm Period.
2) Temperatures from 1300-1900 AD during the Little Ice Age period were generally cooler than recent decades.
3) The present global warming is not necessarily more a product of human emissions than natural changes, as natural climate fluctuations could be a dominant factor in recent warming
Why is the temperature of Venus hotter than Mercury that is closer to the sun.
Search for life in our (1) solar system and (2) Milky Way Galaxy
How life has and is now impacting our earth
Past Climate as the key to understand the future: example from the Mediterran...CAESCG.org
By Vincenzo Pascucci
Dipartimento di Scienze Botaniche, Ecologiche é Geologiche.
Universitá di Sassari
pascucci@uniss.it
Conferencia impartida en el marco de los viernes científicos de la Universidad de Almería
Paleoclimate: past-climate as the key to understand the future. Example from ...Fernando Reche
Conferencia impartida por Vincenzo Pascucci el 1 de abril de 2011 en el marco de los Viernes Científicos, actividad organizada por la Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales de la Universidad de Almería
The document provides information about studying the Earth's interior. It discusses the different layers of the Earth (crust, mantle, outer core, inner core) and their compositions. Key points include:
- Seismic waves like P waves and S waves are used to determine the layers and their properties by measuring how fast they travel.
- Discontinuities like the Mohorovičić discontinuity and Gutenberg discontinuity indicate changes in density between layers.
- The outer core is liquid while the inner core is solid based on how seismic waves propagate.
Similar to Talk by Prof Sieh at Temasek Junior College, October 2012 (20)
6. The Earth is a bit crowded, isn’t it!
1802 1927 1961 1987 2013
1 billion 2 billion 3 billion 5 billion 7 billion
7. Four stories to illustrate what
earth scientists do to understand
our marvelous planet, and how
that contributes to safer and more
sustainable societies
Fidel Costa
Judith
Hubbard Wang
Xianfeng
Three assistant professors at the Earth Observatory of
Singapore
8. View towards the east, from
Borobudur temple
Merapi is just one of many active
volcanoes on Java. It’s particularly
famous because it sits just north of
the large Indonesian city of
10. An image of hot
pyroclastic flows
streaming down the
southern flank of
Merapi volcano in Nov
2010. This eruption
was larger than any
since just after 1865,
so the mapped hazard
zones were exceeded
and nearly 300 people
died
Yogyakarta has been
built on the gentle
slope of Merapi
Yogyakarta volcano. Old lahars
and pyroclastic flows
underlie the city, but
none have entered the
city in modern times.
11. Fidel
Costa
Why was the eruption of November 2010 the biggest since 1872?
Professor Fidel
Costa
13. Fidel
Costa
Prof Costa uses chemistry, physics and mathematics to
understand the “plumbing” of active volcanoes. This
photomicrograph shows the concentration of magnesium in an
amphibole crystal. Diffusion of the Mg across the crystal occurs
at certain rates. By measuring the amount the element has
diffused, he can tell how the story of how the crystal moved up
17. Sumatran corals contain a record of large
earthquakes that extends back farther in time
than our modern instruments
Surveying the corals Cutting them and
taking them back to
the boat
18. From Sieh et al., 2008
Using the corals, I can
tell stories about ancient
earthquakes and their
patterns, even though
there were no
instruments there to
measure the
earthquakes. These
19. A record from corals that goes back 800 years
N
E
X
T
20. A recent effort by German colleagues
A recent effort by
I minute
German
colleagues to 4 minutes
estimate tsunami 7 minutes
inundation for an
10 minutes
earthquake I
forecast in 2008 after
arrival
Tools needed to at
do this: coast
Hydrodynamics,
a sub-discipline
of physics that is
mathematically
rigourous
21. Earth Observatory graduate students measuring
tsunami levels after the October 2010 tsunami.
These “field” measurements are important for
constraining hydrodynamic “models”
From a helicopter On the ground
22. Sediment in a coastal cave in Aceh, northern
Sumatra, records a 7,000 year long history of
23. Each of the light-colored layers represents a tsunami. The
dark layers are deposits of bat guano that accumulated on
the floor of the cave between tsunamis.
24. Using oil and gas exploration techniques to
understand earthquakes
Sichuan
basin
Professor Judith Hubbard
31. I think you all areof a changing climate –
Observations aware that the Earth’s
Greenland melting area
atmosphere and oceans are heating up
32. Greenland melting in 2012 First time NASA has
witnessed melting across the entire surface of the
ice sheet
July 8, July 12,
2012 2012
Image souce:
NASA
Light pink = areas of probably melt Dark pink = areas of certain melt
34. Temperatures are increasing in most places
Surface Temperature in 2001–2005 vs. 1951–80 ( C)
J. Hansen et al., PNAS 103: 14288-293 (2006)
35. Wang Xianfeng uses cave
formations to study past
climate change
Mineral-laden rainwater drips
onto the cave floor cave and
then the water evaporates,
Calcite (CaCO3) is the mineral
left behind. It forms stalagmites
that rise from the floor of the
36. Not all water (H20) is the same. H2180 is heavier than H2160
Most oxygen is 16O. It has 8 protons and 8 neutrons in
But about 0.2% of oxygen is 18O. It has 8 protons an
neutrons
Being heavier, H2180 doesn’t evaporate as easily as its lighter
cousin H2160. So rainwater is actually lighter than the seawater
from which it comes.
Consider now, what happens if this lighter rainfall does not return to the sea, but is
instead deposited in large glaciers. In this case, as the ice accumulates, the water in the
sea becomes more and more rich in 18O. That is, its 18O value increases.
37. From oxygen isotopes in plankton, we know this history of
temperature and CO2 for the past half million years!
Atmospheric CO2 (ppm)
Temperature stability of
the past 10,000 years
Source: Woods Hole Research Center, PEW Center on Global Climate Change
38. The Chongzhen Drought,
at the end of the Ming
Dynasty (1637-1643), is
known as one of the most
severe in Chinese history.
It affected more than 20
provinces in N and S China.
Huan The prolonged drought
g Here is Xianfeng’s record of
Chao rainfall changes in China for the helped Li Zicheng organize
past millennium, and inferences a popular uprising and
with respect to dynastic history overthrow Chongzhen in
Zhu
1644.
Yuanzhang,
River scene at Qingming festival, 1st Ming
emperor
The Huang Chao Li Zicheng
Uprising of the
870s and 880s
was fueled by a At the end of the Yuan Dynasty
drought, when there were a series of droughts
locusts swarmed During the Northern Song and a peasant uprising. In 1368
the land, and led Strong Monsoon Period, the Zhu Yuanzhang, the leader of
to the end of the Chinese population more than the uprising, took Beijing. His
Tang Dynasty tripled, rice became the staple of parents and older brother all
the Chinese diet and rice died during the droughts that
39. One “model” of projected annual average surface
temperature change
AD 2080-2099 minus AD 1980-1999
Average of 21 climate models forced by Scenario A1B. Multiply by ~1.2 for A2 and ~0.7 for
B1
40. How did all the
other species of
our genus
survive on our
wild planet over
the past couple
millions of years?
41. They didn’t have
agriculture.
Agriculture, upon
which our
civilization is
based, thrived in
the relatively
stable climate of
the past 10,000
years
42. Will we use the kind
of imagination,
intelligence, and
foresight that got us
… or continue to act as if here?
our Earth is static and
infinite in size and
resources?
43. Our fate is largely in your
hands! Study hard and
make a difference.
44. For those of you interested
in the Earth Sciences, NTU
will be offering a major
beginning in either 2013 or
2014.
We will also be offering a
minor for those of you with
other academic interests,
who wish to become
professionals and citizens
with a better comprehension
of natural hazards, climate
change, earth resources
and society
45. Thank you
New life starting after the 2004 tsunami on an emerged beach on
Editor's Notes
A staggering 900 million people in the Ganges plain, 125 million on Java, 100 million in Sichuan basin
E. Coli growing on agar plate (actually different dilutions, but analagous to change over time)http://archive.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/Atlas_SpreadPlate/dilutionseries.jpghttp://www.dailygalaxy.com/.a/6a00d8341bf7f753ef01157148fded970b-pihttp://www.jibble.org/f1london/images/300d_0163.jpg
Note all the circular mountains on Java; they are volcanoes. The red arrow marks Merapi volcano, north of the Indonesian city of Yogyakarta. In the photo, taken in 2010, Merapi appears in the background, puffing away. The view is from the west atop the great Buddhist temple, Borobudur, built in the 9th century AD during the time of the Sailendran kingdom.
Between October and December of 2010, a series of eruptions occurred. The biggest of these, in early November, exceeded any since 1872. As a result nearly 300 people were killed by pyroclastic flows and searing gases. This image shows an infrared image of heat coming off one of the pyroclastic flows.
Here’s that Nias coconut grove before AND after the great megathrust earthquake of March 2005. Now the grove is once again high and dry, well above the waves, and islands have once again joined the main island.
A map-view history of what we call “super-cycles” of rupture on this section of the Sumatran megathrust
Recent detailed estimates of the tsunami caused by the next rupture of the megathrust suggests the following scenario. The darker the color, the higher the depth of the water flowing over the land. In this scenario, a very large percentage of the city will experience dangerous depths of water flow.
Source of left photo: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Lechuguilla_Cave_Pearlsian_Gulf.jpg
The records from this Antarctic ice core shows that CO2 and temperature have varied markedly over the past half million years. The CO2 measurements are made from bubbles of air trapped in the ice and the temperature is inferred from 18O measurements from the ice itself. The past 10,000 years appears to have been the most stable period of the past half million years.