FAMILY, MARRIAGES TYPES, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, DOWRY

1. SOCIAL
INSTITUTIONS

2. WHAT IS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION?
• Social institution is a group of social positions, connected by social
relations, performing a social role.
• Any institution in a society that works to socialize the groups of people in
it.
• Ex. universities, governments, families,
• And any people or groups that you have social interactions with.
• It is a major sphere of social life organized to meet some human
need.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INSTITUTION
• Palispis (1996) pointed out the following characteristics and
functions.
1. Institutions are purposive. Each of them has the satisfaction of
social needs as its own goal or objective.
2. Relatively permanent in their content. The pattern roles and
relations that people enact in a particular culture become traditional
enduring. Although institutions are subject to change, the change is
relatively slow.

4. .
3. Institutions are structured. The components tend to band together,
reinforce one another. This is because social roles and social
relations are in themselves structured combinations of behavior
patterns.
4. Institutions are a unified structure. They function as a unit.
5. Institutions are necessarily value-laden. Their repeated uniformities,
patters and trends become codes of conduct. Most of these codes
subconsciously exert social pressures. However, others are in form of
rules and laws.

5. FUNCTIONS:
1. Institutions simplify social behavior for the individual person. The social
institutions provide every child with all the needed social and cultural
mechanisms through which he can grow socially.
2. Institutions provide ready-made forms of social relations and social roles
for the individual. The principle roles are not invented by the individuals,
they are provided by the institutions.

6. 3. Institutions also act as agencies of coordination and
stability for total culture. The ways of thinking and
behaving that are institutionalized “make sense” to
people.
4. Institutions tend to control behavior. They contain
the systematic expectations of the society.

7. .
• Social Institutions can take many forms,
depending on a social context.
• It may be a family, business, educational,
or political institution.

8. MAJOR SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

9. family

10. Nimkoff, “ Family is a more or less divine association of husband and
wife with or without children, or of a man or women alone, with
children.”
Anderson & Parker, “ Family is “a socially recognized unit of people
related to each other by kinship, marital and legal ties.”

11. character
istics
Conjugal
relations
hip
System
of
nomencla
ture
Method
of
selection
of
partners
Type of
residence
adopted
Economi
c
provision
Common
habituati
on

12. Universal
phenomenon
It forms the emotional
& psychological bases
of human life
Influences on
personality
Duties &
responsibilities
Guided by certain
norms
Permanent/temporary

13. Functions of family

16. Primary functions
• Reproduction
• Family is the approved social unit for producing members to replace
those who die or move away.
• Rules are set in place about who can raise children and how children
should be raised

17. • Economic and Emotional Security
• Family is the basic economic unit.
• Family is expected to guide the psychological development of its
members and provide a loving environment.

18. • Establishes a home

19. Socialization
•The family is the first
agent of socialization, so
societies rely on the
family to teach the norms
of the society.
•Parents, siblings, and
other relatives serve as the
earliest role models

20. • Agent of cultural transmission
• Moulds the child into a social being
• Shapes the personality of the child
• Satisfies emotional needs of the child
• Regulating the sexual behaviour

21. Secondary functions

22. Satisfaction of financial needs
Educates the child
Provides religious training
Provides recreational avenues
Healthcare functions

23. Types of family
Based on residence:
Patrilocal
Matrilocal

24. Based on ancestry
Patrilineal
Matrilineal

25. Based on authority
Egalitarian
Patriarchal
Matriarchal family

26. Based on marriage
Polyandrous
Polygamous
Monogamous
family

27. Based on In-group & Out-group
Exogamous
Endogamous

28. Based on organization
Joint/Extended
family
Nuclear/Conjugal
family

29. Joint/extended family

30. Smt. Iravati Karve, “ A joint family is a group of people who generally
live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth, who hold
property in common and who participate in common worship and are
related to each other as some particular type of kindered.

31. Types of joint family
Matriarchal
Patriarchal joint

32. characteristics

33. Consists
of
Several
generatio
ns
Common
residenc
e
Common
property

34. Division
of labour
Common
worship
Exercise
of
authority

35. Arrange
d
marriage
s
Identifie
s with
the
family
Self
sufficien
cy

36. Religio
n
As a
product
ive unit
Rights
n
obligati
ons

37. Merits
Delegation
of
responsibilit
y
Stable n
durable
Leads to
economic
progress
Opportunity
for leisure

38. Saving of
economy
Medium of
social
virtues
Social
security
Agent of
socialization

39. Prevents
fragmentation
of properties
Provide
psychological
support

40. demerits

41. Chance of
quarrels
Lack of
privacy
Barrier in
the
developm
ent of
personalit
y
Prevents
social
integratio
n
Discourag
e
individual
activities
Women
hav low
status
Houses
for idles
Promotes
high birth
rate

42. Causes of degeneration of joint family system
Changes in the family n
marriage system
Legislative measures
Influence of education
•
Impact of
industrialization
Impact of urbanization

43. Nuclear family

44. Small family unit composed of husband n wife n
their unmarried children

45. features
Consists of parents n their unmarried children
Independent
Great deal of coordination, cooperation, and companionship between
parents n children

46. Challenges faced by nuclear family

47. Increasing rate of divorce
Lack of physical n emotional support
Unstable in structure
Difficult to lead a widowhood life
Economic uncertainty
Higher rates of anti social elements

48. Characteristics

49. Decrease value of
marriage
Less cordial
relations among the
partners
Small size
Economic
independency
Violation of
traditional sex
regulations
Offers more
freedom to children
Holds less religious
value
Low birth rate
Parent children
conflict
Democratic values

50. Comparison between nuclear n joint families

51. Nuclear family Joint family
Parents n unmarried children Almost three generations
Emerged in modern times Emerged long ago
Decisions are commonly taken Taken by the patriarch of the family
Individual freedom No much freedom
Found in modern industrial societies Traditional agricultural societies
Divorce is common Uncommon
Full development of personality Less opportunity
Spreading all over the world Fast disappearing
Secularism Religious touch
Urban areas Rural areas

52. blended family
A family consisting of a couple, the children they have had
together, and their children from previous relationships

53. Issues
Identity confusions
Financial difficulties
Difficult time sharing parents
Sibling rivalry
Legal disputes
Infringing on territory

54. marraige

55. “Marriage is the public joining together, under socially specified
regulations, of a man and woman as husband and wife.”
Alfred McClung Lee

56. “Marriage is a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.”
Robert H. Lowie
“Marriage is socially approved way of establishing a family of
procreation.”
Gillian & Gillian

57. Characteristics of marriage

58. Universal phenomenon
Establishes a union
between a male & female
Needs social approval

59. Associated with
some ceremony
Creates mutual
obligations
Considered a legal
contract

60. Permanent union
Results in a
formation of a family

61. Forms of marriages

62. Monogamy
Polygamy
Polyandry
Group marriage

63. Endogamy
Exogamy
Inter-caste marriage
Marriage among homosexuals

65. Functions of marriage

66. Leads to the formation
of family
Leads to economic
advancement
Helps the development
of personality
Unites society

67. Controls sex relationships
Establishes the legal father
of a woman’s children
Establishes the legal mother
of a man’s children
Sustains human race

68. Allows the husband to have
partial or monopoly rights to his
wives domestic services
Allows the wife to have partial or
monopoly rights to her husband’s
economic services
Gives the rights to the husband to
enjoy the property of his wife
Gives the rights to the wife to
enjoy the property of her husband

69. It promotes the joint
fund of property for the
benefit of children,
between husband &
wife
It widens the
relationship circle
among the husband
wife’s relations & their
friends

70. Marriage problems in india

71. Low
status of
women
Decay of
social
values
Marital
discord

72. Increased
rate of
divorce
Sexual
freedom
Lack of
bonding

73. No time
for
children
Dowry Other
problems such
as:
discrimination
, superiority
inferiority,
irresponsible
parenthood
etc.

76. Dowry is “the property which a woman brings with her or is
given to her at the marriage.
Encyclopedia Britannica
Dowry is “the property or money brought by a bride to her
husband when she marries him.
Oxford Dictionary

77. causes

78. Customary
practices
Caste system
Unavoidance of
marriage
Choosing a
suitable groom

79. Low educational
status
Safety n security
of girls
Status-
consciousness
Greedy attitude
towards money

80. Advantages

82. Bride gets some value in
her in-laws house
Lightens the financial
burden of the broom’s
family
It helps to meet marriage
expenses

83. disadvantages

84. Harassment of
brides
Dowry death
Female foeticide

85. Remain
unmarried
Degradation of
women
Increased rate of
divorce

86. Lack of peace in the
family
It makes family
poorer
It leads to friction in
the husband’s family

87. Changes in family & marriage systems in India

88. Legislation on family & marriage in
India

89. Sati act (1829)

90. Hindu widow remarriage act (1856)

91. Special marriage act (1872)

92. Child marriage restraint act
(1929,CMRA)

93. The Hindu Marriage Act (1955)

94. The Dowry Prohibition Act (1961)

95. The Hindu Adoption & Maintenance Act (1956)

96. Muslim Marriage Act (1939)

97. Influences on health & health practices

98. Provides
ambience for ideal
health practices &
attitudes
Satisfies
psychological
needs
Provides proper
physical growth
Care of old people
Population control

99. Provides better health
opportunities to women
Has reduced women’s
suffering
Better medical care Mental illness