This document discusses personality from several perspectives. It begins by defining personality and exploring its origins from the Latin word "persona" referring to masks worn by actors. It then examines major theories of personality including trait theory, psychodynamic theory, behavioral theory, social learning theory, and humanistic theory. The document also explores key aspects of personality like the Big Five personality traits and differences in personality across gender, culture and race. It provides an overview of approaches to assessing personality like self-report tests, projective techniques, interviews and thought sampling. Finally, it discusses some methods used in personality research like case studies, experiments, and correlational studies.

2. PERSONALITY
TRAIT
PERSONALITY
TYPE

3. The word personality comes from the
Latin word ”persona”. In the ancient world,
a persona was a mask worn by an actor.
While we tend to think of a mask as being
worn to conceal one’s identity, the
theatrical mask was originally used to
either represent or project a specific
personality trait of a character.
A pattern of relatively permanent traits
and unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individually to a person’s
behavior.

4. Unique qualities of an individual that include
attributes such as temperament, physique and
intelligence
By the term character, we mean an enduring and
distinguishing mental and moral characteristics
in an individual.
 It is the only factor which determines our reaction
or response to the given event or situation.
 It defines a person’s behaviour pattern,
thinking style, controls feelings. It is based on
the environment that surrounds us, mental ability,
moral principles and similar other factors. It is the
most precious thing possessed by a person,
evidenced by the limits she never crossed.

5. Hereditary aspects of personality, including
:
Sensitivity
Irritability
Mood
Adaptability

6. Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic
patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
Personality traits imply consistency and
stability—someone who scores high on a
specific trait ,stable qualities that a person shows
in most situations.

7. Carl Jung and Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple, believed
that we are one of two personality types:
INTROVERTS
described as talkative, sociable, action-oriented, enthusiastic, friendly,
and out-going. On the negative side, they are sometimes described as
attention-seeking, easily distracted, and unable to spend time alone.
Extroverts are also more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors,
including risky health behaviors
Prefers calm, minimally stimulating environments. Tend to feel drained
after socializing and regain their energy by spending time alone. Quiet,
reserved, and thoughtful individual.
EXTROVERTS

8. Self-
Concept
Self-
Esteem
Low Self-
Esteem
Ideas
Perceptions
Feelings
About WHO YOU
ARE?
How we
evaluate ourselves
Positive self
evaluation of
ourselves
Negative
self- evaluation

9. Varying frames of reference, based on the author’s
personal backgrounds , childhood experiences,
philosophy, interpersonal relationships, and unique
ways of looking at the world.

10. Parsimonious
Predictive
Consistent
Falsifiable
Powerful
Generalizable

11. Everyone has certain likes,
dislikes, quirks and
idiosyncrasies — all the qualities
that make up your personality,
the things that make you, you.
That everyone has unique
personalities makes life more
interesting.

12. System of concepts ,assumptions, ideas and principles
proposed to explain personality includes five perspectives:
Trait Theory
Psychodynamic
theory
Behavioristic
Theory
Social Learning
Theory
Humanistic
Theory
Attempt to learn what
traits make up personality
and how they relate to
behavior
Inner workings of personality
Internal conflicts
Struggles External environment
Effects of conditioning,
Learning
Attribute differences in
perspectives to socialization,
Expectations and mental
processes
Focuses on private
Subjective experience
Personal growth

15. Personality is formed by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character, and
environment.
Spiritual Emotional
Social
Mental

16. One psychologist suggested that we can get a very good
idea of its meaning if we examine our intentions—what we
mean—whenever we use the word I (Adams, 1954).
 When you say I, you are, in effect, summing up
everything about yourself—your likes and dislikes, fears
and virtues, strengths and weaknesses.
 The word I is what defines you as an individual,
separate from everybody else.

17. Another way of trying to understand personality is to look to its source. The
word goes back to about the year 1500, and derives from the Latin word
persona, which refers to a mask used by actors in a play.
 It’s easy to see how persona came to refer to our outward appearance, the
public face we display to the people around us.
 Based on its derivation, then, we might conclude that personality refers to
our external and visible characteristics, those aspects of us that other people can
see.
 Our personality would then be defined in terms of the impression we make
on others—that is, what we appear to be.
 Viewed from that perspective, personality is the visible aspect of one’s
character, as it impresses others.
The word encompasses a host of subjective social and emotional qualities as
well, ones that we may not be able to see directly, that a person may try to hide
from us, or that we may try to hide from others.

18. Our personality
may be the MASK
we wear when we
face the outside
world

19. Stable: A person who has a high level of emotional stability is
preferred in most professions because they have more control
over their emotions at work. Employees with low emotional
stability may be more easily distracted from their work, by
deadlines, personal situations, and pressure.
Predictable : It holds for the pattern of mental as
well as physical development.

20. Our definition of personality may also include the idea of human
uniqueness. We see similarities among people, yet we sense that
each of us possesses special properties that distinguish us from all
others.
 Thus, we may suggest that personality is an enduring and unique
cluster of characteristics that may change in response to different
situations. Even this, however, is not a definition with which all
psychologists agree.
To achieve more precision, we must examine what each personality
theorist means by the term.
 Each one, as we will see, offers a unique version, a personal vision,
of the nature of personality, and that viewpoint has become his or her
definition.

22. We saw earlier that
one way of defining
personality is in terms of
the mask we wear the
public face we display to
the people around us.
A more recent large-
scale study in
Germany, however,
found that many
people have a
tendency to present
themselves online as
being much more
emotionally stable
than they really are.

29. The researchers found that people with high levels of neuroticism, or the tendency to experience
negative emotions such as stress and anxiety, were more likely to develop addiction to social
media, compared with people who had low levels of neuroticism.
People with high levels of conscientiousness, or the tendency to have impulse control and a
strong drive to achieve specific goals, were less likely to develop addiction to social media.
Even people with high conscientiousness could be prone to social media addiction if they were
also high in neuroticism. This may be because high levels of stress and anxiousness could
override a person's perceived control over their social media use, the researchers said.
The degree to which someone is friendly, empathetic and helpful — by itself had no effect on
social media addiction. But this was not true when the researchers looked at agreeableness in
combination with conscientiousness.
They found that people with low levels of both agreeableness and conscientiousness were more
likely to develop social media addiction than people with average levels of these personality traits.
But surprisingly, people with high levels of both of these personality traits were also more likely
to develop social network addiction, compared to people with average levels of the two traits.
It's possible that people who have high levels of both agreeableness and conscientiousness
make a conscious decision to use social networks more, in order to help their friendships flourish,
the researchers said.

30. Role Of Gender & Race In
Personality?
Feminine Masculin
e

31. Power
Distance Individualism
VS
Collectivism
Uncertainty
Avoidance
Long Term
Orientation

32. The concept of Karma has four centuries shaped the outlook of the people
of India and other countries that accept Hinduism or Buddhism. It may be
seen as a fatalistic and deterministic view of Human nature. The
consequences of our present and past actions believe to determine our
destiny or fate , our happiness or unhappiness in the future. In other words,
events don’t occur because we make them happen but because they were
destined to happen.

33.  Focus on Individual Focus on the Group
Responsibility for
themselves and
immediate family
Responsibility for
family and extended
family
Management mobility Employee commitment
Private and work life
separate
Work and private life
intermixed
Pleasure from
individual
achievement
Pleasure from
group
achievement

34. Cultural norms about child rearing practices typically influence how
children are raised. These norms affect what beliefs and values parents
teach their children, what behaviors are considered appropriate, and the
methods used to teach these values and behaviors

35. •Personality assessment, the measurement of personal
characteristics. Assessment is an end result of gathering
information intended to advance psychological theory and
research and to increase the probability that wise decisions
will be made in applied settings (e.g., in selecting the most
promising people from a group of job applicants).
• The approach taken by the specialist
in personality assessment is based on the assumption that
much of the observable variability in behaviour from one
person to another results from differences in the extent to
which individuals possess particular underlying personal
characteristics (traits). The assessment specialist seeks to
define these traits, to measure them objectively, and to relate
them to socially significant aspects of behaviour.
P
E
R
S
O
N
A
L
I
T
Y

36. Clinical
Psychologists
School
Psychologists
Organizational
Psychologists
Counseling
Psychologists
Research
Psychologists

37. Clinical Psychologists try to understand the symptoms of their
patients or clients by assessing their personalities, by
differentiating between normal and abnormal behaviors.
School Psychologists evaluate the personalities of the
students referred to them for treatments in an attempt to
uncover the causes of adjustment or learning problems
Organizational Psychologists assess personality to select the
best candidate for a particular job
Counseling Psychologists measure personality to find the best job
for a particular applicant, matching the requirements of the
position with the person’s interests & needs
Research psychologists assess the personality of their subject
in an attempt to account for their behavior in any experiment.

38. Self Report
Projective
Techniques
Behavioral
assessment
procedures
Clinical Interviews
Thought &
experience sampling
procedures

39. Self-report inventories are a kind of objective test used to assess personality.
They typically use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, which represent a
range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
These test includes items dealing with symptoms, attitudes, interests,
fears and values.
Test takers indicate how closely each statement describes themselves or
how much they agree with each them.
One of the most widely used personality inventories is the Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), first published in 1943, with 504
true/false questions, and updated to the MMPI-2 in 1989, with 567 questions.

40. The original MMPI was based on a small, limited sample, composed mostly of
Minnesota farmers and psychiatric patients; the revised inventory was based on a
more representative, national sample to allow for better standardization. It’s a TRUE-
FALSE test.
 The MMPI-2 takes 1–2 hours to complete. Responses are scored to produce a
clinical profile composed of 10 scales: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria,
psychopathic deviance (social deviance), masculinity versus femininity, paranoia,
psychasthenia (obsessive/compulsive qualities), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social
introversion. There is also a scale to ascertain risk factors for alcohol abuse.
 In 2008, the test was again revised, using more advanced methods, to the MMPI-2-
RF. This version takes about one-half the time to complete and has only 338 questions.
Despite the new test’s advantages, the MMPI-2 is more established and is still more
widely used. Typically, the tests are administered by computer.
 Although the MMPI was originally developed to assist in the clinical diagnosis of
psychological disorders, it is now also used for occupational screening, such as in law
enforcement, and in college, career, and marital counseling,

41. The advantages of computerized test administration include
the following:
It is less time consuming for both the applicant and the organization.
It is less expensive The scoring is more objective
The method is readily accepted by younger members of the
workforce
It prevents test takers from looking ahead at questions and it
prevent them from changing answers already given

42. Projective techniques are a
subset of personality testing
in which the examine is given
a simple unstructured task,
with a goal of uncovering
personality characteristics.
Projective techniques are
often the most recognizable
yet the most
psychometrically
controversial psychological
testing technique.
Based on the projective hypothesis,
projective stimuli are purposefully
ambiguous with the goal of eliciting
the examinee’s true feelings, desires,
fears, motives, and other unconscious
personality characteristics.
While neuropsychologists typically
use objective measures of analysis,
most only utilize projective techniques
if there is suspected psychiatric
diagnosis, rather than simply a
suspected or known neurological
diagnosis.
The most common projective
techniques include the RIT

44. A clinical interview
is a type of
psychological
assessment. It is a
way for a mental
health professional
to ask a client
questions, engage in
dialogue to learn
more about the
client and form
initial opinions
about a client's
psychological state
A clinical interview
is sometimes
described as a
dialogue with a
purpose; the purpose
being to gather
information about the
client. These trained
professionals assess
the information the
client is willing to
share, the client's
ability to take turns
in conversation and
how organized the
client's thoughts are.
A wide range of
behaviors, feelings
and thoughts can be
investigated in the
interview including
general appearance,
demeanor and
attitude; facial
expressions,
postures and
gestures,
preoccupations
degree of self insight
and level of contact
with reality.

46. •In the behavioral approach specific actions are observed by trained
observers. In thought assessment a person’s thoughts are recorded
systematically to provide a sample over a period of time. The only
person who can make this type of observation is the individual whose
thoughts are being studied.
•A variation of thought sampling is the experience sampling
method. Participants are asked to describe the social &
environmental context in which experience being sampled
occurs. e.g. subject might be asked to note whether they
were alone or with other people(recorded) alerting them to
record their experiences.

47. Gender
and
ethnic
Cultural Asians
Blacks
Hispanics

49. Reliability Validity

50. Personality encompasses all of the thoughts, behavior patterns, and
social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about
others and the world around us.
Understanding personality allows psychologists to predict how people will
respond to certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value. To
get a sense of how researchers study personality psychology, it will be helpful to
learn more about some of the most influential personality theories
Personalities are based on subjective experiences and individuals' interaction
with their environment. The humanistic theory of personality eventually led to
Maslow's famous Hierarchy of Needs model, which suggests that as people's basic
needs are met, they are replaced with ones that are increasingly complex.
Possible causes include trauma in early childhood such as abuse, violence,
inadequate parenting and neglect. There is growing evidence that neurological
and genetic factors may play a part in the development of these disorders
1
2
3
4

51. Psychologists conduct research on personality in different ways.
The method used depends on which aspect of personality is under
investigation.
CLINICAL
METHOD
EXPERIMENTAL
METHOD
VIRTUAL
METHOD
CORELATIONAL
METHOD

52. A detailed
history of an
individual that
contains data
from a variety of
sources.
CASE STUDY
In an experiment, the
stimulus variable or
condition the
experimenter
manipulates to learn
its effect on the
dependent variable
Independent Variable
In an experiment, the
variable the
experimenter desires
to measure, typically
the subjects’ behavior
or response to
manipulation of the
independent variable.
Dependent Variable
In an experiment, the
group that is exposed
to the experimental
treatment.
Experimental Group

53. In an experiment,
the group that does
not receive the
experimental
treatment
Control Group
Psychologists routinely
conduct research online,
including administering
psychological tests,
taking opinion surveys,
and presenting
experimental stimuli and
recording the subjects’
responses
Virtual Research
A statistical
technique that
measures the degree
of the relationship
between two
variables, expressed
by the correlation
coefficient.
Correlational Method Correlation Coefficient
range from þ1.00 (a
perfect positive
correlation) to 1.00 (a
perfect negative
correlation). The closer
the correlation coefficient
is to þ1.00 or 1.00
Cause and Effect