This document discusses social perception and related concepts. It begins by defining self-concept and how we perceive ourselves. It then discusses social perception, which is how we form impressions of others based on social cues. Key aspects of social perception discussed include social beliefs like customs and traditions that influence perceptions, how moods and judgments affect social perception, and the expectations societies have of individual roles and behaviors. The document aims to outline the important factors that shape an individual's social perception within a given community or culture.

1. Social Perception

2. Outline
👉 Self concept
👉 Social perception
👉 Judging our social worlds
👉 Social Beliefs
👉 Our exceptions from our social worlds
👉 What our social world expect from us?

3. Self Concept
● The self-concept is a general term used to refer to how
someone thinks about, evaluates or perceives
themselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept
of oneself.
● Self-concept is generally thought of as our individual
perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique
characteristics—a mental picture of who you are as a
person.

4. ● For example, beliefs such as "I am a good friend" or "I
am a kind person" are part of an overall self-concept.
● Our self-concept is important because it influences how we
think, feel, and act in everyday organizational life. The
self-concept is, of course, only one of many factors that
affect managerial thinking, feeling, and behavior, but it is
undoubtedly one of the most powerful influences on many
important behaviors.

5. Social concept
➡️ Self knowledge
➡️ Social Self
➡️ Self esteem

6. Self knowledge
● Self-knowledge is a component of the self or, more
accurately, the self-concept.
● It is the knowledge of oneself and one's properties and
the desire to seek such knowledge that guide the
development of the self-concept.
● Self-knowledge informs us of our mental representations
of ourselves, which contain attributes that we uniquely
pair with ourselves, and theories on whether these
attributes are stable or dynamic.

7. Social Self
● Social self refers to how we perceive ourselves in
relation to others. It involves relationship building,
empathizing, and communicating. A healthy, or not so
healthy, social self will also impact your overall
mental wellbeing and ability to meet life goals.

8. Self Esteem
● Self-esteem (also known as self-worth) refers to the
extent to which we like, accept or approve of
ourselves, or how much we value ourselves.
● Self-esteem always involves a degree of evaluation
and we may have either a positive or a negative view
of ourselves.

9. High self-esteem(we have a positive view of ourselves)
This tends to lead to
● Confidence in our own abilities
● Self-acceptance
● Not worrying about what others think
● Optimism
Low self-esteem(we have a negative view of ourselves)
This tends to lead to
● Lack of confidence
● Want to be/look like someone else
● Always worrying what others might think
● Pessimism

10. Social perception
➡️Our understanding of society
➡️Behavior and attitude of society
➡️Culture and Norms

11. Social perception
● Social perception (or person perception) is the study of how
people form impressions of and make inferences about other
people as sovereign personalities.
● Social perception refers to identifying and utilizing social
cues to make judgments about social roles, rules,
relationships, context, or the characteristics (e.g.,
trustworthiness) of others.
● For example, if you are at wedding, and see everyone is
smiling. Feeling happy in the celebration of wedding is your
perception.

12. Our understanding of society
● One of the key ways people can understand society and social
change is to apply this sociological imagination. This involves
something called making the familiar strange, or questioning
and critiquing the world around us.Basically sociological
imagination is the key to our social perception.
● Sociological imagination:The application of imaginative
thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions.
Someone using the sociological imagination "thinks himself
away" from the familiar routines of daily life.

13. Behavior and attitude of society
● Attitude is a way of feeling or acting toward a person,
thing or situation.
● Attitudes and behaviors play an important role when it
comes to social perception.
● Attitudes are not strongly predictive of behavior by
themselves, they have been found to be important when
used with other personal and situational variables.
Attitudes not only affect actions, they also influence
perceptions and the interpretation of actual events”.

14. Culture and norms
● Our social perception is greatly influenced by the
norms and culture of our society.
● Norms are the agreed‐upon expectations and rules by
which a culture guides the behavior of its members in
any given situation.Of course, norms vary widely
across cultural groups.Americans, for instance,
maintain fairly direct eye contact when conversing
with others.Asians, on the other hand, may avert their
eyes as a sign of politeness and respect.

15. Judging our social worlds
➡️ Initutive Judgments
➡️ Over-confidence
➡️ Mood and judgments

16. Judging our social worlds
● We judge our society on the basis of our social
perception.our judgement highly depends upon
how we percieve about our culture norms
behaviors etc. It is greatly dependent on our social
perception.
● Similarly our social perception depends upon the
society around us.

17. Initutive Judgments
We seem to think and make decisions using a dual track
system.
● Controlled Processing: “Explicit” thinking that is
deliberate, reflective, and conscious.
Remembering facts
● Automatic Processing: “Implicit” thinking that is
effortless, habitual, and without awareness, roughly
corresponds to “intuition”.
Schemas, Emotional reactions, Expertise People without an
ability to create new explicit memories can “learn” implicit
skills.

18. Over-confidence
● The tendency to be more confident than correct to
overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs is widely
known as overconfidence phenomenon.
● People with such traits show more confidence while they
may be wrong most of the time. And another effect that
is conformation bias, i.e. the tendency of finding logics
and information that confirms pre concepts can be found.

19. Over-confidence
● The tendency to be more confident than correct to
overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs is widely
known as overconfidence phenomenon.
● People with such traits show more confidence while
they may be wrong most of the time. And another
effect that is conformation bias, i.e. the tendency of
finding logics and information that confirms pre
concepts can be found.

20. Remedies for Overconfidence
The following three techniques are thought by the professionals of
this field to reduce the intensity of overconfidence.
● Feedback, many of us get feedbacks almost on a daily basis.
Listening to them may be helpful.
● To reduce “planning fallacy” overconfidence, people can be
asked to unpack a task, to break it down into its subcomponents.
● When people think about why an idea might be true, it begins to
seem true. Thus, a third way to reduce overconfidence is to get
people to think of one good reason why their judgments might be
wrong; that is, force them to consider disconfirming information.

21. Mood and judgments
● Social judgment involves efficient, though fallible, information
processing. It also involves our feelings: Our moods infuse our
judgments.
● We are not cool computing machines; we are emotional creatures.
● Unhappy people especially those bereaved or depressed tend to
be more self-focused and brooding.
● A depressed mood motivates intense thinking a search for
information that makes one’s environment more understandable
and controllable.
● Happy people, by contrast, are more trusting, more loving, more
responsive.

22. Social beliefs
➡️ Customs
➡️ Traditions
➡️ Belief perseverance

23. Social Beliefs
● Social beliefs are the beliefs by which groups in a
community identify themselves.
● Social beliefs are sets of ideals and worldviews: They
are coherent from inside, they appear to be true once
they are accepted, and they seem to be wrong once
they are dismissed.

24. Customs
● A custom is defined as a cultural idea that describes a
regular, patterned behavior that is considered
characteristic of life in a social system.
● Shaking hands, bowing, and kissing—all customs—are
methods of greeting people. The method most
commonly used in a given society helps distinguish
one culture from another.

25. Tradition
● A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed
down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or
special significance with origins in the past (peer presser
from dead people).
● Tradition is a custom or belief that is passed down
through the generations or that is done time after time or
year after year.
● An example of a tradition is eating turkey on
Thanksgiving or putting up a tree on Christmas.

26. Belief perseverance
● Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, as when the
basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation
of why the belief might be true survives.
● Children do eventually stop believing in Santa Claus,
but….sometimes they hold out.
● Explains why even an accusation of a crime can ruin a
reputation.

27. Our Expectations from our social worlds
➡️ Our roles in society
➡️ Our behavior and attitude in society
➡️ Effect of our attitudes and behaviors

28. Our Expectations from our social worlds
● Social expectations are ideas that we have of how
someone in our social surroundings will behave in the
future or in a specific situation. When we generate an
impression of someone, these expectations are
associated with the image we generate. This helps us
imagine how we have to behave or act around them and
to predict their behavior.

29. ● Behavioral expectations greatly influence our own
behavior. We don’t treat everyone alike, just as we don’t
treat the same person the same way in every situation.
We can see this in many everyday situations.

30. Our behavior and attitude in society
● Behavior and attitude of the society towards us and
our's towards them play an important role in our
social perception.if we ourselves play a good part
in society,we will definitely perceive that the
society would also be good towards us and vice
versa.

31. Our role in society
● Our role in society predicts our expectations from our
social world. it highly depends upon how we
perceive ourselves in the society while doing our
specific jobs assigned to us by the standards of
society.
● For example, if a person is a teacher and thinks of
himself as a good teacher who is doing his job
diligently and punctually, surely he will expect to get
appreciation from the overall society.

32. Effect of our attitudes and behaviors
● Our behavior and attitude effect our social perception.this
is because we refer to the society depending on our own
actions.
● For example, if a person acts more like a boss ,the people
around him will say "he always gets things his way", as a
result, people will less likely interact with him/her. Hence
the overall effect of the person's attitudes will be, the he
will get deserted in most of the places. people will not
support him that much.

33. What our social world expect from us?
➡️ Role of society
➡️ Behavior and attitude in society
➡️ Effect of our attitudes and behaviors

34. What our social world expect from us?
● Social expectation is an internalized social norm for
society, about what people should do. ... It is a general
societal climate where people's imagined reference
groups or communities affect their behaviours.
● Each social situation entails its own particular set of
expectations about the “proper” way to behave. Social
roles are the part people play as members of a social
group.

35. ● For example, girls and women are generally expected
to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite,
accommodating, Men are generally expected to be
strong, aggressive, and bold. Every society, ethnic
group, and culture has gender role expectations, but
they can be very different from group to group.

36. Role in society
● We and our actions are judged and perceived according to the
set standards of our society and the characteristics role that
we are playing as a member of society.
● For example, when someone says the word (Maulvi) the
image comes to our mind is usually of an old or middle aged
man having a bead, wearing a white dress and a turbon or a
cap on head. And we perceive expect from him to be honest,
religius, honourable, kind and knowledgeable. Hence the
perception comes automatically beacuse of his role in society.

37. Behavior and attitude in society
● Society is the makeup of our generation today.
everyone's behavior and physical appearance is
predictable.
● In society there are many exception you need to dress a
certain way act a certain way, look in a certain and even
like certain things.
● Society expect everybody to be perfect on to be same
and look the same.
● Sometimes people actually may alter their attitudes and
behaviours in order to fullfil society demands.

38. Effect of our attitudes and behaviors
● Our attitude and behaviour can negatively and
positively effect on society .as a member of society
it's our responsibility to maintain norms and
behaviour of society.
● social norms are the rules and behaviours that are
considered acceptable in a society. Society expect us
to be the good person to perform our duties perfectly
and to be cooperative in each situation.

39. ● Some behaviours which are unexpectable in our
society are aggressive and abusive behaviour it affect
negatively in our society. The individual who have
unexpectable behaviour have a bad social
perception...

40. Article
Why do some parents say “no” to polio drops?
Perception among local Afghan residents Towards polio
vaccine.

41. Abstract
Introduction:
The delivery of oral vaccine to children has almost eradicated polio
around the world. However, it is still proving to be a challenge in some
countries. In Afghanistan some caregivers are still reluctant to accept
drops for their children.
To better understand the root cause, the researchers from UNICEF and
Harvard School of public health designed a survey of Afghanistan
caregivers to understand the knowledge and attitudes and experiences
that underline caregiver’s decision and show how surveys can inform the
elimination of disease.

42. Research method:
● Researchers designed a survey of caregivers of children
under 5 years of age in the local districts where, there
seemed to be a continuous reluctance and an increase in
polio cases.
● The survey was limited to 15 participants from every
district. The houses were chosen randomly.

43. Interviewing methodology:
● Face to face interviews were conducted with the samples
of caregivers from each district.
● Local language “Pashto” was carried out for the interview
by an interviewer of same gender as the candidate.
● The questionnaire had 55 questions that covered the
intention of caregiver towards accepting or rejecting the
polio vaccine for their child.
● The survey analyzed 4 possible threats based on the
perception of the candidates.

44. Perception of candidates about polio vaccine:
● Based on their views, candidates were classified into different
groups based on there perceptional views.
Number 1:
● Caregivers who were not very much concerned about polio,
thought of it as not something “serious”
● They just precepted it as some simple disease, not knowing that
it can cause permanent paralysis.
● Hence lack of knowledge lead to the perception that its not
something to be so concerned about.

45. Number 2:
● Rumors about the polio vaccine also hampers vaccination effort.
● The three major rumors in the communities were;
● That the drops themselves are very likely to cause polio. People precepted
the vaccine to be a cause of virus, while totally denying the fact that it can
spread through water, garbage, food etc.
● Some also believed that the vaccine contains HIV/AIDS virus thus leading
to mistrust as a cause of rejection.
● There were also rumors such as the vaccine was not halal, that it was made
using urine and blood.
● Hence all these rumors led to the perception among the people that polio
vaccine should be avoided.

46. Number 3:
● Lack of trust on the organizations behind the vaccination
campaign as well as the vaccinators and most importantly
the perception that vaccinators don’t actually a great deal
about their children.
Number 4:
● Also, the lack of support from the prominent community
members of the society was also a cause to lack of
commitment towards the vaccine.

47. Conclusion:
● The survey highlighted first and foremost, that perception of
people regarding trust is a critical factor in polio vaccine
acceptance.
● Trust maybe built when local organizations take a lead in polio
campaigns.
● The vaccinators should receive training that can make the people
change their perception towards the vaccination efforts and can
create a better image overall.
● Lack of knowledge and not fully understanding the facts and
disease make them perceive false ideas and create less acceptance.

48. References:
● McLeod, Saul. “Self Concept.” Simply Psychology, 2008.
● https://www.simplypsychology.org/self-concept.html
● Social psychology 13 edition,Robert A Baron , Nyla R.Branscombe
● Myers, G, D., & Teenage M, J.,((2015) social psychology Vol 12.
mcGraw-Hill Education
● Aronson, Elliot; Wilson, Timothy D.; Akert, Robin M. (2010). Social
Psychology Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education, Inc. pp. 83–115. ISBN 0-13-814478-8.
● https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_perception

49. THANKS