VIRUSES structure and classification ppt by Dr.Prince C P
Snr urinary systems_last_slides b
1.
2. Neural and Hormonal Regulation of GFR
Neural Regulation of GFR:
When the blood pressure increase the sympathetic nerve
fibers release nor epinephrine which causes constriction
of blood vessel thus decreasing GFR.
Hormonal Regulation of GFR:
Two hormones, Angiotensin II reduce GFR and atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP) increase GFR
3. Substance Filtered Reabsorbed Urine
Water 180 liter 178 liter 1-2 liter
Protein 2 g 1.9 g .1 g
Sodium ion 579 g 575 g 4 g
Chloride ion 640 g 633.7 g 6.3 g
Bicarbonate ion 275 g 274.9 g 0.03 g
glucose 162 g 162 g 0 g
urea 54 g 24 g 30 g
Potassium ion 29.6 g 29.6 g 2 g
Uric acid 8.5 g 7.7 g .8 g
Creatinine 1.6 g 0 g 1.6 g
Substances filtered reabsorbed and excreted in urine
4. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Reabsorption:
Normally 99% of filtered water is reabsorbed
Solutes that are reabsorbed include glucose, amino acid,
urea and ion such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride,
bicarbonate and phosphate.
Secretion:
Substance that are secreted include: hydrogen ion,
potassium, ammonium ion, creatinine and certain drugs.
Two important outcomes of Tubular secretion:
Secretion of H- ion help to control body PH
Secretion of other substance eliminate them from the body
5. Reabsorbtion and secretion in the PCT
65% of Na+ is reabsorbed
65% of H2O is reabsorbed
65% K+
100% Glucose
100% amino acid
50% Cl-
90% of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Secretion:
Variable amount of H+ NH4- and urea and a small
amount of Creatinine is secreted in the PCT.
6. Reabsorbtion and Secretion in the LOH
Reabsorbtion:
25% Na+
15% H2O
20-30 % K+
35 % Cl-
10-20% HCO3
-
Secretion:
Variable amount of urea is secreted in the LOH
7.
8. Hormonal Regulation of Tubular
Reabsorbtion and Tubular Secretion
Angiotension II
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic hormone
Natriuretic peptide
Parathyroid
15. Effect of aldosterone on DCT and
Collecting Duct
BP causes angiotensin II formation
angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex
adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone
aldosterone promotes Na+ reabsorption
Na+ reabsorption promotes water reabsorption
water reabsorption urine volume
BP drops less rapidly
16. Effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
BP stimulates right atrium
Atrial walls stretches
atrium secretes ANF
ANF promotes Na+ and water excretion
BP drops
17.
18. Ureters
• Tubes that convey urine from kidney to the urinary bladder
• 25-30 cm long and 3mm in diameter
• Start from pelvis, enter into pelvic cavity and passes obliquely
through the posterior wall of the bladder
Structure consists of three layers of tissue
Outer fibrous tissue
Middle smooth muscle layer
Inner mucosa lined with transitional epithelium
Functions:
• Propel urine from kidney into the bladder by peristaltic
contraction of smooth muscle layer
• The wave of contraction occur in minor calyces
• Peristaltic wave occur several time per minutes and send little
spurts of urine into bladder.
19.
20. Urinary bladder:
It is a reservoir for urine whose size and position
vary, depending on the amount of urine it contain
Lie in the pelvic cavity
Structure:
• Roughly pear shaped structure but more oval when
filled with urine.
• The posterior surface is called base and the point
where the bladder open into urethra is called neck
• The superior surface of the bladder is covered by
peritoneum
• Posteriorly bladder is surrounded by uterus in female
and rectum in male
23. The bladder wall composed of three layers
1. Outer layer of loose connective tissue containing blood,
lymph vessels and nerve
2. The middle layer consists of inter-lacing mass of
smooth muscle fibers and elastic tissue. These are
called Detrusor muscle. It contracts to empty urine
3. The mucosa lined with transitional epithelium
When the bladder is empty the inner layer is arranged in
folds or rugae which disappear when bladder is full
The total capacity of bladder is more then 600 ml and
awareness of desire to urinate is initiated at 300-400ml
The three orifices of the bladder wall form a triangle or
trigone.
24.
25. • The upper two pore is the opening of ureter and the
lower one is the urethra
• At the site where the urethra emerge is a thick smooth
muscle layer called urethral sphincter.
26. Reflex control of micturition when conscious
effort cannot override the reflex action.
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