Personality develops through the process of socialization and is influenced by biological, environmental, cultural, and social factors. It is shaped from childhood through interactions with family, peers, school, work, religion, and media. Socialization involves learning social norms and developing a self-concept through roles and role performance within social groups. The family is the primary socializing agent, though socialization is a lifelong process as individuals take on new roles and statuses over their lifespan.
STUDY.COM_FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIETY
I HOPE IT IS HELPFUL FOR YOU> BUT PLS IWANT CREDITS> OR ADD ME AND MESSAGE ME THANKS
THERE IS A NOTE FOR PRESENTERS VIEW
HAVE A GOOD DAY
KEEP CALM AND DRINK ON
NAME: Ellen Magalona
GNDR: FML
BRTHDY: FEB. 1998
@ellenmaaee
STUDY.COM_FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIETY
I HOPE IT IS HELPFUL FOR YOU> BUT PLS IWANT CREDITS> OR ADD ME AND MESSAGE ME THANKS
THERE IS A NOTE FOR PRESENTERS VIEW
HAVE A GOOD DAY
KEEP CALM AND DRINK ON
NAME: Ellen Magalona
GNDR: FML
BRTHDY: FEB. 1998
@ellenmaaee
Define the following concepts
Social institutions
Social organizations
Describe the classification of organization
Discuss the general characteristics of a social organization as applied to the hospital as an organization of a healthcare institution
Division of labour
Authority
Communication
Formality and rigidity
Define the following concepts
Social institutions
Social organizations
Describe the classification of organization
Discuss the general characteristics of a social organization as applied to the hospital as an organization of a healthcare institution
Division of labour
Authority
Communication
Formality and rigidity
These are the Slides for MA (Final year) Students of the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar.
Course Title: Social Institutions and Social System of Pakistani Society
Dr. Imran Ahmad Sajid
Ch. 44-1Why Is Socialization Important Around the GlobeLO 1.docxsleeperharwell
Ch. 4
4-1Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe?
LO 1
Debate the extent to which people would become human beings without adequate socialization.
Socialization is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society (Figure 4.1). It is the essential link between the individual and society because it helps us become aware of ourselves as members of the larger groups and organizations of which we are a part. Socialization also helps us to learn how to communicate with other people and to have knowledge of how other people expect us to behave in a variety of social settings. Briefly stated, socialization enables us to develop our human potential and to learn the ways of thinking, talking, and acting that are necessary for social living.
Figure 4.1
The kind of person we become depends greatly on the people who surround us. How will this boy’s life be shaped by his close and warm relationship with his mother?
Christopher Futcher/ iStockphoto.com
When do you think socialization is most important? Socialization is the most crucial during childhood because it is essential for the individual’s survival and for human development. The many people who met the early material and social needs of each of us were central to our establishing our own identity. Can you identify some of the people in your own life who were the most influential in your earliest years of social development? During the first three years of our life, we begin to develop both a unique identity and the ability to manipulate things and to walk. We acquire sophisticated cognitive tools for thinking and for analyzing a wide variety of situations, and we learn effective communication skills. In the process we begin a socialization process that takes place throughout our lives and through which we also have an effect on other people who watch us.
What does socialization do for us beyond the individual level? Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. Members of a society must be socialized to support and maintain the existing social structure. From a functionalist perspective, individual conformity to existing norms is not taken for granted; rather, basic individual needs and desires must be balanced against the needs of the social structure. The socialization process is most effective when people conform to the norms of society because they believe that doing so is the best course of action. Socialization enables a society to “reproduce” itself by passing on its culture from one generation to the next.
How does socialization differ across cultures and ways of life? Although the techniques used to teach newcomers the beliefs, values, and rules of behavior are somewhat similar in many nations, the content of socialization differs greatly from society to society. How people walk, talk, eat, make love, and wage war are all functions of the cul.
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxcroftsshanon
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV.
1 S o c i a l i z a t i o n SOCIALIZATION Learning .docxjeremylockett77
1 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
SOCIALIZATION
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following.
Define socialization.
Compare nature and nurture as socialization influences.
Identify agents and agencies of socialization.
Evaluate the study of cases of feral children in terms of their importance to our
knowledge of socialization.
Recall and define the steps in determining a self-concept.
Evaluate Dramaturgy for its application to every day life.
WHAT IS SOCIALIZATION?
Socialization is the process by which people learn characteristics of their group’s norms,
values, attitudes, and behaviors. Through socialization we learn the culture of the society
into which we have been born. In the course of this process, a personality develops. A
personality is comprised of patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Babies are not born with the social or
emotional tools needed to contribute to
society as properly functioning social actors.
They have to learn all the nuances of proper
behavior, how to meet expectations for what
is expected of them, and everything else
needed to become members of society. As
newborns interact with family and friends
they learn the expectations of their society
(family, community, state, and nation).
From the first moments of life, children begin a process of socialization wherein parents,
family, and friends establish an infant’s social construction of reality, or what people
define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others. An
average U.S. child’s social construction of reality includes knowledge that he or she belongs,
and can depend on others to meet his or her needs. It also includes the privileges and
obligations that accompany membership in his or her family and community. In a typical
set of social circumstances, children grow up through a predictable set of life stages:
infancy, preschool, K-12 school years, young adulthood, adulthood, middle adulthood, and
finally later-life adulthood. Most will leave home as young adults, find a spouse or life
partner in their mid-to late 20s and work in a job for pay.
2 | S o c i a l i z a t i o n
THREE LEVELS OF SOCIALIZATION
When discussing the average U.S. child, most agree that the most imperative socialization
takes place early in life and in identifiable levels. Primary socialization typically begins at
birth and moves forward until the beginning of the school years. Primary socialization
includes all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and
meeting the expectations of society. Most primary socialization is facilitated by the family,
friends, day care, and to a certain degree various forms of media. Children watch about
three hours of TV per day (by the time the average child attends kindergarten she has
watched about 5,000 hours of TV ...
Chapter 4SocializationThis Chapter Will Help YouDefinWilheminaRossi174
Chapter 4
Socialization
This Chapter Will Help You:
Define and understand the role of socialization
Understand and critique the nature/nurture debate in relation to sociology
Outline the agents of socialization
Compare and contrast primary and secondary socialization
Define resocialization
Summarize the theoretical approaches to socialization
Defining Socialization
Socialization involves social learning through social interaction
It helps an individual become a capable member of their society
It is influenced by our social class, ethnicity, gender, etc.
The Influence of Nature
Biological Determinism
The argument that our behaviour is determined by our genetic makeup
Seeks evidence of the biological roots of behaviour
Argues that behaviour evolves over time to secure the survival of the species
The Influence of Nurture
We are products of our environment
Our behaviour is the product of social interactions and learning
The social environment is crucial to an individual’s socialization
Isolation in Non-Human Primates
Harlow researched the effects of maternal separation and social isolation in rhesus monkeys
Lack of social interaction had significant consequences such as fear or hostility
Isolation in Humans – Feral Children
Children who are assumed to have been raised by animals
The Case of Victor
A boy was discovered in a forest in 18th century France
He was 11 years old and it was assumed that he had lived alone in the forest for 5 or 6 years
A doctor who attempted to socialize him was partially successful
He was never able to speak
Isolation in Humans – The Case of Anna
Anna was discovered in 1932 at the age of 6
She had been locked in a storage room her entire life
She had no social skills and could not speak
She began to show improvement after her discovery but died at the age of 10
Isolation in Humans – The Case of Genie
Genie was discovered at the age of 13 in 1972
She had been locked in a room and tied down from the age of 20 months
She was studied and taught by experts at a children’s hospital
She acquired some skills but could not fully recover from the isolation and neglect
The Turpins – Isolation and Child Abuse
The Turpins kept their 13 children locked in dark rooms or chained to their beds
The children were severely malnourished and dirty
Yet this is the image the parents put out on social media
Primary Socialization
The learning that occurs in an individual's earliest years
It sets the tone for future development
It usually occurs in family settings
Children learn language, norms, values, beliefs, and social skills
Secondary Socialization
This is the socialization that occurs past childhood and throughout adulthood
It is more limited than primary socialization
It has less effect on our self-image
Individuals learn specific roles, norms, attitudes, and beliefs for different adult situations
Functionalist Approach
Social integration:
Socialization teaches people how to integrate in ...
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Sometimes we hear remarks like a person has a lot of
personality while another has no personality (walang
personalidad). What is meant perhaps when one says
that a person has a lot of personality is that he or she
is outgoing, aggressive, friendly and with much verve.
On the other hand, one who is described as not
having a personality may be reticent, uncharismatic,
sloppy, or shy.
Personality is a product of socialization and arises as
a result of the interplay of various factors, which
include biological inheritance or heredity, the
geographical environment, cultural environment,
social groups and social structure, and past
experiences.
3. As mentioned in the chapter on culture, some
sociologists held that many social traits are
genetically determined, although they have
not identified which of the genetic
personalities would be developed as a result
of the impingement of a given physical,
social, and cultural environment.
The determinants in personality formation are
biological inheritance, geographic
environment, social environment, and cultural
environment.
4. 1. The biological inheritance transferred from
parents to offspring through the mechanics of the
genes found in the chromosomes of the sex cells is
composed of the biological structures, psychological
process reflexes, urges, capacity, intelligence, and
traits such as pigmentation and stature.
2. Geographic environment refers to location,
climate, topography, and natural resources. The
question of whether people living in tropical regions
and those in temperature regions differ in
personality because of the climate; or whether living
on the sea coast and living in the mountains result
in a difference in personality and life style are often
raised.
5. 3. The cultural and social environment are
intertwined. However, we shall explain
them separately for the purpose of
definition. The cultural environment refers
to the learned ways of living, the norms of
behaviors – folkways, mores, laws, values,
ideas, and patterned ways of the group.
While the culture of any society
determines the deeper levels of its
member’ personality through techniques
of child-rearing, its influence does not
end there. Culture goes on to shape the
personality from child rearing and
throughout life.
6. 4. The social environment refers to the various
groups and social interactions going on in the
groups of which one is a member. Membership
in a group implies exposure to a social
environment.
From birth onwards, a child normally joins
various groups, and each group imposes
certain norms and a set of expectation on each
member.
An only child will have experiences different
from those one who comes from a large family.
The oldest child will have different experiences
from those of the middle child or the youngest
child in the same family.
7. Various theories have been formulated
explaining the development of personality.
However, we shall just limit our discussion of
three theories: Freudian Theory, cultural
determinism held by the cultural
anthropologists, and symbolic inter-
actionism held by some sociologists and
social psychologists.
8. Sigmund Freud, foremost Viennese
psychologist, formulated the first
comprehensive theory of personality which had
a great impact not only in the social sciences
but also in art, literature, philosophy, theory is
a form of biological determinism which holds
that socialization is process characterized by
the internal struggle between the biological
components and the social cultural
environment.
1. Oral stage (birth to 1 year) In this stage,
eating is the major source of satisfaction.
Frustration or overindulgence at this stage can
lead to over eating or alcoholism in adulthood
9. 2. Anal stage (1 – 3 years) The influencing factor
at this stage in personality development is toilet
training.
3. Phallic stage (3 – 6 years) At this time, the
greatest source of pleasure comes from the sex
organs.
4. Latency period (6 years- Adolescence) In this
stage, children their attention to people outside
their families like teachers and friends and the
erotic impulses are dormant.
5. Genital stage (Adolescence and beyond) The
sexual impulses become active again and the
individual focuses on the opposite sex, looks
around for a potential marriage partner, and
prepares for marriage and adult responsibilities.
10. Cultural determinism, the personality development theory held by
anthropologists, views the cultural environment as the main factor that
determines human behavior. Franz Boas, American anthropologists,
together with other anthropologists, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict,
Ralph Linton, Cora Du Bois, and Edward Sapir, was the proponent of this
theory. Boas’ view is that personality development is learning what is
found in the culture and that significant differences in personality are
learned. Ruth maintained that individual personalities of members of a
society are tiny replicas of their overall culture, with the culture as a
summing up of their personalities.
Anthropologists believe that culture makes its deep and permanent
effects on the individual during early childhood. Practices revolving
around feeding whether baby is breast-fed or bottle-fed, toilet training
whether the child is trained or not, and weaning whether the child is
weaned early or later in infancy affect the formation of the basic
personality.
11. The theory of symbolic interactionism is
based primarily on the works and ideas of
George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton
Cooley and later on expounded by the other
psychologists.
The distinctive attributes of human behavior
grow from people’s participation in varying
types of social structure which depend, in
turn, on the existence of language behavior.
12. This starts at birth, when parents hold their
baby and attend his or her needs. In the
interaction between parent or yaya (nurse or
caretaker of the baby) and the child, the
baby begins to realize that he or she
depends on the other people for comfort.
13. In childhood, the family, friends, teachers,
classmates, and peer group exert a great
influence in forming a child’s self-concept. They
constitute his or her primary group or form a
part of what is called” significant others.” These
significant others become models for the child
who usually identifies with them and patterns his
or her behavior after them.
According to Cooley, the looking glass has three
elements: the imagination of how we appear to
other persons; the imagination of the judgement
of that appearance; and some sort of self-
feeling, such as pride or mortification.
14. In the process, the individual assumes the
organized social attitudes and moral ideas of the
social groups or communities to which he or she
belongs. These exert an influence on his or her
attitudes toward different projects and
cooperative activities as well as social problems
which the group faces and can direct his or her
own behavior ( Mead 1934:208). This becomes
the individuals’ orientation toward the world and
his or her frame of reference as new situations
arise. The individual thinks, feels, and sees
things from a perspective characteristic of the
group of which he or she a member.
15. How an infant develops into a functioning social
being and emerges with a personality is called
socialization. Human beings are born without any
concept of self. They do not know the parts of
their body, what to eat, what to do, what to believe in
and how to communicate. But they are born into a
social world with its ready made culture.
Medina gives the function of socialization as follows:
1. Through the process of socialization, the group
transmits its values, customs, and beliefs from one
generation to another.
16. 2. Socialization enables the individual to grow
and develop into a socially functioning
person.
3. Socialization is a means of a social control
by which members are encouraged to
conform to the ways of the group by
internalizing the groups’ norms and values.
17. Various groups or institutions play a significant role
in the socialization of an individual in shaping that
person’s personality. Foremost among them is the
family. But as the child grows older, he or she is
influenced by other socializing agencies like friends,
school, friends, and church.
The Family
The family plays a unique role in personality
development and is the main link between the child
and society. For the first few years of life, the family
is responsible for initiating the child into the culture
of the group. Here, the child gains his or her first
experiences in love affection, kindness, sympathy,
courtesy, and other traits.
The Peer Group
The socialization of children continues in the peer
group when they associate with other children of
more or less the same age coming from the kin
group, neighbourhood, or school.
18. •The Church
The children are brought to church by their parents as
early as infancy. This is true if the God-fearing
members of the community. Thus, children are initiated
early into saying their prayers and forming a notion of
God. What is the right and what is wrong are delineated
are prescriptions of rewards and punishments
established.
•The School
The school is a formal agency for weaning children
from home and introducing them into the society. In
school, children get their formal instruction in the 5 Rs-
reading, ‘riting, ‘rithmetic, rational thinking, and right
conduct and also in citizenship.
19. •Mass Media
In modern societies, mass media is another and
socializing agency. Its functions are primarily
to inform, entertain, and educate. Radio and
television programs bring music and other
forms of entertainment to the viewers.
•The Workplace
In the rural communities, farmers, fisherfolks,
and craftsmen live close to their place of work
so that their work is usually tied up with their
other activities in the home or community. In
the urban areas, the work activity of people is
usually distinct from their other activities.
20. Socialization is a lifelong process where
individuals develop a self concept and
prepare for roles which turn in shape
personality. Associated with the status is a
social role which involves the pattern of
expected behavior in a social relationship
with one or more persons occupying other
statuses. Implied in the role is the execution
of the rights and duties.
21. Further elaboration of the idea of role and role
performance was done by Erving Goffman. He
made distinction between role and role
performance. To him, role refers to acting in
accordance with the expected norms attached to a
particular position while role performance is the
actual conduct of the role in accordance with the
position.
To Goffman, everyone is consciously playing a role.
When persons present themselves to others in
everyday interaction, they organize their overt
behavior in such a way as to guide and control the
impressions others form of them to elicit the
desired role-taking response. Like the actor on
stage, they endeavour to give a good performance.
22. From infancy onward, a person is socialized
according to age-sex role scripts related to
the institutionalized statues of males and
females. At this point, we have to make
distinction between sex and gender. Sex
refers to the biological or anatomical
differences between males and females,
while gender connotes the psychological,
social, and cultural differences between
males and females (Giddens 1989:158)