The document outlines the functions of kidneys, including fluid balance, waste removal, and blood pressure regulation, while detailing the structure and function of nephrons. It discusses kidney failure's causes, symptoms, and types, including acute and end-stage renal disease, along with treatments like dialysis and transplantation. Precautions and suggestions for maintaining kidney health are also provided.

1. -PRESENTED BY PUNEET GUPTA

2. FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY-
 Fluid balance.
 Removal of waste products
from the blood.
 Maintaining normal blood
pressure by balancing
electrolyte such as Na & K.
 Regulating bone
mineralization.
 Production of RBC’s.

3. FILTERATION MEMBRANE-
Nephrons
 The functional unit of
the kidney is the
nephrons.
 Each kidney consist of
thousands of nephrons.
 Nephrons contains a
filtration membrane
which removes excess
body water and waste
products.

4. HOW DOES KIDNEY FAIL?
 When the kidney not able to clean waste product from
the blood.
 Production of hormones go abnormal resulting in
anaemia.
 The capacity of kidney also decline with the age.
FAILURE ARE OF TWO TYPES:
 Acute Kidney failure -patient treated with dialysis for
certain period until their kidney recovers.
 ESRD – loss of kidney function is permanent.

5. SYMPTOMS OF KIDNEY FAILURE
 NAUSEA AND VOMMITING
 LOSS OF APPETITE
 ITCHINESS
 HIGH B.P
 TIREDNESS
 SWOLLEN ANKLES
 BAD TASTE IN THE MOUTH

6. COMMON CAUSES FOR KIDNEY
FAILURE-
 DIABETES MELLITUS
 HYPERTENSION
 GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
 VASCULAR DISEASE
 POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY
DISEASE

7. WHAT HAPPEN IF KIDNEY FAILURE
OCCURS?
End Stage Renal Disease
These are the successful treatment which can be done:-
 PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
 HAEMODIALYIS
 TRANSPLANTATION
These treatments can help you to stay healthy and
continue your daily activities.

8. HOW DOES DIALYSIS WORK?
1. DIFFUSION:
 MOVEMENT OF
SOLUTES FROM
HIGHER CONC. TO
LOWER UNTIL THE
EQUILIBRIUM STAGE
 MAINLY SMALL
MOLECULES ARE
REMOVED BY
DIALYSIS.
 BOTH PD AND
HAEMODIALYSIS
BASED ON THIS.

9. 2.OSMOSIS:
-Movement of solute from low conc.
to higher until equilibrium is
achieved.
-Solute- osmotic agenet normally
glucose.
3.ULTRAFILTRATION:
-Done by using dialysis fluid with an
increased conc. Of glucose or sugar.
-higher the glucose content the more
excess fluid will b removed.
4.CONVECTION:
- Concomitant of ultrafiltration
- In this the fluid drags the solute
with it.

10. TREATMENTS

11. 1.HAEMODIALYSIS(HD)

12. 2.TRANPLANTATION(TX)

13. 3.PERITONEAL DIALYSIS(PD)

14. P.D CARRIED OUT IN TWO WAYS
Manually(CAPD) Automatically(APD)
Three steps for manual treatment:
- INFLOW(fresh pd fluid) CYCLER
- DWELL(dialysis takes place)
- OUTFLOW (Effluent)

15. PRECAUTIONS:
 STERILE-(equipment free of micro-organism)
 CLEAN-(hand wash for 60 secs)
 Do not perform bag exchange where there is lot of
movement.
 Pets should not be in the room.
 Avoid distraction.
 Proper medication.
 Visit regularly to the dialysis centre.

16. SUGGESTIONS
 Hydrate yourself.
 Avoid unnecessary medication.
 Avoid overloading of a kidney with protein(only 2
ounces)
 Keep cholesterol in good level.
 Keep blood pressure in good control.

17. The kidney plays a vital role in sustaining life.