Analog signal processing,
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Sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits sample an analog input signal and hold the value for subsequent processing. The simplest S/H circuit uses an MOS transistor as a sampling switch and a hold capacitor. However, MOS transistor switches can introduce errors from charge injection and clock feedthrough. As a result, different S/H techniques have been developed to reduce these errors and meet demands for high-speed, low-power S/H circuits in applications like analog-to-digital converters.
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Sample and hold circuit
This document discusses sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits. It explains that S/H circuits sample an analog input signal and hold its value for subsequent processing. The simplest S/H circuit uses an MOS transistor switch and hold capacitor. Switched op-amp based S/H circuits are also discussed. S/H circuits are used in applications like analog-to-digital converters and switched capacitor filters to accurately hold input values during conversion. The document covers the working, purpose, implementation and advantages/disadvantages of S/H circuits.
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This document discusses various modern techniques to reduce errors in sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits caused by charge injection and clock feedthrough. It describes techniques such as using pinched-off channels in MOS switches to prevent charge injection, current and charge cancellation, delayed clocking, and differential circuit designs. Specific circuit topologies are presented that implement these techniques, including a switched op-amp S/H circuit that prevents charge injection through pinched-off channels and solves charge sharing issues with delayed clocking, and a leakage current cancellation technique that injects compensating current to reduce voltage drift on the holding capacitor. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate these designs can significantly reduce S/H output errors.
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Sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits are important analog building blocks that are used in applications like analog-to-digital converters and switched-capacitor filters. The simplest S/H circuit uses an MOS transistor as a sampling switch and a hold capacitor. Switched op-amp based S/H circuits reduce errors from charge injection and clock feedthrough. S/H circuits are used to hold input signals constant for comparisons in circuits like successive approximation ADCs and to simultaneously sample multiple signals.
642135IJSETR12691-1615
This document describes the design and implementation of a sample and hold circuit in 180nm CMOS technology. It aims to reduce errors in sample and hold circuits such as charge injection and clock feedthrough. An operational amplifier-based architecture is proposed using a two-stage op-amp at the input and a unity gain buffer at the output. Simulation results show an acquisition time of 1.4015 nanoseconds, aperture jitter of 618.113 picoseconds, and gain of 64dB. The circuit achieves reduced charge injection error and increased acquisition time compared to traditional designs. Future work may include using differential circuits for faster ADCs or lower power buffers.
High Speed and Low Pedestal Error Bootstrapped CMOS Sample and Hold Circuit
A new high speed, low pedestal error bootstrapped CMOS sample and hold (S/H) circuit is proposed for high speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed circuit is made up of CMOS transmission gate (TG) switch and two new bootstrap circuits for each transistor in TG switch. Both TG switch and bootstrap circuits are used to decrease channel charge injection and on-resistance input signal dependency. In result, distortion can be reduced. The decrease of channel charge injection input signal dependency also makes the minimizing of pedestal error by adjusting the width of NMOS and PMOS of TG switch possible. The performance of the proposed circuit was evaluated using HSPICE 0.18-m CMOS process. For 50 MHz sinusoidal 1 V peak-to-peak differential input signal with a 1 GHz sampling clock, the proposed circuit achieves 2.75 mV maximum pedestal error, 0.542 mW power consumption, 90.87 dB SNR, 73.50 SINAD which is equal to 11.92 bits ENOB, -73.58 dB THD, and 73.95 dB SFDR.
ADC An Introduction
- Digital signal processing and its applications involve converting analog signals to digital signals using analog-to-digital conversion and processing digital signals using techniques like sampling.
- Sampling involves taking discrete measurements of a continuous signal at regular time intervals. The sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency of the original signal to avoid aliasing.
- Sample and hold circuits sample an analog input signal by connecting it to a capacitor, then hold the sampled value by disconnecting the capacitor, allowing time for analog-to-digital conversion without changes in the input affecting the held value.
SST
This simulation summarizes a student's bachelor's thesis on solid state transformers using cascaded H-bridge converters. It describes a proposed 20kVA cascaded H-bridge converter based solid state transformer connecting to a 12kV distribution system. Key components include a cascaded AC/DC rectifier, dual active bridge converters with high frequency transformers, and a DC/AC inverter. The simulation models this design in NI Multisim, using IGBT switches and various control circuits to regulate the voltage and power flow between the primary and secondary sides. Simulation results demonstrate voltage regulation through phase control of the rectifiers and output voltage control of the SPWM inverters.
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This document presents the design of a high performance folded cascade OTA and sample and hold circuit. The OTA is designed to achieve 10-bit resolution while operating at a 28 MHz sampling frequency. Simulation results show the OTA achieves a high open loop gain of 72 dB and bandwidth of 112 MHz, with a phase margin of 73 degrees. A low resistance transmission gate switch is designed to reduce charge injection and clock feedthrough effects during sampling. The circuit is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS technology.
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1) The document discusses using op amps as comparators and the tradeoffs involved. While op amps have advantages like cost and availability, they are not designed for open-loop or high-speed operation like comparators.
2) Key reasons not to use op amps as comparators include slower speed due to saturation, inconvenient input and output structures, and stability issues. Proper interface circuits are needed if the op amp and logic circuits have different supplies.
3) For applications requiring low speed, it may be acceptable to use an op amp as a comparator if its input and output characteristics are considered. But in general, comparators are designed for cleaner switching and driving logic circuits.
Unit IV DA & AD Convertors and Phase Locked Loop
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This document compares 1-phase cascaded and multilevel diode clamped leg inverters (MLDCLI) using pulse width modulation (PWM) control methods. It discusses that MLDCLI can significantly reduce switch count compared to cascaded H-bridge inverters as the number of voltage levels increases. The document presents performance analysis of a seven level MLDCLI based on sine and space vector PWM control techniques using MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations. Key performance parameters like waveform pattern, harmonic spectrum, fundamental value, and total harmonic distortion are analyzed.
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Design of High-Speed Dynamic Double-Tail Comparator
ABSTRACT:- The analog-to-digital converters which are of ultra low-power, area efficient, and high speed converters are made of dynamic regenerative comparators. These comparators can maximize speed and power efficiency. The delay and power dissipation of dynamic comparators are analyzed in this paper. The delays and tradeoff can be explored. The circuit of a conventional double tail comparator in this analysis is modified for fast operation even in different supply voltages. By using power gating technique and adding few transistors, the positive feedback during the regeneration is strengthened in the proposed comparator structure. The delay time can be reduced by providing positive feedback instead of adding few transistors. The analysis results are going to be confirmed on the basis of 0.25-µm CMOS technology. The power consumption and delay time can be significantly reduced based on this analysis. All the simulation are made using TANNER TOOLS, Generic 250nm. The schematic are drawn in the T-SPICE schematic editor.
Mt 084
While op amps and comparators seem similar, op amps have important limitations when used as comparators. Op amps are not designed to drive logic circuits directly, may saturate and recover slowly when overdriven, and their input and output stages can behave unexpectedly with large signals. Comparators are specifically designed to work open-loop, drive logic circuits at high speeds with minimal instability, and handle large differential input voltages. While op amps may work as comparators at low speeds and resolutions, their performance is generally not satisfactory and stability, speed, and input/output behavior must be carefully evaluated against the data sheet.
A new precision peak detector full wave rectifier
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new precision peak detector/full-wave rectifier circuit based on dual-output current conveyors. The key points are:
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2) An all-pass filter is used to shift the phase of the input signal by 90 degrees. This allows the circuit to fully rectify both halves of the sinusoidal wave.
3) Simulation results show the circuit has very low ripple voltage and harmonic distortion compared to existing techniques, making it
Adiabatic logic or clock powered logic
It is based on low power technique. One of these techniques are adiabatic logic. This presentation is simple seminar presentation at college.
1
This document is a summer training report submitted by Kavya Gupta to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report covers analog signal processing topics like operational amplifiers, operational transconductance amplifiers, current conveyors, current feedback operational amplifiers, oscillators, filters, and modulation techniques. It includes circuit diagrams and Pspice simulations to demonstrate various analog signal processing concepts.
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Sinusoidal PWM has been a very popular technique used in AC motor control. This is a method that employs a triangular carrier wave modulated by a sine wave and the points of intersection determining the switching points of the power devices in the inverter.
Lica 7th chapter slides
- Both analog data from the physical world and analog control signals must be converted to digital form to be processed by digital electronics. This involves converting signals from analog to digital and back again from digital to analog.
- There are two main approaches to digital to analog conversion: using a weighted summing amplifier or an R-2R ladder network. The R-2R network is better for higher bit conversions due to greater precision.
- There are three main types of analog to digital converters: digital ramp ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, and flash ADCs. Successive approximation ADCs are faster than digital ramp ADCs but slower than flash ADCs, which are the fastest but require the most circuitry.
Analog signal Conditioning
Signal conditioning is useful in making of the circuits related to small signals and setting the signals ranges. Sensors are having different outputs and we can set the desired ranges of the voltages as per the necessity.
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High Speed and Low Pedestal Error Bootstrapped CMOS Sample and Hold Circuit
High Speed and Low Pedestal Error Bootstrapped CMOS Sample and Hold Circuit
Design And Analysis of Charge Pump for PLL at 90nm CMOS technology
Design And Analysis of Charge Pump for PLL at 90nm CMOS technology
LOW CAPACITANCE CASCADED H BRIDGE MULTILEVEL BASED STATCOM
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Modeling supply and return line dynamics for an electrohydraulic actuation sy...
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Design of High-Speed Dynamic Double-Tail Comparator
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- 2. Sample-and-hold (S/H) is an important analog building block with many applications, including analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and switched- capacitor filters. The function of the S/H circuit is to sample an analog input signal and hold this value over a certain length of time for subsequent processing. Taking advantages of the excellent properties of MOS capacitors and switches, traditional switched capacitor techniques can be used to realize different S/H circuits .
- 3. The simplest S/H circuit in MOS technology is shown in Figure 1, where Vin is the input signal, M1 is an MOS transistor operating as the sampling switch, Ch is the hold capacitor,ck is the clock signal, and Vout is the resulting sample-and-hold output signal.
- 4. Switched op-amp based sample and hold circuitSwitched op-amp based sample and hold circuit
- 5. During sample mode, the SOP behaves just like a regular op-amp, in which the value of the output follows the value of the input. During hold mode, the MOS transistors at the output node of the SOP are turned off while they are still operating in saturation, thus preventing any channel charge from flowing into the output of the SOP. In addition, the SOP is shut off and its output is held at high impedance, allowing the charge on Ch to be preserved throughout the hold mode.
- 6. On the other hand, the output buffer of this S/H circuit is always operational during sample and hold mode and is always providing the voltage on Ch to the output of the S/H circuit.
- 7. The sample and hold circuits are essentially used in linear systems. In some kinds of analog-to-digital converters, the input is often compared to a voltage generated internally from a digital to analog converter D-A-C. The circuit tries a series of values and stops converting once the voltages are "the same" within some defined error margin.
- 8. If the input value was permitted to change during this comparison process, the resulting conversion would be inaccurate and possibly completely unrelated to the true input value. Such successive approximation converters will often incorporate internal sample and hold circuitry. In addition, sample and hold circuits are often used when multiple samples need to be measured at the same time. Each value is sampled and held, using a common sample clock.
- 9. In order that the input voltage is held constant for all practical purposes, it is essential that the capacitor have very low leakage, and that it not be loaded to any significant degree which calls for a very high input impedance. A true sample and hold circuit is connected to the buffer for a short period of time; a track and hold circuit is designed to track input continuously.
- 10. - Obtain a low droop rate during holding mode - Stability is determined by the stabilities of OP Amps. - OP Amps offset can constrain the accuracy of SHA. Needs a special circuitry to stabilize the input amplifier during the holding mode
- 11. Sample-and-hold (S/H) is an important analog building block that has many applications. The simplest S/H circuit can be constructed using only one MOS transistor and one hold capacitor. However, due to the limitations of the MOS transistor switches, errors due to charge injection and clock feed through restrict the performance of S/H circuits. As a result, different S/H techniques and architectures are developed with the intention to reduce or eliminate these errors.
- 12. More new S/H techniques and architectures need to be proposed in order to meet the increasing demand for high-speed, low-power, and low voltage S/H circuits for data acquisition systems.