This document discusses various types of bioremediation techniques used to clean up contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using living microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants or prevent pollution. The two main types of bioremediation are in situ, which treats contaminants in place, and ex situ, which involves removing contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Specific techniques discussed include bioaugmentation, bioslurping, biosparging, natural attenuation, bioventing, and biostimulation. The advantages and limitations of bioremediation are also summarized.
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
This document discusses various strategies for pollution mitigation through bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation and outlines different bioremediation strategies including in situ and ex situ approaches. In situ bioremediation strategies discussed include intrinsic bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation. Ex situ strategies include composting, land farming, and biopile systems. The document also discusses factors that influence bioremediation effectiveness such as microorganisms, environmental conditions, and contaminant type. It provides examples of contaminants that are bio-degradable, partially degradable, and recalcitrant.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
This document discusses various strategies for pollution mitigation through bioremediation. It begins with an introduction to bioremediation and outlines different bioremediation strategies including in situ and ex situ approaches. In situ bioremediation strategies discussed include intrinsic bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation. Ex situ strategies include composting, land farming, and biopile systems. The document also discusses factors that influence bioremediation effectiveness such as microorganisms, environmental conditions, and contaminant type. It provides examples of contaminants that are bio-degradable, partially degradable, and recalcitrant.
Bioremediation of heavy metals pollution by Udaykumar Pankajkumar BhanushaliUdayBhanushali111
This document summarizes techniques for bioremediating heavy metal pollution using plants (phytoremediation) and microorganisms. It discusses how plants and microbes like bacteria, fungi, and algae can uptake, accumulate, immobilize, or transform heavy metals into less toxic forms. Integrated approaches are also proposed, such as using plants inoculated with metal-resistant endophytic bacteria or combining phytoremediation with microbial remediation. The document provides examples of plant and microbial species effective for remediating various metals like mercury, lead, chromium, and more. It explains the mechanisms by which these living organisms remediate heavy metal contamination in soils and water.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
This document summarizes biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It discusses that xenobiotics are man-made chemicals that do not occur naturally. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances by microorganisms. Various microbes can degrade hydrocarbons through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Plastics are broken down through hydrolysis and further degraded by acidogenic, acetogenic, and methanogenic bacteria. Pesticides are degraded through methods like dehalogenation, deamination, and hydroxylation. The document provides examples of microbes and mechanisms involved in the biodegradation of these pollutants.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses living organisms like microbes and plants to break down and consume environmental pollutants. It can be done through microbial remediation using intrinsic or engineered microbes, or phyto-remediation using plants. Methods include in-situ techniques like bioventing and biosparging as well as ex-situ ones like biopiles and landfarming. While bioremediation is natural and can control pollution, it is limited to biodegradable wastes and specific processes, and ex-situ methods may disperse pollutants.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
Microbial Biotransformation of xenobiotic compoundsPrashant Singam
This document discusses microbial biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds. It defines xenobiotics as man-made chemicals not naturally produced by living organisms. While microbes can degrade many xenobiotics, some compounds called recalcitrant xenobiotics remain non-degradable. The document outlines types of recalcitrant compounds and how their properties make them resistant to degradation. It also describes various pathways microbes use to transform and degrade xenobiotics through aerobic and anaerobic processes.
This document discusses the biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It defines xenobiotics as man-made chemicals synthesized for industrial or agricultural purposes. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances catalyzed by enzymes. The document outlines the sources and methods of biodegradation for different types of xenobiotics such as hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides and more. It provides examples of microorganisms that can degrade specific compounds like polyesters, PAHs, and PCBs through various pathways including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
This document discusses intrinsic in situ bioremediation. It explains that intrinsic bioremediation uses microorganisms already present in the environment to degrade contaminants, requiring no human intervention and being the cheapest form of bioremediation. Intrinsic bioremediation is tested at the lab and field levels before use to assess the microorganisms' ability to metabolize contaminants. Factors like moisture, pH, temperature, nutrients, electron acceptors, and toxin concentration affect the rate of intrinsic bioremediation. In situ bioremediation cleans up contaminated sites directly where pollution occurred, with options like biostimulation or bioaugmentation. It has advantages of being cost-effective with minimal exposure but
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses living organisms like microbes and plants to reduce environmental pollution. It describes various in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques, including bioventing, biosparging, bioaugmentation, biostimulation, phytoremediation, landfarming, composting and mycoremediation. Examples are provided of bioremediation being used successfully to treat sites contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other pollutants. Both intrinsic and engineered systems are outlined.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollution. It discusses various techniques used for hydrocarbon pollution removal and their disadvantages. It then describes bioremediation as a natural process that uses microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons into less toxic forms. The document outlines different bioremediation strategies like bioaugmentation and biostimulation and notes advantages such as low cost and generating non-toxic byproducts. It also discusses using genetically engineered microorganisms and phytoremediation using plants. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the need for understanding biodegradation mechanisms to transform pollutants in less toxic forms using microorganisms and plants.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms, fungi or plants to return a contaminated environment to its original condition. Phytoremediation specifically uses green plants. Methods include using bacteria to decompose oil spills or degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons. Bioremediation works by microbes breaking down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. It has advantages like lower cost than traditional methods and preserving the natural environment. However, some chemicals are not readily biodegradable and factors like nutrients, moisture and temperature must be considered.
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
This document defines key terms related to petroleum biodegradation and bioremediation. It discusses how bioremediation uses microorganisms to transform pollutants like oil spills into less toxic forms through biodegradation. Several factors influence bioremediation, including the presence of microbes that can degrade pollutants, availability of the pollutants to the microbes, and environmental conditions like temperature, pH, oxygen, and nutrients. The document also provides examples of microbes involved in hydrocarbon degradation and outlines the principles and processes of bioremediation.
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
A detailed presentation on current hot emerging topic BIOREMEDIATION explaining the process and the needs with advantages and disadvantages of the same
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses living organisms like microbes and plants to break down and consume environmental pollutants. It can be done through microbial remediation using intrinsic or engineered microbes, or phyto-remediation using plants. Methods include in-situ techniques like bioventing and biosparging as well as ex-situ ones like biopiles and landfarming. While bioremediation is natural and can control pollution, it is limited to biodegradable wastes and specific processes, and ex-situ methods may disperse pollutants.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
Microbial Biotransformation of xenobiotic compoundsPrashant Singam
This document discusses microbial biotransformation of xenobiotic compounds. It defines xenobiotics as man-made chemicals not naturally produced by living organisms. While microbes can degrade many xenobiotics, some compounds called recalcitrant xenobiotics remain non-degradable. The document outlines types of recalcitrant compounds and how their properties make them resistant to degradation. It also describes various pathways microbes use to transform and degrade xenobiotics through aerobic and anaerobic processes.
This document discusses the biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It defines xenobiotics as man-made chemicals synthesized for industrial or agricultural purposes. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances catalyzed by enzymes. The document outlines the sources and methods of biodegradation for different types of xenobiotics such as hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides and more. It provides examples of microorganisms that can degrade specific compounds like polyesters, PAHs, and PCBs through various pathways including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
Bioremediation of soil: A soil sample ((desert soil/soil with oil spills) ) was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or petrol pump’s soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed by the microbes. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
This ppt contains all types of Microbial Bioremediation methods . Everyone can understand clearly . Explaining with neat pictures and animation . Useful for presentation about Microbes in bioremediation . At last it contains a small animated video which helps to get clear view .
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
This document discusses intrinsic in situ bioremediation. It explains that intrinsic bioremediation uses microorganisms already present in the environment to degrade contaminants, requiring no human intervention and being the cheapest form of bioremediation. Intrinsic bioremediation is tested at the lab and field levels before use to assess the microorganisms' ability to metabolize contaminants. Factors like moisture, pH, temperature, nutrients, electron acceptors, and toxin concentration affect the rate of intrinsic bioremediation. In situ bioremediation cleans up contaminated sites directly where pollution occurred, with options like biostimulation or bioaugmentation. It has advantages of being cost-effective with minimal exposure but
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses living organisms like microbes and plants to reduce environmental pollution. It describes various in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques, including bioventing, biosparging, bioaugmentation, biostimulation, phytoremediation, landfarming, composting and mycoremediation. Examples are provided of bioremediation being used successfully to treat sites contaminated with hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other pollutants. Both intrinsic and engineered systems are outlined.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation of hydrocarbon pollution. It discusses various techniques used for hydrocarbon pollution removal and their disadvantages. It then describes bioremediation as a natural process that uses microorganisms to degrade hydrocarbons into less toxic forms. The document outlines different bioremediation strategies like bioaugmentation and biostimulation and notes advantages such as low cost and generating non-toxic byproducts. It also discusses using genetically engineered microorganisms and phytoremediation using plants. In conclusion, the document emphasizes the need for understanding biodegradation mechanisms to transform pollutants in less toxic forms using microorganisms and plants.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
The USEPA defines biodegradation as a process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment.
According to the definition by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the term biodegradation is “Breakdown of a substance catalyzed by enzymes in vitro or in vivo.
The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment (bioremediation) and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements.
Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms, fungi or plants to return a contaminated environment to its original condition. Phytoremediation specifically uses green plants. Methods include using bacteria to decompose oil spills or degrade chlorinated hydrocarbons. Bioremediation works by microbes breaking down hazardous substances into less toxic forms. It has advantages like lower cost than traditional methods and preserving the natural environment. However, some chemicals are not readily biodegradable and factors like nutrients, moisture and temperature must be considered.
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
This document defines key terms related to petroleum biodegradation and bioremediation. It discusses how bioremediation uses microorganisms to transform pollutants like oil spills into less toxic forms through biodegradation. Several factors influence bioremediation, including the presence of microbes that can degrade pollutants, availability of the pollutants to the microbes, and environmental conditions like temperature, pH, oxygen, and nutrients. The document also provides examples of microbes involved in hydrocarbon degradation and outlines the principles and processes of bioremediation.
This document discusses bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to dissolve metals from ores. The most common microorganisms used are Thiobacillus thiooxidants and Thiobacillus ferrooxidants. Bioleaching can occur directly via microbial contact with ores or indirectly by microbes producing leaching agents. Common applications include copper, uranium, gold and silver, and silica leaching. Bioleaching is used commercially in slope, heap, and in situ leaching with ores placed in piles or left in the ground and irrigated with microbes.
Bioremediation
Bioremediation refers to the use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down
environmental pollutants, in order to clean a polluted site.
The process of bioremediation enhances the rate of the natural
microbial degradation of contaminants by supplementing the
indigenous microorganisms (bacteria or fungi) with nutrients, carbon
sources, or electron donors (biostimulation, biorestoration) or by
adding an enriched culture of microorganisms that have specific
characteristics that allow them to degrade the desired contaminant at
a quicker rate (bioaugmentation).
It is a cleaning process that degrades dangerous contaminants using
naturally existing microbes. These bacteria may consume and
degrade organic chemicals as a source of food and energy, degrade
organic substances that are dangerous to living creatures, including
humans, and degrade the organic pollutants into inert products.
Because the bacteria already exist in nature, they offer no pollution
concern
Bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms or microbial processes
to detoxify and degrade environmental
contaminants.
Microorganisms have been used for the
routine treatment and transformation
of waste products for several decades
Bioremediation strategies rely on
having the correct microorganisms in
the right location at the right time in the
right environment for degradation to
occur. The appropriate microorganisms
are bacteria and fungi that have the
physiological and metabolic
competence to breakdown pollutants
Objective of Bioremediation
The objective of bioremediation is to decrease pollutant levels to
undetectable, nontoxic, or acceptable levels, i.e., within regulatory
limits, or, ideally, to totally mineralize organopollutants to carbon
dioxide
BIOREMEDIATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION
Bioremediation is defined as ‘the process of using microorganisms to remove
the environmental pollutants where microbes serve as scavengers’.
• The removal of organic wastes by microbes leads to environmental clean-up.
The other names/terms used for bioremediation are biotreatment,
bioreclamation, and biorestoration.
• The term “Xenobiotics” (xenos means foreign) refers to the unnatural, foreign
and synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, refrigerants, solvents
and other organic compounds.
• The microbial degradation of xenobiotics also helps in reducing the
environmental pollution. Pseudomonas which is a soil microorganism
effectively degrades xenobiotics.
• Different strains of Pseudomonas that are capable of detoxifying more than
100 organic compounds (e.g. phenols, biphenyls, organophosphates,
naphthalene, etc.) have been identified.
• Some other microbial strains are also known to have the capacity to degrade
xenobiotics such as Mycobacterium, Alcaligenes, Norcardia, etc.
Factors affecting biodegradation
The factors that affect the
biodegradation are:
• the chemical nature of
xenobiotics,
• the conc
A detailed presentation on current hot emerging topic BIOREMEDIATION explaining the process and the needs with advantages and disadvantages of the same
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
This document discusses bioremediation of soil and water contaminated by hydrocarbons and surfactants. It describes hydrocarbon and surfactant contamination sources and various bioremediation methods like bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and land farming that can be used. Advantages of bioremediation include using natural microbial processes while limitations include requirements for suitable microbial populations and environmental conditions. The document also discusses biofilms - microbial communities attached to surfaces, how they form, properties like antibiotic resistance, and challenges they pose for water treatment. Methods to dissolve biofilms like enzymatic treatments are also covered.
The document discusses various methods of bioremediation and biodegradation to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater. It defines bioremediation as using biological organisms such as bacteria and fungi to solve environmental problems through technological innovation. Biodegradation is the natural breakdown of materials by microorganisms. The document then describes various in situ and ex situ bioremediation techniques in detail, including bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping, phytoremediation, land farming, biopiles, and windrows. The key factors in selecting a bioremediation method are the contaminants present, their accessibility to microbes, and any environmental conditions that could inhibit microbial activity.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to degrade environmental pollutants. It defines bioremediation and describes how it works by stimulating existing microbes or adding specialized microbes. The key factors for effective bioremediation like nutrients, water, oxygen and temperature are outlined. In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods are compared, and applications to treat soil, groundwater, marine spills and air are reviewed. Advantages like low cost are balanced with longer timescales. Related technologies like phytoremediation and bioventing are also mentioned.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to remove pollution from soil, water, and air. There are two types of bioremediation - in situ, which treats pollution at the site, and ex situ, which treats pollution off site. In situ bioremediation can be intrinsic, using native microbes, or engineered, by adding nutrients or microbes. Ex situ involves removing contaminated material and treating it through methods like slurry phase bioremediation, which mixes soil and water, or solid phase bioremediation using land farming or piles. Bioremediation is effective but performance is difficult to evaluate and volatile organic compounds remain challenging to degrade.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. It describes various methods of bioremediation including bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Bioaugmentation involves adding microbes that can degrade specific contaminants, biostimulation provides nutrients to promote existing microbial growth, and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial activity. The document also outlines the types of microbes used in bioremediation such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. It concludes that bioremediation is an effective technique for reducing environmental toxicity and discusses using algae to treat wastewater and metal-hyperaccumulating plants for ph
This document provides an overview of bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using biological organisms like microbes and plants to treat contaminated soil and water. The document discusses the history of bioremediation and categorizes different bioremediation techniques. It also outlines the pros and cons of various in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation methods like bioventing, bioaugmentation, biostimulation, biosparging, land farming and composting. Finally, it introduces the concept of phytoremediation and notes that it involves using plants to remediate environmental contaminants.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down environmental pollutants and clean contaminated sites. It can be done through microbial remediation using various microbes, or phytoremediation which uses plants. Bioremediation aims to reduce pollutant levels to safe standards. It works by stimulating microbial growth to consume contaminants as food and convert them into harmless gases. While effective, it has limitations like unknown degradation byproducts and potential for mobilizing or bioaccumulating contaminants.
This document summarizes biodegradation and bioremediation. It defines biodegradation as the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Bioremediation uses these microorganisms to remove pollutants from contaminated sites. The mechanism of biodegradation involves three stages: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, and assimilation. Biodegradation can occur aerobically, in the presence of oxygen, or anaerobically, in the absence of oxygen. Bioremediation has advantages like completely destroying contaminants on-site, but is limited to biodegradable compounds and can take a long time.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and plants to degrade environmental pollutants into non-toxic matter. It can be used to treat contaminated soil and groundwater in situ (where it is found) or ex situ by removing the contaminated material and treating it elsewhere. There are various types of bioremediation depending on the technique used such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and phytoremediation. It is an effective and often low-cost approach to cleanup, but can be difficult to control and may not reduce contaminant concentrations to regulatory levels.
This document discusses the roles of microbes in bioremediation. It defines bioremediation as using microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to degrade contaminants in soils, groundwater, and sediments. The key factors that affect microbial bioremediation are discussed, including the microbial population, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Different types of bioremediation techniques are described, as well as examples of bioremediation applications in soils, groundwater, marine oil spills, and air pollution control.
The document discusses biodegradation and bioremediation. It defines biodegradation as nature's way of breaking down organic matter using microorganisms. Biodegradation can occur aerobically or anaerobically. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to transform hazardous contaminants into less harmful byproducts and is used to treat contaminated sites. There are two types of bioremediation - in situ, which treats contamination on site, and ex situ, which physically extracts contaminated media. Ex situ techniques include solid phase methods like landfarming and biopiling, and slurry phase treatment in bioreactors. Bioremediation has advantages of being relatively low cost and having general public acceptance.
The document discusses various methods of biodegradation and bioremediation. It defines biodegradation as the breakdown of chemicals into simpler forms or smaller molecules aided by microbes or their enzymes. Bioremediation uses microbes, fungi or plants to return contaminated environments to their original state. Approaches include bioaugmentation which adds degrading microbe cultures, and biostimulation which adds nutrients to support indigenous microbe growth. Methods include biopiles, bioreactors, bioventing, landfarming and phytoremediation using plants to uptake contaminants.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation presented by Md. Shoyeb. It defines bioremediation as using organisms or their enzymes to return polluted environments to their original condition. The mechanisms, principles, strategies (in situ and ex situ), types (bioventing, biosparging, bioaugmentation), advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Key contaminants amenable to bioremediation are identified along with persistent pollutants that are difficult to degrade.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants and clean contaminated sites. It describes different types of bioremediation including microbial remediation, which uses bacteria and fungi, and phytoremediation, which uses plants. The goals, methods, applications, advantages and limitations of bioremediation are summarized. Key bioremediation techniques mentioned are bioventing, land-farming, bioaugmentation, and biopiles.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using living organisms to treat environmental pollution by removing contaminants. There are different types of bioremediation based on the microorganisms or degradation process used. In situ bioremediation treats contaminants on-site, while ex situ bioremediation removes material to be treated elsewhere. Phytoremediation uses plants to stabilize, remediate or reduce contaminated soils and waters through processes like phytoextraction and rhizofiltration. The document outlines techniques for both and notes that while bioremediation is less expensive than other methods, it can be time-consuming and dependent on microbial populations and environmental factors
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2. The term of bioremediation has been made of two parts: “bios” means life and refers to
living organisms and “to remediate” that means to solve a problem.
“Bioremediate” means to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such
as contaminated soil or groundwater. Bioremediation is the use of living microorganisms to
degrade environmental pollutants or to prevent pollution
BIOREMADIATION
3.
4. Types of Degradation:
based on the principle of degradation, bioremediation is of two types;
A. Biotransformation: Altera
ti
on of the chemical structure of a compound by enzyme s
produced by microorganisms such that new compounds are formed
In the biotransformation process, various organic components are partially degraded,
and the remaining portion is transformed into various other organic matters.
B. Biomineralization
Biomineralization is another type of bioremediation where microorganisms digest
and convert organic waste nutrients into inorganic materials like water, carbon
dioxide, etc.
5. • bioremediation process is a complex system of several factors
(A) Biotic or biological factors-The major biological factors are included enzyme
activity, interaction (competition, succession, and predation), mutation, horizontal
gene transfer, its growth for biomass production, population size and its composition
(B) Abiotic or environmental factors
-the chemical nature and concentration of pollutants, chemical structure, type,
solubility and toxicity.
-the physicochemical characteristics of the environment,- temperature, pH, moisture,
soil structure, water solubility, nutrients, site conditions, oxygen content and redox
potential
6. Most bioremediation systems operate under aerobic conditions; however, anaerobic
conditions are also applicable, thus enabling the degradation of recalcitrant molecules by
using speci
fi
c microorganisms.
• There are groups of microbes which are used in bioremediation such as:
• Aerobic: aerobic bacteria have degrada
ti
ve capaci
ti
es to degrade the complex compounds
such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Nocardia, Flavobacterium, Rhodococcus,
and Mycobacterium.
• These microbes degrade pes
ti
cides, hydrocarbons, alkanes, and polyaroma
ti
c compounds.
Many of these bacteria use the contaminants as carbon and energy source.
•
9. The advantage of bioremediation
• It is a natural process; as an adequate waste treatment process for contaminated material such as soil. Microbes able to
degrade the contaminant, the biodegradative populations become reduced.
• The treatment products are commonly harmless including cell biomass, water and carbon dioxide.
• It needs a very less effort and can commonly carry out on site, regularly without disturbing normal microbial activities.
• This also eradicates the transport amount of waste off site and the possible threats to human health and the environment.
• It is functional in a cost effective process as comparison to other conventional methods that are used for clean-up of toxic
hazardous waste regularly for the treatment of oil contaminated sites.
• It also supports in complete degradation of the pollutants; many of the toxic hazardous compounds can be transformed to
less harmful products and disposal of contaminated material.
• It does not use any dangerous chemicals. Nutrients especially fertilizers added to make active and fast microbial
growth.
• Simple, less labor intensive and cheap due to their natural role in the environment.
• Contaminants are destroyed, not simply transferred to different environmental.
• , possibly allowing for continued site use.
• Current way of remediating environment from large contaminates and acts as ecofriendly sustainable opportunities.
10. Disadvantages or limitations
• it is limited only to those compounds that are biodegradable. Not all compounds are disposed to quick and complete degradation
process
• There are also increasing concerns that the bioremediation products may be more persistent or hazardous than the parent compounds.
For example, trichloroethylene (TCE) is converted to vinyl chloride, a known carcinogen, via a series of biological reactions, resulting in
a sequencing removal of chlorine atoms.
• the effectiveness of bioremediation is highly susceptible to the microbial growth and other environmental parameters of the site.
• Time taking process - bioremediation often requires more time than other treatment options, such as incineration, or excavation and
removal of soil.
• Chances of Secondary pollution- There are particular new products of biodegradation may be more toxic than the initial compounds
and persist in environment.
• Speci
fi
city - Biological processes are highly speci
fi
c, ecofriendly which includes the presence of metabolically active microbial
populations, suitable environmental growth conditions and availability of nutrients and contaminants.
• Technological advancement - Research is needed to develop and engineer bioremediation technologies that are appropriate for sites
with complex mixtures of contaminants that are not evenly dispersed in the environment.
• Scale up limitation- It is dif
fi
cult to scale up bioremediation process from batch and pilot scale studies applicable to large scale
fi
eld
operations
• Regulatory uncertainty- We are not certain to say that remediation is
1
0
0
% completed, as there is no accepted de
fi
nition of clean. Due
to that performance evaluation of bioremediation is dif
fi
cult, and there is no acceptable endpoint for bioremediation treatments.
11. TYPES OF BIOREMADIATION
the basis of place where wastes are removed, there are principally two ways
of bioremediation
In Situ Bioreme
di
atio
n
Ex Situ Bioreme
di
ations
12. IN SITU BIOREMADIATION
in situ bioremediation is applied to eliminate the pollutants in It is a superior
method for the cleaning of soil and ground water
contaminated environments because it saves transportation costs and uses
harmless microorganisms to eliminate the chemical contaminations.
These microorganisms are better to be of positive chemotactic affinity toward
contaminants
This would be of much relevance either where the least investment and pollution
are favored (for example in factories) or in areas contaminated with dangerous
contaminants (for example in areas contaminated with chemical or radioactive
materials)
13. Two types of in situ bioremediation are distinguished based on the origin of the
microorganisms applied as
(i) Intrinsic bioremediation—This type of in situ bioremediation is carried out
without direct microbial amendment and through intermediation in ecological
conditions of the contaminated region and naturally existing
microfauna by improving nutritional and ventilation conditions.
(ii) Engineered in situ bioremediation—This type of bioremediation is performed
through the introduction of certain microorgansims to a contamination site.
As the conditions of contamination sites are most often unfavorable for the establishment and
bioactivity of the exogenously amended microorganisms,
the environment is modified in away so that improved physico-chemical conditions are
provided.
Oxygen, electron acceptors, and nutrients (for example nitrogen and phosphorus) are required
to enhance microbial growth
14. The process of bioremediation here takes place somewhere out from contaminationsite, and
therefore requires transportation of contaminated soil or pumping of groundwater to the site
of bioremediation.
This technique has more disadvantages than advantages.
Depending on the state of the contaminant in the step of bioremediation, ex situ
bioremediation is classified as:
(i) Solid phase system (including land treatment and soil piles)—The system is used in
order to bioremediate organic wastes and domestic and industrial wastes, sewage sludge,
and municipal solid wastes. Solid-phase soil bioremediation including land-farming, soil
biopiling, and composting.
(ii) Slurry phase systems (including solid–liquid suspensions in bioreactors)—
Slurry phase bioremediation is a relatively more rapid process compared to
the other treatment processes
EX SITU BIOREMADIATION
15. Contaminated soil is mixed with water and other additives in a large tank called a
bioreactor and intermingled to bring the indigenous microorganisms in close
contact with soil contaminants.
Nutrients and oxygen are amended, and the conditions in the bioreactor are so
adjusted that an optimal environment for microbial bioremediation is provided.
After completion of the process, the water is removed, and the solid wastes are
disposed off or processed more to decontaminate remaining pollutants
16. in situ technique
Bioaugmentation
Bioaugmentation is the addition of non-native microorganisms that have the
ability to degrade the contaminants that are recalcitrant to the indigenous
microbiota
. Bioaugmentation has been proven successful in cleaning organic pollutant,
but still faces many environmental problems, such as the survival of strains
introduced to soil
.The number of introduced microorganisms usually decreases shortly after
soil soil inoculation.
17. • .
• Bioaugmentation is the introduction of a group of natural microbial strains or a
genetically engineered strain to treat contaminated soil or water.
• Most commonly, it is used in municipal waste water treatment to restart activated
sludge bioreactors.
• At sites where soil and ground water are contaminated with chlorinated ethanes,
such as tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene, bioaugmentation is used to
ensure that the in situ microorganisms can completely degrade these
contaminants to ethylene and chloride, which are nontoxic in nature.
18. The success of bioaugmentation strongly depends on the ability of
inoculants to survive in contaminated soil, which may vary due to predation
and an environment that does provide all the conditions and nutrients that
the organism needs to survive.
In some cases the environment may be toxic to the added organism.
19. biosluping
The biological processes in the term "bioslurping" refer to aerobic biological
degradation of the hydrocarbons when air is introduced into the unsaturated
zone.
Bioslurping combines elements of bioventing and vacuum-enhanced
pumping of free-product to recover free-product from the groundwater and
soil, and to bioremediate soils.
The bioslurper system uses a "slurp" tube that extends into the free-product
layer.
20. Much like a straw in a glass draws liquid, the pump draws liquid (including
free-product) and soil gas up the tube in the same process stream.
Pumping lifts light non-aqueous phase liquids LNAPL such as oil, off the top
of the water table and from the capillary fringe (i.e., an area just above
the saturated zone, where water is held in place by capillary forces).
The LNAPL is brought to the surface, where it is separated from water and air.
21. LIMITATION
less effective in tight (low-permeability) soils
greatest limitation to air permeability is excessive soil moisture. .
Too much moisture can reduce air permeability of the soil and decrease its
oxygen transfer capability.
Too little moisture will inhibit microbial activity.
slow process
22. application
Bioslurping is used to remediate soils contaminated by fuel, as well as
groundwater contaminated with fuel LNAPLs
. It can help to remediate soils contaminated with nonnhalogenated volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs).
23. injection of air under pressure below the
water table to increase ground water o
2
concentration .
and enhance the rate of biological
degradation of contaminants by naturally
occurring bacteria
biosparging
24. Components Of A Biosparging System
A typical biosparging system design includes the following components
Sparging well orientation, placement, and construction details
Manifold piping
Compressed air equipment
Monitoring and control equipment A nutrient delivery system is sometimes included
in biosparging design.
If nutrients are added, the design should specify the type of nutrient addition and
the construction details
25. Biosparging should not be used if the following site conditions exist:
Free product is present-Biosparging can create groundwater mounding which could
cause free product to migrate and contamination to spread.
Basements, sewers, or other subsurface con
fi
ned spaces are located near the site.
Potentially dangerous constituent concentrations could accumulate in basements and
other subsurface con
fi
ned spaces unless a vapor extraction system is used to control
vapor migration.
The effectiveness of biosparging depends primarily on two factors:
The permeability of the soil which determines the rate at which oxygen can be supplied
to the hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in the subsurface.
The biodegradability of the contaminant constituents which determines both the rate at
which and the degree to which the constituents will be degraded by microorganisms.
26.
27. natural attenuation
Natural attenuation and bioremediation are methods to treat polluted
environments, in which microorganisms contribute to pollutant degradation.
Essentially an in situ biological remediation as the nutrients, moisture content,
temperature and oxygen can all occur naturally within the ground.
These native microorganisms would simply reproduce by themselves and reduce
the concentration of contamination in the appropriate environment...
28. • USES
• VOCs, SVOCs and fuel hydrocarbons are commonly evaluated for natural
attenuation.
• Some pesticides also can be allowed to naturally attenuate - but generally less
effective.
29. ADVANTEGE
Less generation & transfer of waste.
Less intrusive (only ground monitoring
wells required).
May be applied to part/or all of a
contaminated area (depending on site
conditions, cleanup objectives and
allowable treatment time)
Generally lower cost than active
remediation -
DISADVANTAGE
The process may be too slow
Toxicity of contaminant may be too
great.
Long term, more extensive
performance monitoring reqd.
Longer time to achieve clean-up
objectives.Typically requires several
years.
Site characterisation (modelling/
evaluation) may be more complex and
costly.
30. bioventing
• Bioventing is a promising new technology that stimulates the natural in situ biodegradation of any aerobically
degradable compounds
• Bioventing is involves stimulating indigenous microorganisms through the addition of a gas (typically air) using
extraction or injection wells to degrade organic contaminants (typically petroleum hydrocarbons) present in
unsaturated soil.
• Air most often is injected into the unsaturated vadose zone, but at some sites, can be extracted from the vadose zone.
• It uses low air
fl
ow rates to provide only enough oxygen to sustain microbial activity, that also minimizes the
volatilization and release of contaminants to the atmosphere.
• Oxygen is most commonly supplied through direct air injection into residual contamination in soil by means of wells.
• Bioventing primarily assists in the degradation of adsorbed fuel residuals, but also assists in the degradation
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as vapors move slowly through biologically active soil.
• Bioventing can be classi
fi
ed into ac
ti
ve or passive technology. In passive technology the gas exchange through the vent
wells occurs only by the effect of atmospheric pressure, whereas in active technology the air is driven into the ground
with the aid of a blower or a pump.
31.
32. types of bioventing
active bioventing
passive bioventing.
anaerobic bioventin
Natural Pressure-Driven Bioventing
Cometabolic Bioventing
33. The most common bioventing approach is to
use one or more blowers to introduce air into
the vadose zone (referred to as active
bioventing).
The blowers can be operated to either inject air
or extract soil vapors from a series of vent wells
.When extracting vapors, removal of the gas
creates a negative pressure that causes
atmospheric air to be drawn into the
subsurface.
34. Less common is the use of passive
bioventing systems in which
changes in atmospheric pressure
and, in rare situations (e.g., sites
where tidal
fl
uctuations are
pronounced) changes in
groundwater levels facilitate the
introduction of ambient air into the
vadose zone
.Vent wells equipped with
specially-designed valves that allow
fresh air to enter the well during
high pressure conditions are used
to facilitate the exchange of gases.
35. bio stimulation
This method involves the addition of nutrients to a polluted site in order to
encourage the growth of naturally occurring chemical-degrading microorganisms
. Biostimulation is primarily done by the addition of various nutrients that are
limited in the soil as well as electron acceptors, such as phosphorus, nitrogen and
oxygen, or increasing the amount of available carbon in order to increase the
population or activity of naturally occurring microorganisms.
Other approaches are to optimize environmental conditions such as aeration, the
addition of nutrients, altering pH and temperature control
.The primary advantage of biostimulation is that it is done by native microorganisms
that are well-suited to the environment, and are already well distributed spatially.
The challenge is delivering additives so they are readily available to the subsurface
microbes.
36. ex into( solid phase )
Biopiling
Excavated soils are mixed with soil amendments and placed on a treatment area.
Biopiles are aerated with the use of perforated pipes and blowers in order to control
the progression of biodegradation more ef
fi
ciently by controlling the supply of
oxygen , which in turn may affect other factors such as pH.
This system is primarily used to remediate systems with oil and hydrocarbon
contamination.
The remediated soil is placed in a liner to prevent further contamination of the soil,
they may also be covered with plastic to control runoff, evaporation,
and volatilization.
37.
38.
39. composting
Nutrients are added to soil that is mixed to increase aeration and activation of
indigenous microorganisms.
Composting is done in a separate container, then when composting is complete it is
incorporated into the soil.
Bioremediation by the utilization of compost relies on the adsorption capabilities of
organic matter and the degradation capabilities of microorganisms present
Composting is recognized as as one of the most cost-effective technologies for soil
bioremediation and it can be done on large and small scales.
The use of composting is a very versatile technique for soil polluted by a wide range
of organic pollutants and heavy metals, making it great for easier remediation
involving various pollutants.
40. The utilization of organic wastes for soil remediation is also helpful in decreasing
the need for their storage and treatment.
Organic matter that is generated from composting offers the bene
fi
t of improving
soil quality and structure.
Composting is primarily used for remediation over a longer period of time, as the
nutrients for the microbes are released gradually and requrire more time compared
to quicker treatments such as biostimulation.
41.
42. Contaminated soil is mixed with amendments such as nutrients, and then they are
tilled into the earth, or the contaminated soil is applied into lined beds and
periodically turned over or tilled to aerate the waste.
The topmost layer is the area of concentration for this method, so it is not ideal for
deeper remediation.
Land farming differs from composting because it actually incorporates contaminated
soil into soil that is uncontaminated .
The higher zone of remediation will typically contain primarily lighter hydrocarbons
that can be volatilized.
The material is periodically tilled for aeration to hasten remediation of any nutrients
and allow more oxygen to act as electron acceptors, as well as allowing volatilization to
occur.
land farming
43. Contaminants are degraded, transformed, and immobilized by microbiological
processes and oxidation.
Soil conditions are controlled to optimize the rate of contaminant degradation,
moisture content, frequency of aeration, and pH are all conditions that may be
controlled
44.
45. bio
fi
ltration
Air is polluted by a variety of volatile organic compounds created by a range of
industrial processes.
While chemical scrubbing has been used to clean gases emitted from chimneys,
the newer technique of ‘bio
fi
ltration’ is helping to clean industrial gases.
This method involves passing polluted air over a replaceable culture medium
containing microorganisms that degrade contaminates into products such as
carbon dioxide, water or salts.
Bio
fi
ltration is the only biological technique currently available to remediate
airborne pollutants.
46. Bio
fi
ltration is a process, in which, microorganisms supported on inert materials
are used to degrade organic pollutants for air, gas and water
bioremediationTypes of bio
fi
lters:
1
- Bioscrubbers.
2
- Biotrickling
fi
lters.
3
- Slow sand or carbon
fi
lters.
48. Slow sand or carbon
fi
lters
Slow sand or carbon
fi
lters work through the formation of a gelatinous layer (or
bio
fi
lm layer) on the top few millimetres of the
fi
ne sand or carbon layer.
This layer contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect
larvae (i.e. rotifers).
49. .A slurry bioreactor may be defined as a containment vessel and apparatus
used to create a three-phase (solid, liquid, and gas) mixing condition to increase the
bioremediation rate of soil-bound and water-soluble pollutants as a water slurry of
the materials contaminated with petroleum residueS
slurry phase -bioreactor
50. • The excavated soil is physically pre-treated to separate stones and rubble. In
some cases, it is also pre-washed to concentrate the contaminants into a smaller
volume of soil.
• An aqueous slurry is created by combining the contaminated soil, sediment, or
sludge with water and nutrients - amount depends altering the concentration for
an apt rate of bio-degradation to occur. (Typically, the slurry contains from
1
0
to
3
0
% solids by weight).
• This is then placed into a bio-reactor The slurry is mixed to keep solids
suspended and microorganisms in contact with the soil contaminants.
• Upon completion of the process, the slurry is dewatered and the treated soil can
be replaced to it's position. Only the contaminated
fi
nes & collected wastewater
require further treatment.
51. If necessary, an acid or alkali may be added to control pH.
Microorganisms also may be added if a suitable population is not present.
Dewatering devices that may be used include clari
fi
ers, pressure
fi
lters,
vacuum
fi
lters, sand drying beds, or centrifuges.
Slurry-phase bioreactors may be classi
fi
ed as short- to medium-term
technologies.
52. Treats solid phases contaminated by non-halogenated and , explosives, petroleum
hydrocarbons, petrochemicals, solvents, some pesticides, wood preservatives & other
organic chemicals.
The ability to add specially adapted microorganisms allow treatment of halogenated
VOCs and SVOCs, pesticides, and PCBs. (e.g. otherwise more persistent compounds).
53. Limitations/Disadvantages:
• Must excavate & transport the contaminated media (unless lagoon implementation).
• Bio-reactor design can be dif
fi
cult and expensive.
• Nonhomogeneous or clayey soils can create serious material handling problems.
• Dewatering soil
fi
nes after treatment can be expensive.
• An acceptable method for disposing/further treating waste-water is required.
• A preliminary treatability study should be conducted.
54. PHYTOREMADIATION
1. Phytostabilization.In this process, chemical compounds produced by the plant immobilize contaminants, rather than degrade them.
2. Phytoaccumulation (also called phytoextraction). In this process, plant roots absorb the contaminants along with other nutrients
and water.The contaminant mass is not destroyed but ends up in the plant shoots and leaves.This method is used primarily for
wastes containing metals.
3. Hydroponic Systems for Treating Water Streams (Rhizo
fi
ltration). Rhizo
fi
ltration is similar to phytoaccumulation, but the plants
used for cleanup are raised in greenhouses with their roots in water.This method of growing can be used for ex-situ groundwater
treatment.That is, groundwater is pumped to the surface to irrigate these plants.Typically hydroponic systems utilize an arti
fi
cial
soil medium, such as sand mixed with perlite or vermiculite. As the roots become saturated with contaminants, they are harvested
and disposed of.
4. Phytovolatilization.In this process, plants take up water containing organic contaminants and release the contaminants into the air
through their leaves.
5. Phytdegradation. In this process, plants actually metabolize and destroy contaminants within plant tissues.
6. Hydraulic Control. In this process, trees indirectly remediate by controlling the groundwater movement.Trees act as natural pumps
when their roots reach down towards the water table and establish a dense root mass that takes up large quantities of water. A
poplar tree, for example, pulls out of the ground
3
0
gallons of water per day, and cottonwood can absorb up to
3
5
0
gallons per day.
55.
56. u Approximately
4
0
0
plant species have been classi
fi
ed as hyperaccumulators of
heavy metals, such as grasses, sun
fl
ower, corn, hemp,
fl
ax, alfalfa, tobacco, willow,
Indian mustard, poplar, water hyacinth, etc.
57. mycoremadiation
A wide number of fungal species have shown incredible abilities to degrade a growing
list of persistent and toxic industrial waste products and chemical contaminants to less
toxic form or non-toxic form
. Mycelium reduces toxins by different enzymatic mechanism to restore the natural
fl
ora
and fauna.
White rot fungi has successfully been utilized in degradation of environmental
pollutant like polyaromatic compounds, pesticides etc.
The present review gives a insights on degradation aspects of heavy metals, PAH
especially using different fungal species.
58. White rot fungi has potential to degrade contaminants using wide range of enzymes.
Mycoremediation is promising alternative to replace or supplement present treatment
processes
Mushrooms are vegetal organisms with the ability to accumulate heavy metals.This
ability is explained by the presence of a rich network of hyphae which occurs in a
considerable volume in the upper layer of soil.
This allows mushrooms to collect required water and minerals from the soil for
production of fruiting body
Every species of mushroom has a speci
fi
c capacity, genetically controlled for absorption
of one or another heavy metal from the soil
. Mushroom can be successfully utilized in mycoremediation technologies, where their
feature concerning the uptake of heavy metal is bene
fi
cial
59. mycoremediate heavy metals which include
Pleurotus platypus,
Agaricus bisporus,
Calocybe indica,
Hygrophorus etc.