This document provides an introduction to a sociolinguistic study of address terms in Punjabi. It discusses how address terms are used to denote power dynamics and create solidarity. The study aims to analyze how address terms are used differently by male and female speakers in Punjabi, and what social factors influence these terms. Data will be collected through observation of address terms used in Punjabi movies and everyday conversations to identify the nature of social relationships signaled by various address terms.

1. A SOCIOLINGUISTICS STUDY OF PUNJABI ADDRESS TERMS
INTRODUCTION:
Denoting power and creating solidarity in social interactions has
always been a target for researchers due to their importance in shaping relations
among interlocutors within the same linguistic and cultural community or across different
languages and cultures. It has been clearly stated that language establishes as well as
maintains human relations. Every member of a society has different levels of
relationship with the other members of the society. A single person can be addressed by
different address forms in different situations. Address forms are considered a key
component of effective communication and a scale to judge the status of the relationship of
speakers. Beside the proper names, polite pronouns are used to address the addressee. A T-
V distinction system exists in sociolinguistics, which constitutes the pronouns that
demonstrate the different levels of respect, intimacy, power, and familiarity. In Pakistan,
the addresser also uses different pronouns to address the hearer. The people, who
share the relationship of power, use 'Aap' (in Urdu) or 'Tusi" (in Punjabi) for addressing
their husbands, roughly equivalent to V form. These forms of address are equivalent to
V form and explain the relation of distance and dominance. In the same way, the people
who share the relationship of closeness and solidarity address as "Tum' (in Urdu) and
'Tu' (in Punjabi). These forms are equivalent to T form and exhibit the relation of frankness
and intimacy. In sociolinguistics, these are known as T and V pronouns respectively, after the
first letter of the familiar and polite forms in French, tu and vous". (Trudgill: 1992, p.73). The
T–V distinction (from the Latin pronouns tu and vos) is a contrast, within one language,
between various forms of addressing one's conversation partner or partners. This may be
specialized for varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity, age or insult
toward the addressee. Some address terms are used in Punjabi at different places such as
(Market place, bus station, joint family system, friends gathering) and in different Punjabi
movies. Wife address her husband Using his proper name with the addition of the word
'‫'بحاص‬, which is equal to English word ‘Mr. Using the caste of her husband with the
addition of '‫'بحاص‬ at the end like “ ‫بحاص‬
‫یردھوچ‬ ” etc. Addressing him indirectly like
child's father with the use of child's name. For instance, 'Yasir's father' or 'Yasir key
Abbu' in Urdu etc. Husband address his wife “ ‫یج‬
‫مکیب‬ ” In Punjabi they used to call “‫ئن‬” or
“‫ےا‬” What address terms are used in Punjabi? What social factors re involved in the
determination of address terms in Punjabi scenario? How do male and female
speakers produce address terms differently? Analyze the social relations and term address in
Punjabi language To identify the nature of social relationship in Punjabi scenario Investigate
the way of male and female addresses to each other There is no research on this topic
before and this is also a research gap, and the primary objective of this topic “A
sociolinguistics study of Punjabi address terms”, is to find out the power and solidarity
through the address of any person. For this purpose, the data has been collected from the
people and Punjabi movies. This research is based on a qualitative research method
and the tool which is used for analysis is the observation tool and ethnographic tool,
the observation tool is used for observing people and the ethnographic tool is for
analysis of Punjabi movies. Power usually

2. A SOCIOLINGUISTICS STUDY OF PUNJABI ADDRESS TERMS
indicates asymmetrical relationships where one speaker is
subordinate to another, while solidarity indicates symmetrical
relationships characterized by social equality and similarity. The main
purpose of this research is to finds that the range of address forms
used in the Punjabi movies and People in Pakistan. The data collected
from the natural environment like wife-husband conversation is not
possible so that’s why the data collected from the five Punjabi
movies. The relation between people can be determined through
the modes of address chosen by naturalistic or predefined data.
However, it is the choice of the speaker to address the addressee with
a proper name or by using polite pronouns. We will collect the data
from Punjabi movies and for the cross-check will find out naturalistic
data in which we can determine address terms used in
relationships. While collecting and observing address terms in
Punjabi movies then the screen will be hidden we will just
listen and observe address terms that will be easy for data collection.
We will capture the different address terms and variations level in
Punjabi movies and from naturalistic data. Will determine in which
relationship variations are more found. predefined: Punjabi movies
are predefined or prepared there is no need for changing or we
cannot change it ,so in this way we can collect private conversation
between two people especially between husband and wife and also
different address terms using in relationships. For example: “Ni
Hiriye” “Wey mundeya” “Oye ja wey” (people can use more than
one address terms at a onetime). Naturalistic: we will plan to
observe data from different places such as (market place, family,
friends, and neighborhoods etc. For example: At different places
some address terms are used “O kaka” (dear terms) “Guriya”
“Choto” “Paa g” Observation as data collection tool Ethnographic
tool (recording of Punjabi movies) We will observe address terms
from Punjabi movies or at different places by using both tools. In
Punjabi movies we will record address terms then will observe it or
data will be collected naturalistically from different places. In this
research the descriptive research design is used because the
collection of data is done from various sources like Punjabi
movies and from Punjabi speakers of local areas. The Random
convenient data sampling is used for this research because
people and Punjabi movies are most convenient source for gathering
data. In this research the ethnographic tool is used for data
collection from the Punjabi movies. The ethnographic tool is a
research method that provides an alternative to traditional qualitative
research so five Punjabi movies are used for data collection.
Observation tool is used for the data collection from the people.