This document discusses smart sensors, including their architecture, operation, evolution, and applications. It describes the key components of a smart sensor such as sensing elements, data acquisition systems, programming devices, and communication interfaces. Examples of industrial applications like accelerometers and medical uses for food safety monitoring are also provided. The document traces the evolution of sensors from early generations with little electronics to later smart sensors with integrated computing capabilities.
This document discusses different types of sensors, including:
- Active sensors that require power and passive sensors that do not.
- Analog sensors that produce continuous signals and digital sensors that produce digital outputs.
- Sensors classified by measurement objective such as temperature, pressure, level, displacement, flow, speed, and biosensors.
- Sensors classified by operation principle such as resistive, capacitive, inductive, and ultrasonic sensors.
- Examples are provided for each type of sensor as well as common applications. The document provides an overview of sensor fundamentals, characteristics, and applications.
The document discusses sensors, defining them as devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals. It describes qualities of good sensors such as sensitivity and lack of influence on the measured property. Additionally, it covers common sensor types, errors, and measurement definitions like sensitivity, deviation, and resolution.
In this slide there is all about the digital transducer and its types.Its is very helpful in making short notes of transducer. There is a simple description.
Introduction to smart sensors & its’ applicationPranay Mondal
Smart sensors are sensors combined with interfacing electronic circuits that can perform logic functions, two-way communication, and make decisions. They convert physical, biological, or chemical inputs into digital outputs. Smart sensors have evolved from first generation devices with little electronics to now being fully integrated systems-on-chip with sensing, processing, communication and power management. They are used widely in industrial applications like structural health monitoring and geological mapping due to advantages like minimum interconnects, high reliability, and scalability.
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.
This document provides an overview of sensors used in robots. It discusses that sensors allow robots to perceive their environment and perform tasks reliably. The document then describes various types of internal sensors like position, velocity, force sensors and external sensors like proximity, range finding, color and motion sensors. It provides details on specific position sensors like potentiometers, optical encoders, LVDTs and magnetic sensors. The document also discusses velocity sensors such as encoders and tachometers. Finally, it mentions new developments in sensor technology including MEMS, MOEMS and smart sensors, and provides an example of the humanoid robot ASIMO which utilizes various sensors for functions like vision, balance and intelligence.
This document discusses using an optical sensor to measure tilt angle in motorcycles. It describes the sensor parameters, how tilt angle is defined and calculated using sensor measurements, and how the sensor data is processed. Test results from using the sensor on racetracks are presented. The advantages of the optical sensor approach include its small size, low cost and weight. Drawbacks include interference from the environment and roughness of the road. The measurement of tilt angle is useful for applications like anti-lock braking systems.
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to detect objects and measure distances with millimeter precision under many conditions. Passive infrared (PIR) sensors detect infrared light given off by objects to trigger motion detectors. Temperature sensors like the TMP36 output a voltage linearly proportional to temperature in degrees Celsius without external calibration.
This document discusses different types of sensors, including:
- Active sensors that require power and passive sensors that do not.
- Analog sensors that produce continuous signals and digital sensors that produce digital outputs.
- Sensors classified by measurement objective such as temperature, pressure, level, displacement, flow, speed, and biosensors.
- Sensors classified by operation principle such as resistive, capacitive, inductive, and ultrasonic sensors.
- Examples are provided for each type of sensor as well as common applications. The document provides an overview of sensor fundamentals, characteristics, and applications.
The document discusses sensors, defining them as devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals. It describes qualities of good sensors such as sensitivity and lack of influence on the measured property. Additionally, it covers common sensor types, errors, and measurement definitions like sensitivity, deviation, and resolution.
In this slide there is all about the digital transducer and its types.Its is very helpful in making short notes of transducer. There is a simple description.
Introduction to smart sensors & its’ applicationPranay Mondal
Smart sensors are sensors combined with interfacing electronic circuits that can perform logic functions, two-way communication, and make decisions. They convert physical, biological, or chemical inputs into digital outputs. Smart sensors have evolved from first generation devices with little electronics to now being fully integrated systems-on-chip with sensing, processing, communication and power management. They are used widely in industrial applications like structural health monitoring and geological mapping due to advantages like minimum interconnects, high reliability, and scalability.
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment.
The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.
The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further processing.
This document provides an overview of sensors used in robots. It discusses that sensors allow robots to perceive their environment and perform tasks reliably. The document then describes various types of internal sensors like position, velocity, force sensors and external sensors like proximity, range finding, color and motion sensors. It provides details on specific position sensors like potentiometers, optical encoders, LVDTs and magnetic sensors. The document also discusses velocity sensors such as encoders and tachometers. Finally, it mentions new developments in sensor technology including MEMS, MOEMS and smart sensors, and provides an example of the humanoid robot ASIMO which utilizes various sensors for functions like vision, balance and intelligence.
This document discusses using an optical sensor to measure tilt angle in motorcycles. It describes the sensor parameters, how tilt angle is defined and calculated using sensor measurements, and how the sensor data is processed. Test results from using the sensor on racetracks are presented. The advantages of the optical sensor approach include its small size, low cost and weight. Drawbacks include interference from the environment and roughness of the road. The measurement of tilt angle is useful for applications like anti-lock braking systems.
Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves to detect objects and measure distances with millimeter precision under many conditions. Passive infrared (PIR) sensors detect infrared light given off by objects to trigger motion detectors. Temperature sensors like the TMP36 output a voltage linearly proportional to temperature in degrees Celsius without external calibration.
Sensors are devices that convert physical parameters into electrical signals that can be measured. They work by transmitting light or infrared radiation onto an object, and a receiver detects the reflected light. The signal is then amplified and processed. There are different types of sensors for factory and process automation, including inductive, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic, and temperature, pressure, level, and flow sensors. Sensors play a key role in automation by enabling control systems across various industries like manufacturing, food processing, and more, making lives easier, safer, and more productive through increased automation.
Vibration sensors detect vibrations and convert them into electrical signals. There are two main types: contact sensors that must mount directly to the object, and non-contact sensors that measure vibrations without direct contact. Common contact sensors include piezoelectric accelerometers, piezoresistive accelerometers, and strain gauges. Common non-contact sensors include microphones, laser displacement sensors, and eddy current sensors. Vibration data can be analyzed in both the time and frequency domains to diagnose machine problems.
The document discusses different types of sensors based on their output and principles of operation. There are discrete (digital) sensors that provide a single logical output and proportional (analog) sensors that provide an output such as voltage or current. Optical, inductive, reed, magnetic, and capacitive sensors are described in terms of their operating principles, outputs, advantages, and limitations. Symbols are provided for common sensor types.
Proximity sensors detect objects without physical contact using various technologies like inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic and optical. Inductive sensors detect metallic objects using a coil and oscillator to create a magnetic field. Capacitive sensors detect metallic and nonmetallic objects by measuring capacitance changes between the sensor and object. Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves above human hearing range, while optical sensors use light beams reflected off objects. Key features of good sensors include precision, accuracy, response speed, operating range, reliability, easy calibration and low cost.
This document summarizes an introduction to sensors workshop given at Polytechnic University. It defines what sensors are, describes different types of detectable phenomena that can be measured by sensors, and explains several common physical principles that sensors use to operate. The document then discusses why sensors are needed, factors to consider when choosing a sensor, and provides details on several specific sensor types including temperature, accelerometer, light, magnetic field, ultrasonic, photogate, and CO2 gas sensors.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
This document discusses different types of proximity sensors, including inductive, capacitive, optical, and ultrasonic sensors. It describes the basic construction and working of each type, including their main components and how they detect nearby objects. The applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each proximity sensor type are also outlined. Major industries that use proximity sensors are described as machine tools, packaging machinery, automatic doors, elevators, and the automotive and building sectors.
A light sensor detects ambient light levels and can include photoresistors, photodiodes, or phototransistors. It works by measuring changes in electrical resistance, voltage, or current caused by exposure to light. Light sensors have a wide range of applications including in street lights, cameras, alarms, and automatic lighting controls.
Chap 5 introduction to intelligent instrumentsLenchoDuguma
Intelligent instruments are measurement devices that incorporate digital signal processing to enhance measurement performance. They go by various names like intelligent instrument, intelligent sensor, smart sensor, and smart transmitter. Intelligent devices process sensor outputs to correct errors and improve accuracy. They perform functions like compensating for environmental disturbances, signal damping, switchable ranges/units, linearization, self-diagnosis, and remote control. Smart sensors have local processing that enables independent operation without a central controller, providing benefits like improved accuracy, stability, and reduced maintenance needs. Smart transmitters have additional functionality like output processing and environmental compensation using secondary sensors. They provide advantages such as improved accuracy, automatic error correction, stability, reduced maintenance needs, and self-diagn
The document discusses smart sensors, providing details on their architecture, fabrication, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Some key points:
- Smart sensors integrate a sensor, analog/digital converter, processor and communication interface on a single chip, allowing them to process and communicate sensor data.
- The basic architecture includes a sensing element, amplifier, ADC, memory, processor and communication components. Fabrication uses techniques like micro-machining and bonding.
- Advantages are reduced system load and faster operation. Applications include industrial monitoring, automotive controls, biomedical devices, and smart dust networks of tiny sensors. Disadvantages include higher initial costs and issues with mixing old and new devices.
This document provides an overview of sensors and actuators. It defines sensors as devices that can detect and sense signals from various sources, like optical, biomedical, electrical, physical or mechanical signals. Nanosensors are defined as tiny sensors only a few nanometers in size. The document outlines different types of sensors like optical, bio, chemical and physical sensors and provides examples. It also discusses applications of sensors like Pebble sensors, twin-action nanosensors and multimodal nanosensors. Actuators are defined as devices that convert a control signal into motion. The document outlines actuator design goals and types like hydraulic, pneumatic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic and mechanical actuators. It provides examples of applications for
This document discusses sensors and provides examples of different types of sensors. It begins with an introduction that defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal. It then discusses the uses of sensors in various applications like cars, machines, medicine, and more. The document also summarizes the different types of sensors like optical sensors, microwave sensors, biosensors, and non-biological sensors. It provides examples of specific sensors like infrared sensors, photoelectric sensors, and discusses their properties and resolution.
This document discusses various sensors including smoke sensors, parking sensors, pedometers, pressure sensors, and accelerometers. It provides details on the types, working mechanisms, and applications of each sensor. Smoke sensors are discussed in depth including ionization, optical, and carbon monoxide types. Parking sensors use electromagnetic or ultrasonic sensors to alert drivers to obstacles. Pedometers count steps using mechanical or MEMS sensors. Pressure sensors include strain gauge, capacitive, and piezoelectric types and are used in industries like automotive and biomedical. Accelerometers measure acceleration using capacitive, piezoelectric, or piezoresistive mechanisms and have applications in devices, robots, and seismic monitoring.
The document discusses various types of proximity sensors including inductive, capacitive, photoelectric, magnetic, infrared, and ultrasonic sensors. It provides definitions and descriptions of how each sensor works, including common components, detection ranges, and applications. For example, it explains that inductive sensors detect metallic objects using magnetic fields while capacitive sensors detect non-metallic objects by measuring changes in capacitance. Common applications mentioned include parking sensors, engine sensors, and conveyor systems.
The document discusses sensors and their uses in manufacturing. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a readable form. Sensors are then classified into different types including tactile, proximity, range, miscellaneous, and machine vision sensors. Examples are provided for each type along with their working principles and applications in robotics and manufacturing for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, process monitoring, and quality control. Key desirable sensor features and concepts like accuracy vs precision are also covered at a high level.
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, with sensors detecting signals from the real world and actuators generating signals. Electronic sensors typically use primary transducers to convert a parameter into an electrical signal, and secondary transducers to further process the signal. Common sensor components and configurations are described such as op-amps, instrumentation amplifiers, and connecting sensors to microcontrollers and networks. The document also covers transducer types including mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical. Sensor calibration techniques are discussed to address non-ideal sensor effects.
The document provides an introduction and instructions for using Transana, a qualitative data analysis software. It explains how to start Transana by creating a database and selecting a series. It also describes how to upload media files, transcribe audio/video data, add time codes to synchronize transcripts with media, and organize clips, episodes, and collections for analysis. The document uses these features to demonstrate how to code data through keyword groups and keywords to identify themes and concepts for building explanations.
The document provides information on Ingeteam's INGEDRIVETM family of low- and medium-voltage variable speed drives. It describes the drives' modular design, control system, power ratings up to 36 MVA, cooling options, safety features, communication capabilities, and applications in industries such as marine, oil & gas, metals, mining, and water & waste water. The document also includes specifications, dimensions, and type codes for some example drive models.
Sensors are devices that convert physical parameters into electrical signals that can be measured. They work by transmitting light or infrared radiation onto an object, and a receiver detects the reflected light. The signal is then amplified and processed. There are different types of sensors for factory and process automation, including inductive, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic, and temperature, pressure, level, and flow sensors. Sensors play a key role in automation by enabling control systems across various industries like manufacturing, food processing, and more, making lives easier, safer, and more productive through increased automation.
Vibration sensors detect vibrations and convert them into electrical signals. There are two main types: contact sensors that must mount directly to the object, and non-contact sensors that measure vibrations without direct contact. Common contact sensors include piezoelectric accelerometers, piezoresistive accelerometers, and strain gauges. Common non-contact sensors include microphones, laser displacement sensors, and eddy current sensors. Vibration data can be analyzed in both the time and frequency domains to diagnose machine problems.
The document discusses different types of sensors based on their output and principles of operation. There are discrete (digital) sensors that provide a single logical output and proportional (analog) sensors that provide an output such as voltage or current. Optical, inductive, reed, magnetic, and capacitive sensors are described in terms of their operating principles, outputs, advantages, and limitations. Symbols are provided for common sensor types.
Proximity sensors detect objects without physical contact using various technologies like inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic and optical. Inductive sensors detect metallic objects using a coil and oscillator to create a magnetic field. Capacitive sensors detect metallic and nonmetallic objects by measuring capacitance changes between the sensor and object. Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves above human hearing range, while optical sensors use light beams reflected off objects. Key features of good sensors include precision, accuracy, response speed, operating range, reliability, easy calibration and low cost.
This document summarizes an introduction to sensors workshop given at Polytechnic University. It defines what sensors are, describes different types of detectable phenomena that can be measured by sensors, and explains several common physical principles that sensors use to operate. The document then discusses why sensors are needed, factors to consider when choosing a sensor, and provides details on several specific sensor types including temperature, accelerometer, light, magnetic field, ultrasonic, photogate, and CO2 gas sensors.
This Presentation provides some basics of Sensors Technology.........
It gives few ideas to learn about sensors which are as normally used as electrical & electronics applications.......
This document discusses different types of proximity sensors, including inductive, capacitive, optical, and ultrasonic sensors. It describes the basic construction and working of each type, including their main components and how they detect nearby objects. The applications, advantages, and disadvantages of each proximity sensor type are also outlined. Major industries that use proximity sensors are described as machine tools, packaging machinery, automatic doors, elevators, and the automotive and building sectors.
A light sensor detects ambient light levels and can include photoresistors, photodiodes, or phototransistors. It works by measuring changes in electrical resistance, voltage, or current caused by exposure to light. Light sensors have a wide range of applications including in street lights, cameras, alarms, and automatic lighting controls.
Chap 5 introduction to intelligent instrumentsLenchoDuguma
Intelligent instruments are measurement devices that incorporate digital signal processing to enhance measurement performance. They go by various names like intelligent instrument, intelligent sensor, smart sensor, and smart transmitter. Intelligent devices process sensor outputs to correct errors and improve accuracy. They perform functions like compensating for environmental disturbances, signal damping, switchable ranges/units, linearization, self-diagnosis, and remote control. Smart sensors have local processing that enables independent operation without a central controller, providing benefits like improved accuracy, stability, and reduced maintenance needs. Smart transmitters have additional functionality like output processing and environmental compensation using secondary sensors. They provide advantages such as improved accuracy, automatic error correction, stability, reduced maintenance needs, and self-diagn
The document discusses smart sensors, providing details on their architecture, fabrication, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Some key points:
- Smart sensors integrate a sensor, analog/digital converter, processor and communication interface on a single chip, allowing them to process and communicate sensor data.
- The basic architecture includes a sensing element, amplifier, ADC, memory, processor and communication components. Fabrication uses techniques like micro-machining and bonding.
- Advantages are reduced system load and faster operation. Applications include industrial monitoring, automotive controls, biomedical devices, and smart dust networks of tiny sensors. Disadvantages include higher initial costs and issues with mixing old and new devices.
This document provides an overview of sensors and actuators. It defines sensors as devices that can detect and sense signals from various sources, like optical, biomedical, electrical, physical or mechanical signals. Nanosensors are defined as tiny sensors only a few nanometers in size. The document outlines different types of sensors like optical, bio, chemical and physical sensors and provides examples. It also discusses applications of sensors like Pebble sensors, twin-action nanosensors and multimodal nanosensors. Actuators are defined as devices that convert a control signal into motion. The document outlines actuator design goals and types like hydraulic, pneumatic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic and mechanical actuators. It provides examples of applications for
This document discusses sensors and provides examples of different types of sensors. It begins with an introduction that defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal. It then discusses the uses of sensors in various applications like cars, machines, medicine, and more. The document also summarizes the different types of sensors like optical sensors, microwave sensors, biosensors, and non-biological sensors. It provides examples of specific sensors like infrared sensors, photoelectric sensors, and discusses their properties and resolution.
This document discusses various sensors including smoke sensors, parking sensors, pedometers, pressure sensors, and accelerometers. It provides details on the types, working mechanisms, and applications of each sensor. Smoke sensors are discussed in depth including ionization, optical, and carbon monoxide types. Parking sensors use electromagnetic or ultrasonic sensors to alert drivers to obstacles. Pedometers count steps using mechanical or MEMS sensors. Pressure sensors include strain gauge, capacitive, and piezoelectric types and are used in industries like automotive and biomedical. Accelerometers measure acceleration using capacitive, piezoelectric, or piezoresistive mechanisms and have applications in devices, robots, and seismic monitoring.
The document discusses various types of proximity sensors including inductive, capacitive, photoelectric, magnetic, infrared, and ultrasonic sensors. It provides definitions and descriptions of how each sensor works, including common components, detection ranges, and applications. For example, it explains that inductive sensors detect metallic objects using magnetic fields while capacitive sensors detect non-metallic objects by measuring changes in capacitance. Common applications mentioned include parking sensors, engine sensors, and conveyor systems.
The document discusses sensors and their uses in manufacturing. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a readable form. Sensors are then classified into different types including tactile, proximity, range, miscellaneous, and machine vision sensors. Examples are provided for each type along with their working principles and applications in robotics and manufacturing for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, process monitoring, and quality control. Key desirable sensor features and concepts like accuracy vs precision are also covered at a high level.
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, with sensors detecting signals from the real world and actuators generating signals. Electronic sensors typically use primary transducers to convert a parameter into an electrical signal, and secondary transducers to further process the signal. Common sensor components and configurations are described such as op-amps, instrumentation amplifiers, and connecting sensors to microcontrollers and networks. The document also covers transducer types including mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical. Sensor calibration techniques are discussed to address non-ideal sensor effects.
The document provides an introduction and instructions for using Transana, a qualitative data analysis software. It explains how to start Transana by creating a database and selecting a series. It also describes how to upload media files, transcribe audio/video data, add time codes to synchronize transcripts with media, and organize clips, episodes, and collections for analysis. The document uses these features to demonstrate how to code data through keyword groups and keywords to identify themes and concepts for building explanations.
The document provides information on Ingeteam's INGEDRIVETM family of low- and medium-voltage variable speed drives. It describes the drives' modular design, control system, power ratings up to 36 MVA, cooling options, safety features, communication capabilities, and applications in industries such as marine, oil & gas, metals, mining, and water & waste water. The document also includes specifications, dimensions, and type codes for some example drive models.
CAQDAS (Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) programs help organize, code, search, and analyze qualitative research data. They allow researchers to better organize their data, perform boolean searches, generate codebooks, and visualize relationships between codes and theoretical constructs. While CAQDAS cannot analyze data on its own, it can assist researchers with tasks like coding, indexing, sorting, and manipulating data to help increase organization and allow viewing data from different perspectives.
Sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits sample an analog input signal and hold the value for subsequent processing. The simplest S/H circuit uses an MOS transistor as a sampling switch and a hold capacitor. However, MOS transistor switches can introduce errors from charge injection and clock feedthrough. As a result, different S/H techniques have been developed to reduce these errors and meet demands for high-speed, low-power S/H circuits in applications like analog-to-digital converters.
Trends in Sensors, Wearable Devices and IoTWalt Maclay
Today, it is all about being connected and staying connected. Low-cost sensors are revolutionizing medical, home health and wearable devices, as well as other internet of things gadgets. Walt Maclay explains how these smart devices are benefiting from the ongoing development of low-cost high-volume sensors. Whether it is temperature, pressure, vibration, acceleration, flow, sound or vision, it is all about sensors. They are critical to many advances and to the rapid innovation we are seeing today. In this video, Walt Maclay presents the latest trends and challenges he sees for sensors, wearable devices and IoT.
To deal with various technologies which provide smart sensing in healthcare and compare them for their energy usage and battery life and discuss the format of communication to the database of these devices. To put forward devices which use smart sensors in advanced medical check-ups. To discuss the prospects of upcoming technology called Smart Dust in e-health and its advantages and effects for better deployment of trustworthy services in healthcare keeping in mind all the capabilities of the Smart Sensor.
Ooi Kim Shuan's curriculum vitae summarizes his educational background and work experience. He has a Bachelor's degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia. His work experience includes positions as a Product Engineer at Broadcom and as a Senior Product Engineer conducting new product introductions at Freescale Semiconductor. He is currently a Staff NPI/Product Engineer at Broadcom where he is responsible for new product introductions and characterization.
Sensors, Wearables and the Internet of Things: A Revolution in the MakingMatt Turck
This document discusses the emerging field of sensors, wearables, and the Internet of Things. It describes how physical devices are increasingly being connected to networks and being able to both sense data and communicate. This represents a transition to the "Internet of Things" where not just computers and people but physical objects are part of the network. The document outlines several industries that will be impacted and technologies enabling this transition like mobile connectivity, open source platforms, and new applications across various verticals. It poses questions about what challenges may emerge as more of the physical world becomes networked and quantifiable.
Sensing-as-a-Service - New Business Models for Internet of Things (IOT)Dr. Mazlan Abbas
This document discusses sensing-as-a-service as a new business model for telecommunications companies in the Internet of Things. It argues that telcos have struggled to embrace IoT due to legacy connectivity-focused businesses and lack of domain expertise. However, becoming an end-to-end IoT service provider through a sensing-as-a-service model could allow telcos to harness sensor data from various sources and create new applications. This presents opportunities to generate new revenue streams and find a niche in the growing IoT ecosystem.
This presentation provides an overview of optical sensors, including their introduction, working principles, classification, applications, and future trends. Optical sensors are classified as either extrinsic or intrinsic based on whether the light interacts with the measurand inside or outside of the optical fiber. They have a wide range of applications in areas such as temperature, chemical concentration, strain, biomedical, and more. The presentation concludes that optical sensor technology will continue to improve and be an important area of research going forward.
IOT is connecting every physical object in the world using wireless technologies to track and control them from every where in the world...Every object is uniquely identified using ip addresses(IPv6)
This document discusses the potential of internet of things (IoT) technology for creating smart cities. It begins by explaining how large the global IoT market is expected to become by 2020, with billions of connected devices. It then outlines the various components of an IoT ecosystem and discusses market opportunities in areas like application development, integration, and security. The document emphasizes the importance of cities in driving innovation and economic growth. It presents examples of how IoT could be applied in cities for applications like environmental monitoring, parking management, and traffic monitoring. It also discusses challenges around data integration, collection, and analysis for smart cities. Finally, the document discusses approaches for citizen engagement with smart city technologies and applications.
The document describes various smart and connected devices for homes and consumers. It provides examples of Internet of Things devices such as a smart fork that monitors eating habits, a smart cup that tracks liquid consumption, and a smart toothbrush that engages users in their oral hygiene routine. It also lists devices for other activities like gardening, sports training, home security, pet care, and more that connect to smartphones and the Internet to provide remote access and data collection. The devices demonstrate how almost any everyday object can be made smart and integrated into the growing Internet of Things ecosystem.
The document discusses the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as the concept of connecting physical objects to the internet and being able to identify, sense and communicate with those objects. It describes how IoT allows both people and devices to communicate with each other and exchange data. Some key applications of IoT mentioned are smart homes, smart cities, industrial automation, logistics and supply chain management. The document also outlines several challenges to the large-scale implementation of IoT such as issues relating to privacy, security, standardization, and developing energy sources for billions of connected devices.
The document provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) in 3 sentences:
The Internet of Things (IoT) connects physical objects through sensors, software and network connectivity which allows these "things" to collect and exchange data between other devices. The document outlines what IoT is, how it works, current applications and challenges, and the future potential of a world where many everyday objects are connected to the internet and able to send and receive data. The increasing interconnectivity of physical objects through technologies like RFID, sensors and networking promises both benefits and risks relating to privacy, security, and how IoT may influence human behavior.
The document discusses intelligent instrumentation and smart sensors. It defines sensors as devices that respond to physical stimuli and convert it into an electrical signal. Both sensors and actuators are collectively called transducers, which convert energy from one form to another. It lists common smart sensors like temperature sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, gas/smoke sensors, accelerometers, level sensors, image sensors, motion detection sensors, optical sensors, and gyroscope sensors. The document also mentions advantages and disadvantages of smart sensors but does not specify what they are.
The document discusses intelligent instrumentation and smart sensors. It defines sensors as devices that respond to physical stimuli and convert it into an electrical signal. Both sensors and actuators are collectively called transducers, which convert energy from one form to another. It lists common smart sensors like temperature sensors, proximity sensors, pressure sensors, gas/smoke sensors, accelerometers, level sensors, image sensors, motion detection sensors, optical sensors, and gyroscope sensors. The document also mentions advantages and disadvantages of smart sensors but does not specify what they are.
The document discusses intelligent instrumentation and smart sensors. It defines sensors as devices that respond to physical stimuli and convert it into an electrical signal to perform an input function. Actuators are also discussed which perform an output function to control external devices. The general architecture of smart sensors is described including information coding/processing and data compensation. Several types of smart sensors are listed such as temperature, proximity, pressure, gas, smoke, accelerometer, level, image, motion, optical, and gyroscope sensors along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses smart sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). It provides an overview of what smart sensors are, how they have evolved from traditional sensors, and examples of common smart sensor types used in IoT applications. These include temperature, proximity, pressure, gas, accelerometer, level, motion detection, optical, gyroscope, and water quality sensors. The document also outlines potential benefits of a world connected by smart sensors and IoT, such as improved security, smart cities/metering, and environmental monitoring. Both pros and cons of smart sensors are presented.
This document discusses smart sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT). It begins with introducing the group members and then outlines topics to be covered such as definitions of smart sensors, their evolution, examples of smart sensors used in IoT applications, and the benefits of a world connected by smart sensors and IoT. Specific types of smart sensors are explained in more detail such as temperature, proximity, pressure, gas, accelerometer, level, motion detection, optical, and gyroscope sensors. Applications of smart sensors for smart cities, utilities, and environmental monitoring are presented. Both pros and cons of smart sensors are listed.
Sensors detect physical stimuli like heat, light, and motion and convert it to an electrical signal. Actuators are devices that perform an output function to control external devices. Together, sensors and actuators are called transducers. Smart sensors have general architectures that allow for information coding/processing and data compensation. Some common types of smart sensors are temperature, proximity, pressure, gas, accelerometer, level, image, motion detection, optical, and gyroscope sensors.
This document summarizes a lecture on sensors and actuators given by Dr. Raghvendra Upadhyay. It discusses different types of sensors, including primary sensors, secondary sensors, and signal processing elements. It also covers static characteristics of measurement instruments like accuracy, precision, repeatability, sensitivity, zero drift, and sensitivity drift. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like sensitivity, linearity, and how instrument readings may change with environmental factors like temperature.
1. What are sensors, actuators and transducers. Give examples for each one.
2. Classify and explain sensors each one in detail
3. Explain sensors characteristics based on three fundamental properties.
4. List and explain all the considerations that must be incorporated during the sensing of critical
systems.
5. How is sensor resolution different from its accuracy?
6. List and explain different sensing types
7. Differentiate between scalar and vector sensors.
8. Differentiate between analog and digital sensors.
9. List and explain the factors that influence the choice of sensors.
10. What are actuators? List and explain the actuator types
11. Differentiate between hydraulic and pneumatic actuators with examples.
12. What are shape memory alloys (SMA)?
13. What are soft actuators?
14. What are the main features of shape memory polymers?
15. What are light activated polymers?
16. Explain actuator characteristics
digital tachometer is used to measure heart beat rate by measuring the no of pulses in the finger tip due to pumping of blood by heart.when heart pumps blood,volume of blood inside finger tip increases on the other hand when heart contracts,volume of blood inside finger tip decreases.
This document provides an overview of smart sensors, including their architecture, fabrication, applications, and advantages. It defines smart sensors as sensors integrated with processing and communication capabilities. The key components of a smart sensor's architecture are a sensing element, analog/digital conversion circuitry, memory, and a communication interface. Smart sensors can be fabricated using techniques like micro-machining and wafer bonding. Their applications span industries, automotive, biomedicine, defense, and more. Advantages include reduced processing load and faster operation compared to conventional sensors.
VARIOUS SENSOR USED IN ROBOTICS WITH APPLICATIONS | J4RV3I12003Journal For Research
This paper gives brief introduction about various sensors used in robotics and their applications. A sensor is a device that detects the changes in electrical or physical or other quantities and thereby produces an output and whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to other electronic devices. Robotic sensors are used to estimate robots condition and environment. Sensors in robots are based on the functions of human sensory organs. Sensors used in robots provide intelligence to the robot and improve their performance.
This presentation discusses robotic sensors. It defines a robot and explains that robotic sensors detect physical signals and convert them to electrical signals to estimate a robot's environment and condition. The document then categorizes and describes various types of robotic sensors including light, sound, temperature, contact, proximity, distance, pressure, tilt, voltage, current, IMU, and acceleration sensors. It provides examples and applications of each sensor type. The presentation concludes by noting sensors allow robots to complete various tasks and that more complex robots require more sensors.
Sensors-and-Actuators-working principle and types of sensorsRameshBabu920476
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2. Basics of sensors
Overview of Smart Sensor
Description of the architecture of a smart sensor
Operation
Evolution of smart sensors
Applications
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 2
3. A sensor is basically an element that produces a signal
relating to the quantity to be measured. For example let
us consider an electrical resistance temperature element.
Here the measurand is the temperature which is being
sensed by the said device and it produces an electrical
resistance from the temperature being measured.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 3
4. Static Characteristics:
• Accuracy
• Precision
• Reproducibility & Repeatability
• Range and span
• Sensitivity
• Signal to noise(S/N) ratio
• Linearity
• Hysteresis
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 4
5. Dynamic Characteristics:
• Frequency and Impulse responses
• Speed of the response
• Measuring lag
• Fidelity
• Dynamic error
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 5
6. Sensor Types Examples
Flow Differential Pressure, Electromagnetic, Ultrasonic
Level Mechanical, DP, Magnetostrictive, radio frequency
Temperature RTD, Thermistor, Thermocouple,
Displacement Potentiometric, LVDT, Capacitive, Photoelectric
Acceleration Accelerometer, Gyroscope
Image CMOS,CCDs
Chemical Ionization, Infrared, Semiconductor
Biosensor Electrochemical, SPR,LAP
Others Mass, Force, Humidity, Viscosity
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 6
7. A sensor producing an electrical output, when combined
with some interfacing hardwares is termed to be an
intelligent sensor. Intelligent sensors are also called
smart sensors, which is a more acceptable term now.
Sensors + Interfacing hardwares=Smart sensors
This type of sensor is different from other type of sensors
as because it carries out functions like ranging,
calibration and decision making for communications and
utilization of data.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 7
8. Normal
Sensors
such as
pressure
Interfacing hardwares temperature
Smart Sensor
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 8
9. Communication
interface
Memory
device Sensor
DAS module
Smart Sensor
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 9
11. Automatic ranging and calibration of data through a
built in system.
Automatic DAS and storage of calibration constants in
local memory of the field device.
Automatic linearization of nonlinear transfer functions.
Auto-correction of offsets, time and temperature drifts.
Self tuning control algorithms.
Control is implementable through signal bus and a host
system.
Initiates communication through serial bus.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 11
12. Sensing
element Interfacing hardwares
Sensors
Memory Communication
Hardwares and HMI
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 12
13. The general architecture of a smart sensor has the
following components namely
Sensing element and transduction element.
Interfacing Hardwares/Data Acquisition System (DAS)
Signal Conditioning Devices.
Conversion Devices.
Programming Devices.
Communication Interfaces.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 13
14. Description of the components
Sensing element and Transduction element:
It is the first component of the sensor system that comes in
contact with the measurand. The measurand can be any
form like pressure,flow,level, temperature etc.
This element is also termed as the primary sensing element
of a measurement system.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 14
15. Data Acquisition System ( DAS):
A DAS is used for the measurement and processing of an
input response or any measurand before it is being
displayed on the operator desk or permanently recorded
and monitored. Following are the components to
accomplish the necessary tasks.
Transducers.
Signal Conditioning and Signal Processing Unit.
Conversion elements like ADC/DAC.
Multiplexer and Demultiplexer.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 15
16. Transducers:
A transducer in general is a
device that converts one form
of energy to another form.
Transducers change the
physical phenomena into
electrical signals.
A common example is RTD that
converts the temperature into
corresponding electrical signal
that is measured in terms
of voltage or resistance.
Resistance Temperature
Detector
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 16
17. Signal Conditioning and Signal Processing Unit:
The process of manipulating and modifying the input
signal or measurand in such a way that it meets the
necessary requirements for further processing. Signal
conditioning of an input signal is done through the
following steps
Amplification
Filtering
Linearization
Sampling
Modulation
Excitation
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 17
18. Amplification: Process of boosting up the input signal
for the purpose of increasing the resolution and reducing
the noise.
Filtering: Extended process of amplification stage to
remove the unwanted noise components present in the
signal of interest. The noise components can be removed
using LPF and HPF depending on the input signal.
Linearization: Process of converting a non linear response
into a linear one for better output response.
Sampling: Process of conversion of a continuous signal
into a discrete signal.
Modulation: Transmitting the input signal carrying useful
information to a remote site appended with a carrier signal
depending on the channel bandwidth and frequency.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 18
19. Excitation: Signal conditioning also generates excitation
for some passive transducers such as strain gauge, RTD
which acquire external voltages for their operation.RTD
measurements are usually made with a current excitation
source that converts the change in resistance into a
measurable voltage.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 19
20. ADC and DAC converters:
The data converters convert one form of data into another
form. There are two types of data converters
Analog to Digital Converter(ADC)
Digital to Analog Converter(DAC)
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 20
21. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC):
An analog-to-digital converter is a device that converts a
continuous physical quantity (usually voltage) to a digital
number that represents the quantity's amplitude.
The conversion is done through 3 steps
Sampling
Quantization
Coding
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC):
A device that converts a digitised input signal into its
continuous analog output signal(current, voltage or electric
charge).
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 21
22. Data conversion and sample data system
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 22
23. Sample and Hold Circuit (S/H):
Sample and hold circuit is an analog device that samples
the voltage of a continuously varying analog signal and
holds its value at a constant level for a specified minimal
period of time.
They are typically used in analog-to-digital converters to
eliminate variations in input signal that can corrupt the
conversion process.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 23
24. Fig: Sample and Hold circuit: AI=Analog Input, AO=Analog Output
C=control signal
The sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in a capacitor and
contains a switch and at least one operational amplifier. To sample the
input signal the switch connects the capacitor to the output of a buffer
amplifier. The buffer amplifier charges or discharges the capacitor so
that the voltage across the capacitor is practically equal, or
proportional to, input voltage. In hold mode the switch disconnects the
capacitor from the buffer. The capacitor is invariably discharged by its
own leakage currents and useful load currents.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 24
25. Multiplexer( MUX): Demultiplexer(DEMUX):
is a device that selects one of is a device that produces
several analog or digital input multiple number of outputs from
signals and forwards the a single input. A demultiplexer
selected input into a single line. with a single input and 2n
A multiplexer of 2n inputs outputs has n select lines.
has n select lines, which are
used to select which input line to
send to the output.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 25
26. Block diagram of MUX Block diagram of DEMUX
2N 1 1 2N
DEMUX
Inputs Output Input Outputs
MUX
(sources) (destination) (source) (destinations)
N
N
Select
Select
Lines
Lines
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 26
27. Programming Devices:
After the data acquisition process is over, the processed
signal is fed into the programming devices such as
microprocessor for the purpose of programming and
storage of the programmed data in the memory devices.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 27
28. Microprocessor (8085)-a brief introduction:
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable,
clock driven register based electronic device that reads
binary instructions from a storage device called memory,
accepts binary data as input and processes data according
to those instructions and provides results as output.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 28
29. Architecture of 8085 microprocessor
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 29
30. Communication interfaces:
The programmed output of the microprocessor which is
digital in nature in now finally fed to the computing device
such as computers for the final processing, recording and
displaying. The communication of the processed and
programmed data from the data acquisition unit to the
computer is initiated by using a RS-232 fast
communication interface.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 30
32. In the architecture shown A1, A2…An and S/H1,
S/H2…S/Hn are the amplifiers and sample and hold
circuit corresponding to different sensing element
respectively. So as to get a digital form of an analog
signal the analog signal is periodically sampled (its
instantaneous value is acquired by circuit), and that
constant value is held and is converted into a digital
words. Any type of ADC must contain or proceeded by, a
circuit that holds the voltage at the input to the ADC
converter constant during the entire conversion time.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 32
33. Conversion times vary widely, from nanoseconds (for
flash ADCs) to microseconds (successive approximation
ADC) to hundreds of microseconds (for dual slope
integrator ADCs).ADC starts conversion when it receives
start of conversion signal (SOC) from the processor and
after conversion is over it gives end of conversion signal
to the processor. Outputs of all the sample and hold
circuits are multiplexed together so that we can use a
single ADC, which will reduce the cost of the chip.
Offset compensation and correction comprises of an
ADC for measuring a reference voltage and other for the
zero. Dedicating two channels of the multiplexer and
using only one ADC for whole system can avoid the
addition of ADC for this. This is helpful in offset
correction and zero compensation of gain due to
temperature drifts of acquisition chain.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 33
34. Output
Inputs
Operation of smart sensor
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 34
35. First generation devices had little, if any electronics
associated with them.
Second generation sensors were part of purely
analog systems with virtually all of the electronics
remote from the sensor.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 35
39. General Applications
Industrial Applications
Medical Applications
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 39
40. General Applications:
Smart sensor enhances the following applications:
o Self calibration: Adjust deviation of o/p of sensor from
desired value.
o Communication: Broadcast information about its own
status.
o Computation: Allows one to obtain the average,
variance and standard deviation for the set of
measurements.
o Multisensing: A single smart sensor can measure
pressure, temperature, humidity, gas flow and infrared,
chemical reaction surface acoustic vapour etc.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 40
41. Industrial Applications:
Accelerometer
Optical Sensor
Infra red detector
Structural Monitoring
Geological Mapping
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 41
42. It consists of the sensing
element and electronics on
silicon. The accelerometer
itself is a metal-coated SiO2
cantilever beam that is
fabricated on silicon chip
where the capacitance between
the beam and the substrate
provides the output signal.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 42
43. Optical sensor is one of the
examples of smart sensor,
which is used for measuring
exposure in cameras, optical
angle encoders and optical
arrays. Similar examples are
load cells silicon based
pressure sensors.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 43
44. It is developed at solid
laboratory of university of
Michigan. Here infrared
sensing element is developed
using polysilicon.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 44
45. Smart sensors so implemented
for this application are used for
detecting any type of defects or
fractures in the structures or
infrastructures.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 45
46. It is needed mainly to detect the
minerals on the geological
areas.
Digital imaging &
interpretation of tunnel
geology.
Remote measurements of
tunnel response.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 46
47. Medical Applications:
Food safety
Biological hazard detection
Safety hazard detection and warning
Environmental monitoring both locally and globally
Health monitoring
Medical diagnostics
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 47
48. A sensor is an element that produces a signal relating to the quantity
to be measured.
Sensors + Interfacing hardwares=Smart sensors.
Architecture of a smart sensor consists of sensing element, DAS,
programming and necessary network peripherals.
Operation is through sensing, signal conditioning and signal
processing, programming , storage, communication and displaying.
Smart sensor technology is widely used in industrial and medical
applications.
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 48
49. • ‘Sensors and Transducers’ by D.Patranabis
• Google-www.google.com
• Wikipedia-www.wikipedia.org
• Google images
Sukanta Bhattacharyya Thursday, March 14, 2013 49