Groups are composed of two or more interacting individuals guided by social norms. There are several types of human clusters including aggregates based on a shared physical space, social categories based on common status, and collectivities with passing interactions. Factors like motivations, size, goals, and cohesion influence groups. Social organizations bring order through differentiating roles and norms. Social structure defines roles and statuses, while social functions are the results of these roles. Primary groups involve close interactions while secondary groups are more impersonal. Formal groups are deliberately formed with defined purposes versus informal groups arising spontaneously.

1. SOCIAL GROUPS AND
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
“All actual life is encounter.”
-Martin Bubber

2. • Group-is composed of two or more persons who have
something in common, are interacting with each
other, and are guided by a set of norms.
• Guided by their norms, members of a group interact
recurrently and take each other into account.
• Their interactions become pattern.

3. HUMAN CLUSTERS:
• Aggregates-It’s very characteristics is the common physical location in
space. Though they are in a particular place, they are not concerned with
the feelings of others.
E.g. Street corner waiting for a jeep or bus, nakapila,
• Social Category-there are agglomerations where members possess common
identifying status characteristics but do not interact socially.
• E.g. The reference to the males and females of the societ, the slum
dwellers, middle class, the millionaires and others.

4. HUMAN CLUSTERS:
•Collectivity- are clusters of people interacting
with each other but the interactions are
passing or short-lived. This cluster is not
governed by the established norms of culture.
• E.g. Rally

5. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GROUPS:
• Motivational based by individuals-the motives for a group formation cover
the entire range of social needs, desires, interest activates and etc.
• Size of Group-The designation of whether a group is small or large is
arbitrary.
• Type of group goals- It is often held that structural patterns of social groups
are affected by its goals.
• The kind of group cohesion-refers to the degree to which the members of
a group have the ability to function and interact together towards the
pursuit of their goals.

6. SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
It is viewed as a process of bringing order and meaning into human social life.
It has its roots in social interaction. This social relationship becomes
increasingly regulated, patterned and orderly. A stable pattern of relationship
is called social org.
Characteristics of social organizations:
• A system of norms and values govern the social activities.
• Control: some persons control the behaviors of others, and a system of
sanctions maintains orderly behavior.
• Differentiation in statuses and roles on the basis of sex age and ability w/c
may be observed in the activities of different types of people.
• Repeated activities and behavior.

7. SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• Refers to the independent network of roles and the hierarchy of
statuses w/c define reciprocal expectations and the power arrangement of
the members of the social unit guided by norms.
• Social status-refers to member’s positions or ranks in the role.
• Role- refers to the sum total of behavior expectation and activities
associated w/ a social position which a holder is supposed to carry out
and perform. It is interdependent and each individual member plays his or
her role in relation to others.

8. SOCIAL FUNCTION
• Refers to the result of action that occur in relation to a particular structure
and includes the results of activities of individuals occupying particular
statuses.
• In the case of Philippines society, the basic element of social structure is the
family and its related kinship groups.

9. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
This vary in size, quality of group interaction, purpose, structure, or
combination of these.
• Primary group-those face to face structures such as the family and
friendship groups where personalities are fused into a common whole.
• Secondary groups-the interactions among members are
impersonal, business-like, contractual and casual. The relationships are
valuable only insofar as they facilitate the attainment of one’s end or
objectives.

10. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
• Gemeinschaft-is a community of intimate, private and
exclusive living and familism. Filipinos have used the terms
“damay” and “bayanihan”. It implies mutual helpfulness
and the sharing pleasure as well as of sorrow.
• Gesselschaft-is “public life” or the world itself. This type of
group is characteristics by
impersonal, secondary, contractual and rationalized
relationships.

11. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
• In-group and out group- they are not actual groups but a kind of relationship
that exists in the mind, the concept of “We-They”. In-group is the group with
which the individual identifies and which gives him a sense of belonging
solidarity, camaraderie, esprit de corps and protective attitude towards the
other members. On the other hand, out-group is commonly viewed as the
outsiders by the in group.
• Informal groups- arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more
persons, has no explicit rules for membership, and does not have specific
objectives to be attainable.
e.g. Barkadahan, peer group and etc.

12. TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
• Formal groups- these groups are deliberately formed and their purpose and
objectives are explicitly defined. This kind of group is important in
industrialized, complex societies. The administrative structure of this group is
called Bureaucracy- : a large group of people who are involved in running a
government but who are not elected: a system of government or business
that has many complicated rules and ways of doing things. It is also often
associated with inefficiency, red tape, delay or under the table
arrangement.

13. REFERENCE GROUP
• Refers to one’s membership group, the one to w/c one is
officially attached or recognized as belonging, like the
family, peer group, school group, sorority or
fraternity, religious org., political group, occupational group
or civic group.
•Peer group and family are important reference
groups.
• Individuals follow the norms and values of their reference
group w/c are reinforced by a system of reward or
punishment.

14. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• It is an abstraction w/c is an organized systems of
norms, beliefs, values, and material objects formed around
the social needs of people. All societies have institutions
such as family, religion, education to meet certain social
organization.
• E.g. Religion is an institution while Catholic Church is an
organization.

15. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Configurations
• 1. Common reciprocating attitudes and their
conventionalized behavior patterns.
• 2. Cultural objects of symbolic value w/c represents social
institutions.
• 3. Utilitarian value w/c satisfy the wants of the individual.
• 4. Oral and written language or traditions.

16. SOCIETIES
•Includes the totality of social organization and
the complex network of interconnected,
interdependent, and overlapping social
relationships.
•Aspects of the reality of society
•Society is external to the individual.
•The members perceive society and its
experiences as a constraint upon the lives.