It is a widely used electromechanical device for transmitting power or signal from stationary to rotary system. Used in all aspects of engineering require power transmission.
Slip rings allow electrical power and signals to be transmitted across a rotating interface between stationary and rotating components. They consist of circular conductive rings and brushes that maintain contact as the rings rotate. Slip rings are used in applications that require continuous rotation while transmitting power and data, such as in CT scanners where they transmit power to the rotating x-ray tube and detectors from stationary sources. The basic design uses sets of parallel conductive rings connected by sliding contacts or brushes that press against the rings to transfer electrical signals and power as the rings rotate continuously.
X-ray generators use transformers, rectifiers, and capacitors to convert electrical power into high voltage pulses needed to generate x-rays. There are several types of x-ray generators including single phase generators that produce two pulses, three phase six pulse generators that use three phase power, and three phase twelve pulse generators that add an additional delta connection to produce twelve pulses. High frequency generators use high frequency current to provide a constant voltage to the x-ray tube. Power discharge generators include capacitor discharge generators that use a high voltage capacitor to store and discharge charge, and battery powered generators that use batteries as the power source.
This document discusses quality assurance and quality control tests for diagnostic x-ray equipment. It defines quality assurance as maintaining high quality imaging through personnel training and evaluation, while quality control refers to evaluating radiographic equipment and identifying issues. Regular quality control tests check parameters like radiation and optical field alignment, focal spot size, tube voltage accuracy, exposure timer accuracy, total filtration, and radiation leakage. Performing these tests ensures optimal image quality, minimum radiation exposure, and cost effectiveness of diagnostic x-ray equipment.
TLDs are passive radiation dosimeters that measure ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from sensitive crystals when heated after exposure. They were invented in 1954 and are useful for accumulating precise dose measurements over time without real-time readings. TLDs use materials like lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride that emit light through thermoluminescence when heated after absorbing radiation energy. A TLD badge consists of a plastic cassette containing TLD discs under different filters to measure different types of radiation. The discs store radiation energy that is released as light during readout, allowing dose quantification.
This document discusses techniques for visualizing soft tissues in radiography. Soft tissues have less differential attenuation compared to bones, making contrast reduced. Special techniques are needed to improve contrast and demonstrate soft tissues clearly. These include adjusting the kVp and adding filters to change image contrast. Using a normal or low kVp can help visualize certain soft tissues like adenoid and effusions more clearly. High kVp is useful for exams like BA enemas where thicker tissues are involved. Digital technology also helps improve soft tissue visibility compared to conventional radiography. Proper technique selection is important to optimize contrast and sharpness while reducing artifacts.
This document discusses the history and advancements of x-ray tubes and CT detectors. It describes how x-ray tubes have evolved from Roentgen's original design to current metal ceramic tubes used in spiral CT scanners. These CT x-ray tubes are able to provide continuous beams needed for CT imaging and have undergone improvements to handle increased heat, such as larger anodes and improved cooling. The document also contrasts gas ionization and scintillation detectors used to convert x-rays into electrical signals for CT imaging, noting advantages of each type.
The document provides information about X-ray tubes, including their history, components, and developments over time. It discusses:
- The key components of an X-ray tube including the cathode, filament, focusing cup, and anode. Electrons are emitted from the filament and accelerated toward the anode to produce X-rays.
- The development of X-ray tubes from the original Crookes tube to modern Coolidge tubes. Coolidge tubes introduced thermionic emission to produce electrons instead of relying on residual gas ionization.
- Advances over time including rotating anodes, improved cooling methods, and different target materials to produce more intense and focused X-rays for various medical and industrial applications
Tomographic equipment allows for the production of sharp images by moving the x-ray tube and detector in opposite directions during exposure. There are two main types - attachments that connect to existing equipment using linkage mechanisms, pivot units, and drives, and specialized tomography tables. Tables are categorized into three groups based on their motion capabilities. All tomographic equipment aims to focus the anatomy of interest while blurring surrounding structures through controlled tube movement during x-ray exposure.
Slip rings allow electrical power and signals to be transmitted across a rotating interface between stationary and rotating components. They consist of circular conductive rings and brushes that maintain contact as the rings rotate. Slip rings are used in applications that require continuous rotation while transmitting power and data, such as in CT scanners where they transmit power to the rotating x-ray tube and detectors from stationary sources. The basic design uses sets of parallel conductive rings connected by sliding contacts or brushes that press against the rings to transfer electrical signals and power as the rings rotate continuously.
X-ray generators use transformers, rectifiers, and capacitors to convert electrical power into high voltage pulses needed to generate x-rays. There are several types of x-ray generators including single phase generators that produce two pulses, three phase six pulse generators that use three phase power, and three phase twelve pulse generators that add an additional delta connection to produce twelve pulses. High frequency generators use high frequency current to provide a constant voltage to the x-ray tube. Power discharge generators include capacitor discharge generators that use a high voltage capacitor to store and discharge charge, and battery powered generators that use batteries as the power source.
This document discusses quality assurance and quality control tests for diagnostic x-ray equipment. It defines quality assurance as maintaining high quality imaging through personnel training and evaluation, while quality control refers to evaluating radiographic equipment and identifying issues. Regular quality control tests check parameters like radiation and optical field alignment, focal spot size, tube voltage accuracy, exposure timer accuracy, total filtration, and radiation leakage. Performing these tests ensures optimal image quality, minimum radiation exposure, and cost effectiveness of diagnostic x-ray equipment.
TLDs are passive radiation dosimeters that measure ionizing radiation exposure by measuring the intensity of visible light emitted from sensitive crystals when heated after exposure. They were invented in 1954 and are useful for accumulating precise dose measurements over time without real-time readings. TLDs use materials like lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride that emit light through thermoluminescence when heated after absorbing radiation energy. A TLD badge consists of a plastic cassette containing TLD discs under different filters to measure different types of radiation. The discs store radiation energy that is released as light during readout, allowing dose quantification.
This document discusses techniques for visualizing soft tissues in radiography. Soft tissues have less differential attenuation compared to bones, making contrast reduced. Special techniques are needed to improve contrast and demonstrate soft tissues clearly. These include adjusting the kVp and adding filters to change image contrast. Using a normal or low kVp can help visualize certain soft tissues like adenoid and effusions more clearly. High kVp is useful for exams like BA enemas where thicker tissues are involved. Digital technology also helps improve soft tissue visibility compared to conventional radiography. Proper technique selection is important to optimize contrast and sharpness while reducing artifacts.
This document discusses the history and advancements of x-ray tubes and CT detectors. It describes how x-ray tubes have evolved from Roentgen's original design to current metal ceramic tubes used in spiral CT scanners. These CT x-ray tubes are able to provide continuous beams needed for CT imaging and have undergone improvements to handle increased heat, such as larger anodes and improved cooling. The document also contrasts gas ionization and scintillation detectors used to convert x-rays into electrical signals for CT imaging, noting advantages of each type.
The document provides information about X-ray tubes, including their history, components, and developments over time. It discusses:
- The key components of an X-ray tube including the cathode, filament, focusing cup, and anode. Electrons are emitted from the filament and accelerated toward the anode to produce X-rays.
- The development of X-ray tubes from the original Crookes tube to modern Coolidge tubes. Coolidge tubes introduced thermionic emission to produce electrons instead of relying on residual gas ionization.
- Advances over time including rotating anodes, improved cooling methods, and different target materials to produce more intense and focused X-rays for various medical and industrial applications
Tomographic equipment allows for the production of sharp images by moving the x-ray tube and detector in opposite directions during exposure. There are two main types - attachments that connect to existing equipment using linkage mechanisms, pivot units, and drives, and specialized tomography tables. Tables are categorized into three groups based on their motion capabilities. All tomographic equipment aims to focus the anatomy of interest while blurring surrounding structures through controlled tube movement during x-ray exposure.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
The document discusses the components and functioning of an x-ray generator. An x-ray generator uses a step-up transformer to increase the voltage supplied to the x-ray tube and a rectifier to convert the alternating current to direct current for powering the tube. Different types of generators are used including single phase, three phase with 6 or 12 pulses, and high frequency generators which further smooth the pulsating direct current.
This document discusses common faults in x-ray tubes, their causes, and remedies. It outlines faults that can occur in the tube housing, glass/metal envelope, filament, and anode. Examples of faults include cracking of the housing, loss of vacuum, vaporization or breakage of the filament, and kinking or roughening of the anode surface. The document also provides tips for proper care of x-ray tubes, such as following rating charts and limiting operation to prevent overheating. Overall, the document provides an overview of potential issues that can arise in x-ray tubes and how to address them.
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
Recent advancements in modern x ray tubeSantosh Ojha
All the advancements in X-ray tubes till date are done to increase the Tube heat storage capacity thus increasing the lifetime of x -ray tubes. This slide explains about these recent advancements in x-ray tubes.
IT REVIEWS Introduction and definition INTRODUCTION
BEAM-RESTRICTING DEVICES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
TECHNIQUE
FILTERS
AND PHYSICS BEHIND IT AND LIGHT AND MIRROR ARRANGMENT CLEARLY EXPLAINED WELL.IT ALSO INCLUES THE FLITERS CLASSIFICATION AND COLLIMATORS CLASSIFICATION.
COLLIMATIORS ARE NOTHING BUT BEAM ALINERS
This document provides an overview of radiographic grids, which are used to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast in radiography. It discusses the history and development of grids from Dr. Bucky's original 1913 design to modern grids. Key aspects covered include the principles of how grids work, ideal grid properties, methods of construction involving grid ratio, frequency and materials, performance metrics like contrast improvement factor and selectivity, common grid types such as parallel, crossed and focused grids, and techniques like moving grids to eliminate visible grid lines.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
This document summarizes MRI contrast agents. It discusses how contrast agents can directly or indirectly change tissue properties by altering proton density, T1, or T2 relaxation times. Contrast agents are classified as parenteral relaxivity agents that are positive or negative, or parenteral susceptibility agents that are paramagnetic, superparamagnetic, or ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is the most common paramagnetic contrast agent and shortens T1, increasing brightness on T1-weighted images. Iron oxide particles are negative contrast agents that cause T2 shortening and decreased signal. The document reviews safety considerations for contrast agents and potential adverse reactions.
Portable and mobile radiographic units can be either portable or mobile. Portable units are small enough to be carried by one person for use outside of a radiology department. Mobile units are larger and mounted on wheels, able to be moved throughout a hospital. Both use an X-ray tube, generator, and control unit to produce radiographic images. Newer units are using high frequency generators, computed radiography, or direct radiography for more efficient and higher quality imaging. Mobile C-arm units are important for fluoroscopy in operating rooms.
This document provides guidance for pediatric radiography technicians. It discusses preparing children for exams, building trust, using immobilization devices, evaluating developmental abnormalities, minimizing radiation exposure, and reporting suspected child abuse. Successful exams require preparing the room in advance, explaining the process to the child and parents, and using communication skills and immobilization as needed based on the child's age and cooperation level. Common pediatric conditions seen radiographically are also outlined.
This document discusses various components of an MRI system including magnets, RF coils, gradient coils, and safety considerations. It describes the different types of magnets used in MRI like permanent, resistive, and superconducting magnets. It explains the purpose and types of RF coils and gradient coils used to generate the magnetic field gradients needed for spatial encoding in MRI. Safety aspects such as screening for metallic objects, specific absorption rate limits, and absolute contraindications for MRI are also summarized.
1. The document discusses the importance of properly identifying radiographs, including avoiding mix-ups and keeping proper medical records.
2. A range of patient information should be included on radiographs, such as name, date of birth, hospital information, and exam details.
3. There are several methods for recording identification information on radiographs, including opaque markers, perforating devices, actinic markers, and photographic markings. New developments include identification printers and digital radiography systems.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a radiographer in the operating theatre. It outlines the key tasks of preparing equipment, ensuring patient details are entered correctly, and using protective equipment. The radiographer aids surgical procedures by producing diagnostic images to visualize anatomy and equipment placement. Key responsibilities include minimizing radiation dose, maintaining sterilization, effective communication with the surgical team, and working collaboratively to improve imaging techniques.
This document discusses the components and operation of different types of x-ray tubes, including Crookes tubes, Coolidge tubes, rotating anode tubes, mammography tubes, and rotating envelope tubes. It describes the glass envelope, anode assembly, cathode assembly, and principles of each tube. The key components are the cathode, which emits electrons, and the anode, made of materials like tungsten, which produces x-rays upon electron bombardment. More advanced tubes use rotating or magnetic components to improve heat dissipation and image quality. Proper care and operation within rating charts is important to maximize tube lifespan.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
principle of ct scanner
generations
scanning motion
EMI unit
xray beam
x ray tube
advantages
disadvantages
in this you PPT got clear idea about generation of ct
if you have any doubt text me
insta ID - ___sadham_____
X-ray beam restrictors regulate the size and shape of the x-ray beam. There are three main types: aperture diaphragms, cones/cylinders, and collimators. Aperture diaphragms are the simplest type, using a lead diaphragm with a hole to shape the beam but producing a large penumbra. Cones and cylinders modify the aperture diaphragm design to restrict the beam size. Collimators provide adjustable rectangular fields using shutters and illuminated light beams to define the x-ray field size. Beam restrictors aim to decrease off-focus radiation, reduce the irradiated patient volume, and provide patient protection by limiting the x-ray field size
Are you looking for different types of relays or electronic components parts? If yes, then you can buy it from trusted Omron Relay wholesale suppliers like Express Technologies.
A solenoid is a coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when electric current passes through it. Inside the solenoid, the magnetic field lines are parallel and uniform. Outside the solenoid, the magnetic field is non-uniform and weak due to cancellation of opposing field lines between coil turns. Solenoids can operate using direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). DC solenoids consist of a coil, field/helix, and plunger that moves in one direction when energized. Solenoids have many applications including locking mechanisms, automotive systems, medical devices, railways, and industrial machinery.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
The document discusses the components and functioning of an x-ray generator. An x-ray generator uses a step-up transformer to increase the voltage supplied to the x-ray tube and a rectifier to convert the alternating current to direct current for powering the tube. Different types of generators are used including single phase, three phase with 6 or 12 pulses, and high frequency generators which further smooth the pulsating direct current.
This document discusses common faults in x-ray tubes, their causes, and remedies. It outlines faults that can occur in the tube housing, glass/metal envelope, filament, and anode. Examples of faults include cracking of the housing, loss of vacuum, vaporization or breakage of the filament, and kinking or roughening of the anode surface. The document also provides tips for proper care of x-ray tubes, such as following rating charts and limiting operation to prevent overheating. Overall, the document provides an overview of potential issues that can arise in x-ray tubes and how to address them.
X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons are decelerated upon impact with the target anode of an x-ray tube. The x-ray tube contains a cathode that emits electrons and a stationary or rotating anode target. When electrons collide with the anode, x-rays are produced via two processes: characteristic radiation from electron shell interactions and continuous bremsstrahlung radiation from deflected electrons. Additional components such as filters and housing manage heat dissipation and focus the x-ray beam for medical imaging applications.
Recent advancements in modern x ray tubeSantosh Ojha
All the advancements in X-ray tubes till date are done to increase the Tube heat storage capacity thus increasing the lifetime of x -ray tubes. This slide explains about these recent advancements in x-ray tubes.
IT REVIEWS Introduction and definition INTRODUCTION
BEAM-RESTRICTING DEVICES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
TECHNIQUE
FILTERS
AND PHYSICS BEHIND IT AND LIGHT AND MIRROR ARRANGMENT CLEARLY EXPLAINED WELL.IT ALSO INCLUES THE FLITERS CLASSIFICATION AND COLLIMATORS CLASSIFICATION.
COLLIMATIORS ARE NOTHING BUT BEAM ALINERS
This document provides an overview of radiographic grids, which are used to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast in radiography. It discusses the history and development of grids from Dr. Bucky's original 1913 design to modern grids. Key aspects covered include the principles of how grids work, ideal grid properties, methods of construction involving grid ratio, frequency and materials, performance metrics like contrast improvement factor and selectivity, common grid types such as parallel, crossed and focused grids, and techniques like moving grids to eliminate visible grid lines.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
This document summarizes MRI contrast agents. It discusses how contrast agents can directly or indirectly change tissue properties by altering proton density, T1, or T2 relaxation times. Contrast agents are classified as parenteral relaxivity agents that are positive or negative, or parenteral susceptibility agents that are paramagnetic, superparamagnetic, or ferromagnetic. Gadolinium is the most common paramagnetic contrast agent and shortens T1, increasing brightness on T1-weighted images. Iron oxide particles are negative contrast agents that cause T2 shortening and decreased signal. The document reviews safety considerations for contrast agents and potential adverse reactions.
Portable and mobile radiographic units can be either portable or mobile. Portable units are small enough to be carried by one person for use outside of a radiology department. Mobile units are larger and mounted on wheels, able to be moved throughout a hospital. Both use an X-ray tube, generator, and control unit to produce radiographic images. Newer units are using high frequency generators, computed radiography, or direct radiography for more efficient and higher quality imaging. Mobile C-arm units are important for fluoroscopy in operating rooms.
This document provides guidance for pediatric radiography technicians. It discusses preparing children for exams, building trust, using immobilization devices, evaluating developmental abnormalities, minimizing radiation exposure, and reporting suspected child abuse. Successful exams require preparing the room in advance, explaining the process to the child and parents, and using communication skills and immobilization as needed based on the child's age and cooperation level. Common pediatric conditions seen radiographically are also outlined.
This document discusses various components of an MRI system including magnets, RF coils, gradient coils, and safety considerations. It describes the different types of magnets used in MRI like permanent, resistive, and superconducting magnets. It explains the purpose and types of RF coils and gradient coils used to generate the magnetic field gradients needed for spatial encoding in MRI. Safety aspects such as screening for metallic objects, specific absorption rate limits, and absolute contraindications for MRI are also summarized.
1. The document discusses the importance of properly identifying radiographs, including avoiding mix-ups and keeping proper medical records.
2. A range of patient information should be included on radiographs, such as name, date of birth, hospital information, and exam details.
3. There are several methods for recording identification information on radiographs, including opaque markers, perforating devices, actinic markers, and photographic markings. New developments include identification printers and digital radiography systems.
The document discusses the role and responsibilities of a radiographer in the operating theatre. It outlines the key tasks of preparing equipment, ensuring patient details are entered correctly, and using protective equipment. The radiographer aids surgical procedures by producing diagnostic images to visualize anatomy and equipment placement. Key responsibilities include minimizing radiation dose, maintaining sterilization, effective communication with the surgical team, and working collaboratively to improve imaging techniques.
This document discusses the components and operation of different types of x-ray tubes, including Crookes tubes, Coolidge tubes, rotating anode tubes, mammography tubes, and rotating envelope tubes. It describes the glass envelope, anode assembly, cathode assembly, and principles of each tube. The key components are the cathode, which emits electrons, and the anode, made of materials like tungsten, which produces x-rays upon electron bombardment. More advanced tubes use rotating or magnetic components to improve heat dissipation and image quality. Proper care and operation within rating charts is important to maximize tube lifespan.
Macroradiography is a radiographic technique used to magnify images relative to the object being imaged. It works by increasing the object-to-film distance, which magnifies the image size. Key factors that affect image quality include geometric unsharpness, which increases with magnification, and limitations of the x-ray tube's fine focal spot, which restricts output. Macroradiography is useful for examining small bony structures and pulmonary patterns at higher magnification.
principle of ct scanner
generations
scanning motion
EMI unit
xray beam
x ray tube
advantages
disadvantages
in this you PPT got clear idea about generation of ct
if you have any doubt text me
insta ID - ___sadham_____
X-ray beam restrictors regulate the size and shape of the x-ray beam. There are three main types: aperture diaphragms, cones/cylinders, and collimators. Aperture diaphragms are the simplest type, using a lead diaphragm with a hole to shape the beam but producing a large penumbra. Cones and cylinders modify the aperture diaphragm design to restrict the beam size. Collimators provide adjustable rectangular fields using shutters and illuminated light beams to define the x-ray field size. Beam restrictors aim to decrease off-focus radiation, reduce the irradiated patient volume, and provide patient protection by limiting the x-ray field size
Are you looking for different types of relays or electronic components parts? If yes, then you can buy it from trusted Omron Relay wholesale suppliers like Express Technologies.
A solenoid is a coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when electric current passes through it. Inside the solenoid, the magnetic field lines are parallel and uniform. Outside the solenoid, the magnetic field is non-uniform and weak due to cancellation of opposing field lines between coil turns. Solenoids can operate using direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). DC solenoids consist of a coil, field/helix, and plunger that moves in one direction when energized. Solenoids have many applications including locking mechanisms, automotive systems, medical devices, railways, and industrial machinery.
This document discusses different types of relays including electrical, mechanical, and digital relays. It focuses on solid state relays (SSRs) and electromechanical relays, comparing their construction, working principles, advantages, and disadvantages. SSRs use semiconductors like thyristors and transistors to switch currents electronically, while electromechanical relays use an electromagnetic coil to move contacts and switch circuits mechanically. SSRs have no moving parts but lower overload capacity, while electromechanical relays can withstand higher loads but have contacts that wear out over time.
An Experiment with circular saw blade – SPIKE RobotIJERD Editor
Robotics is an art which comprises of technology which deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. This work gives the reader detail information about the Spike Robot that was created with basic wired robotics concept but reserves the capability to perform many actions, possible modifications will surely be going to enhance that capability
The document discusses shielded metal-arc welding equipment and processes. It describes the basic components of shielded metal-arc welding including the welding machine, cables, electrode holder, electrodes, and other accessories. It explains the different types of welding machines like motor-generators, transformers, and rectifiers. It also discusses important electrical terms, electrode selection, safety equipment, and welding procedures. The key points are that shielded metal-arc welding uses a coated electrode to generate an arc to melt and join metals, it requires various equipment operated and maintained properly, and there are many electrode and safety considerations for this welding process.
Electric arc welding is a fusion welding process that uses an electric arc to join metals and create intense heat of around 6500°F. It is commonly used to join materials across many industries like aerospace. The process uses equipment like a welding machine, electrode holder, lead cables, protective clothing, and more. There are four main types of arc welding: gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, shielded metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding.
Stick welding an ultimate guide for beginnersSophia Lorenn
Welding is a process to join two materials by softening with heat and applying pressure. It can be divided into different categories, including MIG, Arc, Gas, and TIG welding. Talking about stick welding, it is the most popular and common type of welding technique of arc welding.
this presentation is based on magnetic effect of electric current, a which many of us have studies or will be studying in higher classes.this presentation is a better way of understanding the topic and in a visual way
Types of Relay - Which One Should You UseWagoIndia
Looking for a reliable and easy-to-use relay module? Click here to explore range of WAGO relay and optocoupler modules for your application. Visit us at https://www.wago.com/in/interface-electronic/discover-relays-optocouplers
Looking for a reliable and easy-to-use relay module? Click here to explore range of WAGO relay and optocoupler modules for your application. Visit us at https://www.wago.com/in/interface-electronic/discover-relays-optocouplers
This document describes the design and working of a low-cost metal detector circuit. It uses a Colpitts oscillator circuit with resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes, an LED, coil, buzzer and battery. When the coil is brought near a metal object, it absorbs magnetic energy and causes the oscillator frequency to change. This triggers the final transistor to conduct, activating the buzzer and LED to indicate metal detection. The metal detector can be used to detect metallic objects for applications like food safety inspection and security systems.
This document describes the design of a 1 kW DC motor. It discusses the design of key components including the stator, rotor, field windings, and armature windings. The stator components designed include the yoke, pole shoes, pole cores, and field windings. The rotor or armature design includes the armature, armature winding housed in slots, and commutator. Parameters used in the design such as number of poles, turns in the field winding, and materials like copper and cast iron are also described. Performance metrics like maximum motor speed and generated torque are calculated based on the design parameters.
Five Devices and Jobs related to Electrical and Electronics EngineeringAlekhayaDatta
This presentation was given on the month of August 2018 by me. The main purpose of this presentation is to explain any five devices and jobs which is related to Electrical and Electronic Engineering. I hope the reader likes the presentation.
Thank You
Relays are electrically operated switches that use a low-power signal to control a circuit with higher power. They have various operating principles and types. Relays allow for control of circuits with complete isolation and for one signal to control multiple circuits. Common types include latching, induction, reed, mercury-wetted, and solid-state relays. Relays are used where control of high power loads is needed, such as in protection devices, contactors, stabilizers, inverters, and welders. They provide advantages of fast operation, reliability, and allowing control of AC and DC circuits with one device.
Electricity flows through circuits in a complete path called a closed circuit. Flashlights use batteries to power a light bulb through a closed circuit that is opened and closed by a switch. Circuits require a power source, conductor, and load, with electricity only flowing when the path is complete. Common conductors include metals, while insulators prevent electricity from flowing through materials like plastic or rubber. Circuits can be connected in series with one switch controlling all components, or parallel with individual switches for each component. Standard symbols are used to diagram electrical circuits.
power systems ppt on Arc welding and Electric welding equipment and compariso...sanjay kumar pediredla
this ppt is mainly based on the power systems related topic and in this ppt mainly consists of ac and dc weldings and which welding is used mainly and the importance of arc welding and electric welding and the techniques are also discussed in this and it is so helpful .and the safety requirements and the equipment used is also discussed in this topic
The main intention of this project is to control the speed of a DC motor in alternative directions using speed control unit and to operate the motor in four quadrants: ie, clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake.
This system uses an H-bridge motor drive IC for controlling the DC motor from corresponding switches used by the user for pressing. The four switches are connected to the circuit for controlling the movement of the motor. One slide switch interfaced to the circuit is for controlling the alternative direction of the DC motor. A 555 timers is used in the project to develop the required PWM pulses for speed control. The relays are used for changing the polarities of the motor as well as to apply brake to the motor. In the regenerative mode, the current is applied to the circuit in such a way that a revere torque is produced to stop the motor instantaneously .
The four-quadrant control of the DC motor is archived by the varying duty cycles from a 555 timer and their changing polarity with the H-bridge IC by appropriate switch pressing. The alternative speed control feature is achieved by a slide switch operation.
This project in future can be improved by using higher-power electronic devices to operate high- capacity DC motors. Regenerative braking for optimizing the power consumption can also be incorporated.
It is widely used sensor, available is huge range with respect to application and material. Hear i have discussed about its different types and its working.
The presentation is about the heart and soul of any electronic equipment without which the engineering wont reach anywhere. Yes, I am talking about PCB which has made the dream come true.
In todays world, PLC is heart and brain of all industries no matter which segment it is. It has changed the face of technology and way of work. Hear i am sharing just the basic and the evolution of PLC.
A document outlines best practices for implementing a preventative maintenance program. It recommends gathering information on equipment, preparing maintenance checklists, developing a schedule, selecting trained technicians, monitoring performance and costs, and keeping suppliers and parts on hand. The goal is to have efficient equipment functioning to increase profits by preventing unexpected repairs and downtime through regularly scheduled maintenance.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
2. SLIP RING
A slip ring is an electromechanical device that allows the transmission of power and
electrical signals from a stationary system to a rotating system.
It can be used in any electromechanical system that requires rotation while transmitting
power or signals to simplify the operation.
3. WHY SLIP RING?
Slip ring is also known as an electrical rotary
joint or rotating electrical connector.
It is used in various electrical machines to
improve mechanical performance.
If a device rotating, it may be possible to use a
cable with longer length. But it is a quite
complex setup.
4. TYPES OF SLIP RING
Below classification is based on working principle:
• Traditional Slip Ring
• Pancake Slip Ring
• Mercury Contact Slip Ring
• Wireless Slip Ring
5. TRADITIONAL SLIP RING
The slip rings consist of two main components:
metal ring and graphite or metal brush contact.
According to the application and design of the
machine, the number of rings and brushes are
decided.
The rings are mounted on the rotor and it is
rotating. And brushes are fixed and mounted on
the brush house.
6. TRADITIONAL SLIP RING
The rings are made up of conductive metal like
brass and silver. The rings are insulated from
each other by nylon or plastic.
As the rings rotates, the electrical current is
passed through the brushes.
Therefore, it makes a continuous connection
between the rings (rotating system) and brushes
(fixed system).
7. PANCAKE SLIP RING
A pancake slip ring has the conductors
arranged on a flat disc as concentric rings
centered on the rotating shaft. This got the
name from its round and flat shape. That
make it look similar to pancakes.
Other names for this component is flat slip
rings or disc slip rings.
8. PANCAKE SLIP RING
Pancake slip rings consist of two plates facing
each other. Contact rings are arranged in a circle
on one plate and the spring contacts are attached
to the opposite plate.
The main difference to conventional slip rings is
that the transfer points are not arranged
linearly, but vertically to the axis of rotation.
9. MERCURY CONTACT SLIP RING
In this type of slip ring, mercury contact is used as a
conducting media.
It works on different principle which replaces the
sliding brush contact with a pool of liquid metal
molecularly bonded to the contacts.
During rotation the liquid metal maintains the
electrical connection between the stationary and
rotary contacts.
10. MERCURY CONTACT SLIP RING
The mercury contact slip ring features low
resistance, stable connection and less noise. And it
provides the most scientific and economical option
for applications in industries.
However, the use of mercury poses safety concerns,
as it is a toxic substance.
Leakage of the mercury would result extremely
serious contamination.
11. WIRELESS SLIP RING
Wireless slip rings do not rely on the typical
friction-based metal and carbon brush contact
methods that have been employed by slip rings
since their invention.
Instead, they transfer both power and data
wirelessly through a magnetic field, which is
created by the coils that are placed in the
rotating receiver and the stationary transmitter.
12. WIRELESS SLIP RING
Wireless slip rings are considered an upgrade from
or alternative to traditional slip rings, as it reduced
the mechanical contacts.
That makes it more resilient in harsh operating
environments and require less maintenance.
However, the amount of power that can be
transmitted between coils is limited; typically a
traditional contact-type slip ring can transmit more
amount of power compared to the wireless slip ring.