This document summarizes several key social institutions and concepts related to gender and culture. It discusses the main social institutions of family, education, religion, economic institutions, and government. It then examines concepts like sex and gender, gender roles and stereotypes, and theories of gender development. Finally, it defines culture change as alterations that affect new traits or complexes, involving elements like language, technology, economics, religion, art, science, and social interactions.

1. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 2. Polygamy
3. Cenogamy
- groups of persons banded together for common According to the Line of Descent:
purposes having rights, privileges, liabilities, 1. Patrilineal
goals, or objectives distinct and independent from 2. Matrilineal
those of individual members. 3. Bilineal
Characteristics of an Institution According to Place of Residence:
1. Institutions are purposive. 1. Patrilocal
2. They are relatively permanent in their 2. Matrilocal
content. 3. Neolocal
3. Institutions are structured With Reference to Authority (or who is
4. Institutions are unified structure. considered head of the family):
5. Institutions are necessarily value-laden 1. Patriarchal
Five Major Social Institutions 2. Matriarchal
1. The Family 3. Equalitarian
2. Education
3. Religion Education
4. Economic Institutions Functions of Schools:
5. Government Technical/economic functions.
Human/social functions
The Family Political functions
-the smallest social institution with the Cultural functions
unique function or producing and Education functions
rearing the young. Reasons why we go to the school:
1. For intellectual purposes
Functions of the Family 2. For political purposes
3. For Social purposes
1. Reproduction of the race and rearing of
4. For economic purposes
the young
2.Cultural transformation or Religion
enculturation It is a system of beliefs and rituals that serves to
bind people together through shared worship,
3. Socialization of the child thereby creating a social group. It assumes the
existence of the supernatural.
4. Providing affection and a sense of Functions of Religion
security 1. Serves as a means of social control.
2. It exerts a great influence upon personality
5. Providing the environment for development
personality development and the growth 3. Religion allays fear of the unknown
of self-concept in relation to others. 4. Religions explains events or situations which
6. Providing social status are beyond the comprehension of man
5. It gives comfort, strength and hope in times of
The family maybe classified in different crisis and despair
ways; 6. It preserves and transmits knowledge, skills,
spiritual and cultural values and practices
According to Structure: 7. It serves as an instrument of change
1. Conjugal or nuclear family 8. It promotes closeness, love, cooperation,
2. Consanguine or extended family friendliness and helpfulness
According to Term of Marriage: 9. It alleviates sufferings from major calamities.
1. Polyandry 10. It provides hope for a blissful life after death.

2. Economic Institutions Children’s gender typing occurs after children
A branch of social science that deals with the think of themselves as boys and girls. Once they
production and distribution and consumption of consistently conceive of themselves as male or
goods and services and their management. female, children prefer activities, objects, and
attitudes consistent with this label.
Government  Gender Schema Theory
body of people that sets and administers public Gender typing emerges as children gradually
policy, and exercises executive, political and develop gender schemas of what is gender
sovereign power through customs, appropriate and gender inappropriate in their
institutions, and laws within a state. culture.
3 Branches of Government in the Philippines Gender Equality
1. The Executive Branch A social order in which women and men share the
2. The Legislative Branch same opportunities and the same constraints on
3. The Judicial Branch full participation in both the economic and the
domestic realm.
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT Gender equality exists when both sexes
are able to:
What is Sex?  share equally in the distribution of power
- biologically determined and influence
- what makes one either male or female  have equal opportunities for financial
independence through work or through
o physical characteristics setting up business
o constant across time  enjoy equal access to education and the
o constant across different opportunity develop personal ambitions,
societies and culture. interests and talents
 share responsibility for the home and
What is Gender? children and are completely free from
- socially constructed, socially defined coercion, intimidation and gender-based
- what makes one feminine or masculine violence both at work and at home.
- learned behaviors
- changes across time
Gender Inequality = Gender Gap
- changes across places and
culture
A difference in opinions or attitudes
Different Terms used for Gender between men and women concerning a
Gender Role – a set of expectations that prescribe variety of public and private issues.
how females or males should think, act, or feel.
Gender Typing – the process by which children Gender and Power- refers to the
acquire the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that different ways men and women play in
are considered appropriate for their gender in society and the relative power they wield.
their culture.
Gender Stereotyping – are general impressions CULTURE CHANGE AND ITS ELEMENTS
and beliefs about females and males
Theories of Gender Development Culture change refers to all alterations affecting
 Social Learning Theory new traits or trait complexes and to change in a
Believe that parents are the distributors, and culture content and structure.
reinforce their children the appropriate gender Culture change involves the following elements:
role behaviors. 1. The development of oral and written language
 Cognitive Development Theory and other means of communication
2. Modification of technology

3. 3. Shifts in economic principles
4. The historical evolution of religious thought and
political ideology
5. Variations in musical styles and in other art
forms
6. Transition in scientific theory
7. Alterations in the forms and rules of social
interactions