This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. It can be used to treat sites contaminated with organic compounds by stimulating bacteria and fungi that are naturally present or introduced. The microbes use the contaminants for food and break them down into simpler, less toxic substances. Two types of bioremediation are discussed - in situ, which treats contaminants on-site without removing soil, and ex situ, which treats removed soil. Specific in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging, and biostimulation. The document also summarizes a study that used a fungal consortium to treat wastewater from a pulp and paper mill, significantly

1. M. George Bush
M170281CE

2.  "Remediate" means to solve a problem, and "bio-remediate" means
to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as
contaminated soil or groundwater.

3.  Bioremediation is a source control, risk reduction and pollution
prevention process.
 Bioremediation processes reduce the toxicity and migration potential
of organic compounds.
 Organic compounds are microbially converted to simpler compounds

4.  Uses naturally occurring microorganisms to break down hazardous
substances into less toxic or nontoxic substance

5. Microorganisms include:
 Bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic)
 Fungi
 Actinomycetes (filamentous bacteria)

6.  Microorganisms destroy organic contaminants in the course of using
the chemicals for their own growth and reproduction
 Organic chemicals provide: carbon, source of cell building material
electrons, source of energy
 Cells catalyze oxidation of organic chemicals (electron donors),
causing transfer of electrons from organic chemicals to some
electron acceptor

7.  In aerobic oxidation, acceptor is oxygen
 In anaerobic, acceptor is (with decreasing efficiency):
nitrate, manganese, iron.
 Microorganisms also need essential nutrients such as
nitrogen and phosphorus

8.  Microorganisms
 Toxicity
 Available soil water
 Oxygen
 Electron acceptors
 Redox potential
 PH
 Nutrients
 Temperature
 Water Solubility

10. The potential advantages of applying biodegradation principles to
the cleanup of contaminated sites include:
 Can be done on site.
 Keeps site disruption to a minimum (very important in beaches)
 Using a in situ Bioremediation the risk of being exposed to the
contaminant or pollutant is eliminated. As there is minimal
excavation , therefore contact is reduced.

11. • Eliminates transportation costs and liabilities
• The process of bioremediation is a natural biological process
therefore there is a minimal environmental impact from the
treatment processes.
• The costs should be lower than other systems with more expensive
input requirements.

12. The main disadvantages of bioremediation are :
• It does not suit all situations, it is site specific.
• The process of bioremediation is generally a slow process (several
months)
• All hazardous wastes cannot be degradated. Many metals destroy
and are highly toxic to microorganisms thus no biological
degradation can take place.

13.  In situ bioremediation
 Ex situ bioremediation

14.  It involves direct approach for the microbial degradation of
xenobiotics at the sites of pollution (soil, ground water).
There are 2 types of in situ bioremediation.
 intrinsic bioremediation
 accelerated bioremediation

15. Land Bioremediation
 Bioventing
 In situ biodegradation
 Biostimulation
 Biosparging
 Bioaugmentation

16.  Intrinsic bioremediation uses microorganisms already present in the
environment to biodegrade harmful contaminant.
 There is no human intervention involved in this type of bioremediation,
and since it is the cheapest means of bioremediation available, it is the
most commonly used.

17.  In accelerated bioremediation, either substrate or nutrients are
added to the environment to help break down the toxic spill by
making the microorganisms grow more rapidly.

18.  The most common in situ treatment and involves supplying air and
nutrients through wells to contaminated soil to stimulate the bacteria.

19. In situ biodegradation
 involves supplying oxygen and nutrients by circulating aqueous solutions
through contaminated soils to stimulate naturally occurring bacteria to
degrade organic contaminants.
Biostimulation
 fertilizers are added to a contaminated environment to stimulate the growth
of indigenous microorganisms that can degrade pollutants
Bioaugmentation
 bacteria are added to the contaminated environment to support
indigenous microbes with biodegradative processes

20.  involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table to
increase groundwater oxygen concentrations and enhance the rate of
biological degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria.

22. Introduction
 Wastewaters discharged by the industries are one of the major
causes of environmental pollution.
 Pulp and paper manufacturing is one of the oldest and largest
industry in India with an installed capacity of about three million
metric tones per annum finished product.

23.  An average about 300 m3 water is consumed per ton of paper
produced, the industry generates a huge volume of highly colored
and toxic effluents.
 About 500 different chlorinated organic compounds have been
identified in paper mill effluent.
 The high chemical diversity of these pollutants causes a variety of
clastogenic, carcinogenic, endocrinic and mutagenic effects on fishes
and other aquatic communities

24.  The most widely used biological treatment system is activated
sludge process. However, it also is ineffective in total removal of
colour and toxicity of the effluents .
 In view of these problems, recent research has been focused on
biotechnological approaches with white-rot fungi (WRF) due to their
powerful lignin-degrading enzyme system.

25. Contamination values
BOD(mg/l) 910
COD(mg/l) 2013
DO(mg/l) 0
electrical conductivity (Ms/cm) 12.10
Chloride(mg/l) 308
PH 6.5
TDS(ppt) 7.10
Total phenol(mg/l) 1.04
Salinity(ppt) 8.5
Colour(platinum–cobalt units) 2967.13

26.  Isolation of fungal strains and biochemical tests
 Immobilization of fungal consortium
 Analytical methods

27.  All the parameters showed marked decline during the 12h of
treatment.
 EC declined from initial value of 12.1 to 7.6 mS/cm (37.2% decrease)
 TDS declined from 7.1 to 4.2 ppt (41% decrease) in the 12 h.
 Salinity likewise declined from 8.5 to 5.2 ppt during the same period
(39% reduction).

28.  Concomitant with the decline in pH, there was also a steep decolorization
of the effluent to the extent of about 65%

30.  Earlier studies on decolorization of the paper mill effluents using
various fungal species have reported 70–90% decolorization in 2–10
days .
 The level of color reduction in the present study is better or at least
comparable to these reports. However, the most important aspect
of present study is that there was a very high reduction in the COD
of the effluent (89% in 4 days).

31.  Bioremediation, its Applications to Contaminated Sites in India,
Ministry of Environment & Forests.
 Piyush Malaviya a, V.S. Rathore- Bioremediation of pulp and paper
mill effluent by a novel fungal consortium isolated from polluted
soil.
 Kumar.A ,Bisht.B.S, Joshi.V.D , Dhewa.T , 2011,Review on
Bioremediation of Polluted Environment: A Management Tool,Int. J.
Env. Sci., Vol 1, No 6,