This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject Industrial Measurement and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;)
Review of Compression Helical Spring for Two Wheeler Suspension SystemsIJSRD
This document reviews helical compression springs used in two-wheeler suspension systems. It discusses the stress distribution and characteristics of helical coil springs. Parameters that influence spring quality are examined, including weight reduction. Finite element modeling is shown to improve spring analysis. The review covers spring stability, fatigue loading, strain energy, relaxation, and prior literature on maximum tensile stresses, crack opening, and deformation modeling. It concludes that design parameters, materials, geometry, defects, and shot peening affect spring fatigue life, while temperature reduces modulus and yield strength. High stress springs should be designed based on maximum tensile stresses.
Japanese small wind turbine standard for design and structural safety.
Use in complement with IEC 61400-2.
Specialized for ClassNK’s Japanese certification scheme.
The document discusses different types of mechanical springs, including helical, conical, volute, torsion, laminated/leaf, and special purpose springs. It defines key terms used in compression springs such as solid length, free length, compressed length, spring index, spring rate, and pitch. The introduction outlines common applications of springs such as cushioning shock/vibration, applying forces, controlling motion, and storing energy. Types of springs are described along with diagrams of volute and helical torsion springs. Formulas are provided for solid length, free length, spring index, and spring rate. References for further reading on the topic are listed at the end.
In this guide we give an introduction to load cells, different types of load cells, load cell structure, operation of commercial load cells and a lot more.
Springs are elastic bodies that can be twisted, pulled, or stretched by an applied force and return to their original shape when the force is released. There is physics behind springs in that when stretched or squashed, a spring creates an opposite force to return to its initial position. Springs are manufactured through processes like winding, grinding, calibration, and coating and can be made from materials like steel, titanium, and copper. Common types of springs include helical tension springs, compression springs, torsion springs, leaf springs, and gas springs. Springs are widely used to avoid vibration, apply forces, and control motion in machines.
1) Hollow shafts can be used where weight reduction is important since only the outer material of solid shafts is stressed to the allowable limit, wasting the inner material.
2) The general torsion equation for solid shafts also applies to hollow shafts under the same assumptions.
3) Helical springs come in closed coil and open coil varieties and are used to absorb shocks and resist sudden forces between devices. They are made of spring steel or stainless steel wire.
- The document discusses different types of springs including helical compression springs, helical extension springs, helical torsion springs, and multileaf springs.
- It describes the functions and applications of springs which include absorbing shocks and vibrations, storing energy, and measuring forces.
- Key terms related to helical spring design are defined such as wire diameter, mean coil diameter, spring index, solid length, compressed length, free length, and pitch. Stress and deflection equations for helical spring design are also presented.
This Presentation can be used by the Students of Engineering who Deals with the Subject Industrial Measurement and use it for Refrence (Anyways you Guys will Copy Paste or Download it) ;)
Review of Compression Helical Spring for Two Wheeler Suspension SystemsIJSRD
This document reviews helical compression springs used in two-wheeler suspension systems. It discusses the stress distribution and characteristics of helical coil springs. Parameters that influence spring quality are examined, including weight reduction. Finite element modeling is shown to improve spring analysis. The review covers spring stability, fatigue loading, strain energy, relaxation, and prior literature on maximum tensile stresses, crack opening, and deformation modeling. It concludes that design parameters, materials, geometry, defects, and shot peening affect spring fatigue life, while temperature reduces modulus and yield strength. High stress springs should be designed based on maximum tensile stresses.
Japanese small wind turbine standard for design and structural safety.
Use in complement with IEC 61400-2.
Specialized for ClassNK’s Japanese certification scheme.
The document discusses different types of mechanical springs, including helical, conical, volute, torsion, laminated/leaf, and special purpose springs. It defines key terms used in compression springs such as solid length, free length, compressed length, spring index, spring rate, and pitch. The introduction outlines common applications of springs such as cushioning shock/vibration, applying forces, controlling motion, and storing energy. Types of springs are described along with diagrams of volute and helical torsion springs. Formulas are provided for solid length, free length, spring index, and spring rate. References for further reading on the topic are listed at the end.
In this guide we give an introduction to load cells, different types of load cells, load cell structure, operation of commercial load cells and a lot more.
Springs are elastic bodies that can be twisted, pulled, or stretched by an applied force and return to their original shape when the force is released. There is physics behind springs in that when stretched or squashed, a spring creates an opposite force to return to its initial position. Springs are manufactured through processes like winding, grinding, calibration, and coating and can be made from materials like steel, titanium, and copper. Common types of springs include helical tension springs, compression springs, torsion springs, leaf springs, and gas springs. Springs are widely used to avoid vibration, apply forces, and control motion in machines.
1) Hollow shafts can be used where weight reduction is important since only the outer material of solid shafts is stressed to the allowable limit, wasting the inner material.
2) The general torsion equation for solid shafts also applies to hollow shafts under the same assumptions.
3) Helical springs come in closed coil and open coil varieties and are used to absorb shocks and resist sudden forces between devices. They are made of spring steel or stainless steel wire.
- The document discusses different types of springs including helical compression springs, helical extension springs, helical torsion springs, and multileaf springs.
- It describes the functions and applications of springs which include absorbing shocks and vibrations, storing energy, and measuring forces.
- Key terms related to helical spring design are defined such as wire diameter, mean coil diameter, spring index, solid length, compressed length, free length, and pitch. Stress and deflection equations for helical spring design are also presented.
The document discusses the design of helical springs. It defines what springs are and their objectives, such as cushioning shocks. It describes common spring materials like music wire and different types of springs like cylindrical helical and leaf springs. The document covers stress analysis and deflection analysis of helical compression springs. It provides the basic design procedure for determining spring dimensions given inputs like load and deflection.
Cantilever Subjected to Uniformly Varying Load | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
Beam is a structural member whose lateral dimensions are much smaller than the longitudinal dimension and used to carry loads perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The beams are generally used in buildings, bridges, trusses, etc. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Cantilever Subjected to Uniformly Varying Load:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/bending-moment-and-shear-force/cantilever-subjected-to-uniformly-varying-load.aspx
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock
impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a
vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in
comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. The design of spring in suspension system
is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using CATIA V5. The
model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are
done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis
is done by considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to
validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for
number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring in Shock absorber
The document discusses centrifugal governors and their applications. It begins with an introduction to governors and how they regulate engine speed under varying loads. It then describes centrifugal governors specifically and how they work using weighted balls and arms. Various types of centrifugal governors are presented, including Watt, Porter, Proell, Hartnell, Hurtung, Wilson-Hartnell, and Pickering governors. The document concludes by discussing the uses of centrifugal governors in engines, vehicles, power plants, and other machines to control speeds.
The presentation will include technical terminologies along with sizing of metallic and non-metallic expansion joints which are used in Steel/Cement/Minerals/Power industries.
- Columns are long, straight bars that are subjected to compressive axial loads and can fail due to buckling if the load causes a lateral deformation that becomes too large.
- Buckling occurs when a slight increase in an existing load causes a sudden, large deformation in the column and a transition from a stable equilibrium to an unstable one.
- The critical buckling load is the magnitude of axial load at which the restoring moment equals the upsetting moment, marking the transition between stable and unstable equilibrium for the column.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
It is defined as the ratio of the material strength ultimate strength or yield strength or endurance strength to the working or allowable stress.
Factor of safety= Material strength/Design stress
Factor of safety for static loading of ductile material: In case of the static loading of ductile materials where the yield point is clearly defined, the factor of safety is based on yield strength and is defined as
Factor of safety= Yield strength/Design stress
Factor of safety for static loading of brittle material: In case of the static loading of material, the factor of safety is based on the ultimate strength.
Factor of safety= Ultimate strength/Design stress
Factor of safety for fatigue loading: In case of fatigue loading, the factor of safety is based on endurance limit.
Factor of safety= Endurance limit/Design stress
CONTACT STRESS
When two bodies having curved surfaces like two spheres or two cylinders or cylinder or flat surface or sphere and flat surface are pressed against each other, the point or line contact between the two bodies changes to area contact. The stress developed in the two bodies in the contact zone is known as contact stress or Hertz contact stress.
Eg: The contact stress is induced in a contact zone of wheel and rail, cam, and follower, mating gear teeth, rolling contact bearing, etc
CRUSHING STRESS OR BEARING STRESS
A localized compressive stress at the area of contact between two components having no relative motion between them is known as crushing stress or bearing stress.
Crushing stress= Force/projected area of contact
Spring Design, Helical Springs, compression & Extension springs, spring design procedure leaf spring, multi-leaf springs design process and analysis, Role of Spring index in spring design. Springs for Fluctuating loads.
The turbine section converts the energy of the gas stream into torque by absorbing a high proportion of the stream's energy. Turbines can be impulsive, reaction, or a combination of the two, and include axial flow and radial inflow types. Turbine blades are attached to disks and cooled to prevent failure from high temperatures and stresses. Nozzle guide vanes direct the airflow to maximize its kinetic energy and ensure it spins the turbine blades. Creep from high temperatures and centrifugal forces can cause turbine blades to slowly stretch and eventually fail unless grain structure and materials are improved.
Energy storage capacity,fatigue loading of springsnarendra varma
This document discusses mechanical springs and their properties including energy storage capacity and fatigue loading. It provides information on designing a close coiled helical compression spring for a load range of 2250N to 2750N with 6mm of axial deflection and a spring index of 5. Formulas are presented for calculating the energy stored in helical springs, maximum shear stress, and deflection based on applied load. Methods for helical springs subjected to fatigue loading, springs arranged in series and parallel, and finding the natural frequency of springs are also summarized.
This document describes the Hartnell Governor, an improved steam engine governor designed in 1875. It utilized two eccentrics to operate the main valve and cut-off valve separately, allowing the steam stop valve to remain open while adjusting steam distribution through the cut-off valve. This provided more efficient steam usage and better stability in maintaining the engine's operating speed as the load varied. The governor sensed speed changes through rotating fly balls connected to a spring-loaded sleeve that adjusted the cut-off valve rod's position on an expansion link, varying steam admission as needed to stabilize the engine.
This document discusses different types of dynamometers used to measure torque and power. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers and transmission dynamometers. Absorption dynamometers measure power by absorbing it, with examples being the Prony brake, rope brake, and hydraulic dynamometers. Transmission dynamometers measure torque transmitted through a shaft using mechanisms like belt drives, epicyclic gears, and measuring the torsion or angle of twist in the shaft.
tittle is about Design & Fabrication of Hydraulic Lift.
Hydraulic lift is a type of machine that uses a hydraulic cylinder to lift and lower objects by applying relatively small force compared to the weight of the object to be lifted.
It’s working is based on Pascal’s Law
This document provides an overview of governors and their types. It explains that a governor's function is to regulate an engine's mean speed when load varies, by automatically controlling the supply of working fluid. There are two main types of governors: centrifugal governors, which use centrifugal force on rotating balls to regulate the fluid supply; and inertia governors, which use inertia forces. Several specific governor designs are described, including the Porter, Hartnell, and Proell governors, which vary in their mechanisms but all aim to keep engine speed stable under changing loads.
The document discusses governors, which are devices used to regulate engine speed under varying load conditions by controlling fuel supply. It describes the classification and basic workings of centrifugal and inertia governors. Specifically, it provides details on the construction and operation of the Watt governor, a simple centrifugal governor that uses two flyballs attached to arms to control a throttle valve based on engine speed.
Behaviour Of Different Section Under Stressjani parth
This document discusses the behavior of different types of bars under stress. It introduces prismatic, non-prismatic, and composite bars and provides equations to calculate deformation for each type of bar under both axial loads and thermal stress. Specifically, it outlines equations for calculating the deformation of prismatic, stepped, and composite bars subjected to axial loading as well as equations for calculating the deformation of uniform and stepped bars due to thermal stress.
This document discusses engine governors, which are devices that regulate the speed of engines. It provides several key points about governors:
1. Governors automatically maintain the uniform speed of an engine within specified limits when the load varies.
2. Governors regulate fuel supply to the engine based on load requirements to keep the mean speed consistent.
3. There are different types of governors, including centrifugal, inertia, hydraulic, pneumatic, electromechanical, and electronic governors.
This document is a project report submitted by Vishal Kumar and Debojyoti Biswas on the design of a Hartnell governor. It includes an introduction to governors in general and describes the specific workings of a Hartnell governor, which uses springs and adjustable sleeves to regulate the speed of an engine under varying loads. Diagrams show the geometry of the Hartnell governor and how centrifugal force on the balls is balanced by the springs as the sleeve position changes based on engine speed.
Dynamometers are devices used to measure force, power, and torque. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers, which absorb all the power produced and convert it to heat, and transmission dynamometers, which transmit power without absorbing it to allow measurement. Absorption dynamometers include Prony brakes and rope brakes, while transmission dynamometers include belt drives, epicyclic trains, and torsion dynamometers. Prony brakes consist of wooden blocks that frictionally absorb power from a pulley attached to the shaft being measured, while rope brakes use friction between ropes and a drum.
Here we go over if you can use a single load cell to measure constant weight, different types of load cells, the different designs of load cells and a lot more.
This document discusses load cell models used for dry fruit filling and packing. It defines a load cell as an electromechanical device that converts force or weight into an electrical signal. Load cells can measure a wide range of forces and are classified as either mechanical or electrical types. The most common type is the strain gauge load cell, which uses a Wheatstone bridge circuit to accurately measure changes in electrical resistance caused by an applied load. Load cells have various applications including textile testing, weight measurement, and measuring tension during industrial processes.
The document discusses the design of helical springs. It defines what springs are and their objectives, such as cushioning shocks. It describes common spring materials like music wire and different types of springs like cylindrical helical and leaf springs. The document covers stress analysis and deflection analysis of helical compression springs. It provides the basic design procedure for determining spring dimensions given inputs like load and deflection.
Cantilever Subjected to Uniformly Varying Load | Mechanical EngineeringTransweb Global Inc
Beam is a structural member whose lateral dimensions are much smaller than the longitudinal dimension and used to carry loads perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The beams are generally used in buildings, bridges, trusses, etc. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Cantilever Subjected to Uniformly Varying Load:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/mechanical-engineering/bending-moment-and-shear-force/cantilever-subjected-to-uniformly-varying-load.aspx
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock
impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a
vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in
comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. The design of spring in suspension system
is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using CATIA V5. The
model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are
done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis
is done by considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to
validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for
number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring in Shock absorber
The document discusses centrifugal governors and their applications. It begins with an introduction to governors and how they regulate engine speed under varying loads. It then describes centrifugal governors specifically and how they work using weighted balls and arms. Various types of centrifugal governors are presented, including Watt, Porter, Proell, Hartnell, Hurtung, Wilson-Hartnell, and Pickering governors. The document concludes by discussing the uses of centrifugal governors in engines, vehicles, power plants, and other machines to control speeds.
The presentation will include technical terminologies along with sizing of metallic and non-metallic expansion joints which are used in Steel/Cement/Minerals/Power industries.
- Columns are long, straight bars that are subjected to compressive axial loads and can fail due to buckling if the load causes a lateral deformation that becomes too large.
- Buckling occurs when a slight increase in an existing load causes a sudden, large deformation in the column and a transition from a stable equilibrium to an unstable one.
- The critical buckling load is the magnitude of axial load at which the restoring moment equals the upsetting moment, marking the transition between stable and unstable equilibrium for the column.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
It is defined as the ratio of the material strength ultimate strength or yield strength or endurance strength to the working or allowable stress.
Factor of safety= Material strength/Design stress
Factor of safety for static loading of ductile material: In case of the static loading of ductile materials where the yield point is clearly defined, the factor of safety is based on yield strength and is defined as
Factor of safety= Yield strength/Design stress
Factor of safety for static loading of brittle material: In case of the static loading of material, the factor of safety is based on the ultimate strength.
Factor of safety= Ultimate strength/Design stress
Factor of safety for fatigue loading: In case of fatigue loading, the factor of safety is based on endurance limit.
Factor of safety= Endurance limit/Design stress
CONTACT STRESS
When two bodies having curved surfaces like two spheres or two cylinders or cylinder or flat surface or sphere and flat surface are pressed against each other, the point or line contact between the two bodies changes to area contact. The stress developed in the two bodies in the contact zone is known as contact stress or Hertz contact stress.
Eg: The contact stress is induced in a contact zone of wheel and rail, cam, and follower, mating gear teeth, rolling contact bearing, etc
CRUSHING STRESS OR BEARING STRESS
A localized compressive stress at the area of contact between two components having no relative motion between them is known as crushing stress or bearing stress.
Crushing stress= Force/projected area of contact
Spring Design, Helical Springs, compression & Extension springs, spring design procedure leaf spring, multi-leaf springs design process and analysis, Role of Spring index in spring design. Springs for Fluctuating loads.
The turbine section converts the energy of the gas stream into torque by absorbing a high proportion of the stream's energy. Turbines can be impulsive, reaction, or a combination of the two, and include axial flow and radial inflow types. Turbine blades are attached to disks and cooled to prevent failure from high temperatures and stresses. Nozzle guide vanes direct the airflow to maximize its kinetic energy and ensure it spins the turbine blades. Creep from high temperatures and centrifugal forces can cause turbine blades to slowly stretch and eventually fail unless grain structure and materials are improved.
Energy storage capacity,fatigue loading of springsnarendra varma
This document discusses mechanical springs and their properties including energy storage capacity and fatigue loading. It provides information on designing a close coiled helical compression spring for a load range of 2250N to 2750N with 6mm of axial deflection and a spring index of 5. Formulas are presented for calculating the energy stored in helical springs, maximum shear stress, and deflection based on applied load. Methods for helical springs subjected to fatigue loading, springs arranged in series and parallel, and finding the natural frequency of springs are also summarized.
This document describes the Hartnell Governor, an improved steam engine governor designed in 1875. It utilized two eccentrics to operate the main valve and cut-off valve separately, allowing the steam stop valve to remain open while adjusting steam distribution through the cut-off valve. This provided more efficient steam usage and better stability in maintaining the engine's operating speed as the load varied. The governor sensed speed changes through rotating fly balls connected to a spring-loaded sleeve that adjusted the cut-off valve rod's position on an expansion link, varying steam admission as needed to stabilize the engine.
This document discusses different types of dynamometers used to measure torque and power. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers and transmission dynamometers. Absorption dynamometers measure power by absorbing it, with examples being the Prony brake, rope brake, and hydraulic dynamometers. Transmission dynamometers measure torque transmitted through a shaft using mechanisms like belt drives, epicyclic gears, and measuring the torsion or angle of twist in the shaft.
tittle is about Design & Fabrication of Hydraulic Lift.
Hydraulic lift is a type of machine that uses a hydraulic cylinder to lift and lower objects by applying relatively small force compared to the weight of the object to be lifted.
It’s working is based on Pascal’s Law
This document provides an overview of governors and their types. It explains that a governor's function is to regulate an engine's mean speed when load varies, by automatically controlling the supply of working fluid. There are two main types of governors: centrifugal governors, which use centrifugal force on rotating balls to regulate the fluid supply; and inertia governors, which use inertia forces. Several specific governor designs are described, including the Porter, Hartnell, and Proell governors, which vary in their mechanisms but all aim to keep engine speed stable under changing loads.
The document discusses governors, which are devices used to regulate engine speed under varying load conditions by controlling fuel supply. It describes the classification and basic workings of centrifugal and inertia governors. Specifically, it provides details on the construction and operation of the Watt governor, a simple centrifugal governor that uses two flyballs attached to arms to control a throttle valve based on engine speed.
Behaviour Of Different Section Under Stressjani parth
This document discusses the behavior of different types of bars under stress. It introduces prismatic, non-prismatic, and composite bars and provides equations to calculate deformation for each type of bar under both axial loads and thermal stress. Specifically, it outlines equations for calculating the deformation of prismatic, stepped, and composite bars subjected to axial loading as well as equations for calculating the deformation of uniform and stepped bars due to thermal stress.
This document discusses engine governors, which are devices that regulate the speed of engines. It provides several key points about governors:
1. Governors automatically maintain the uniform speed of an engine within specified limits when the load varies.
2. Governors regulate fuel supply to the engine based on load requirements to keep the mean speed consistent.
3. There are different types of governors, including centrifugal, inertia, hydraulic, pneumatic, electromechanical, and electronic governors.
This document is a project report submitted by Vishal Kumar and Debojyoti Biswas on the design of a Hartnell governor. It includes an introduction to governors in general and describes the specific workings of a Hartnell governor, which uses springs and adjustable sleeves to regulate the speed of an engine under varying loads. Diagrams show the geometry of the Hartnell governor and how centrifugal force on the balls is balanced by the springs as the sleeve position changes based on engine speed.
Dynamometers are devices used to measure force, power, and torque. There are two main types: absorption dynamometers, which absorb all the power produced and convert it to heat, and transmission dynamometers, which transmit power without absorbing it to allow measurement. Absorption dynamometers include Prony brakes and rope brakes, while transmission dynamometers include belt drives, epicyclic trains, and torsion dynamometers. Prony brakes consist of wooden blocks that frictionally absorb power from a pulley attached to the shaft being measured, while rope brakes use friction between ropes and a drum.
Here we go over if you can use a single load cell to measure constant weight, different types of load cells, the different designs of load cells and a lot more.
This document discusses load cell models used for dry fruit filling and packing. It defines a load cell as an electromechanical device that converts force or weight into an electrical signal. Load cells can measure a wide range of forces and are classified as either mechanical or electrical types. The most common type is the strain gauge load cell, which uses a Wheatstone bridge circuit to accurately measure changes in electrical resistance caused by an applied load. Load cells have various applications including textile testing, weight measurement, and measuring tension during industrial processes.
Load cells are precision force measuring instruments that convert applied forces into measurable electrical signals. There are several main types of load cells - strain gauge, hydraulic, pneumatic, capacitive, and piezoelectric - each with their own components, operating principles, benefits, and applications. Strain gauge load cells are the most common type and function by measuring the change in electrical resistance of strain gauges attached to a loading element under force. Load cells are widely used in industrial weighing, testing, process control, and other applications requiring accurate force or load measurement.
A load cell is a device that senses an applied physical force and outputs a signal proportional to the force. The document discusses the history and types of load cells, how they work, common materials used, applications, importance of calibration, and future developments including miniaturization. Load cells are essential force and weight measurement tools used across hundreds of industries.
All About Electrical Connections of Force TransducersTacuna Systems
The document discusses the electrical connections of force transducers, specifically strain gauge load cells. It explains that strain gauge load cells use a Wheatstone bridge circuit to convert variations in electrical resistance caused by applied force into proportional voltage signals. A four-wire system connects power and output signals, while a six-wire system adds sense wires to compensate for voltage drops in long connecting cables. Key electrical specifications for load cells include excitation voltage, full-scale output, input/output resistance, and temperature effects. Proper electrical connections and signal conditioning are required to accurately measure force with load cells.
Strain gauge load cells work by measuring the strain on an object using electrical resistance strain gauges. When force is applied, the strain gauges experience a change in resistance which is measured by a Wheatstone bridge circuit to produce an electrical output signal proportional to the applied load. The most common type of load cell uses a full Wheatstone bridge configuration with four strain gauges to maximize sensitivity. Proper design considers uniform strain distribution and protection of the gauges. Sources of error include loading errors and environmental effects, which can be compensated for in the design and signal conditioning.
Load cells are transducers that convert an applied force into an electrical signal. There are several types of load cells including resistive, capacitive, vibrating wire, piezoelectric, hydraulic, and pneumatic. Resistive load cells use strain gauges to measure deformation from applied forces. Capacitive load cells measure deformation capacitively. Vibrating wire load cells monitor loads in structural elements. Piezoelectric load cells generate voltage when force is applied to piezoelectric materials. Hydraulic load cells use fluid pressure from piston movement to measure force. Pneumatic load cells balance applied force with counteracting air pressure.
Ch-5: Force, Torque, Pressure, Strain and Temperature measurementSuraj Shukla
Force can be measured using several methods including scales, balances, elastic elements, and pressure-based techniques. Scales work by balancing the unknown force against a known gravitational force from standard masses. Balances include equal arm, unequal arm, and platform scales. Elastic force meters measure deflection of springs, beams, or rings caused by an applied force. Pressure-based techniques include hydraulic and pneumatic load cells, which translate force into a fluid pressure that is measured.
Load cells convert applied forces like tension, compression, pressure, or torque into electrical signals proportional to the force. The most common types are strain gauge, capacitive, and hydraulic load cells. A load cell works by measuring the deformation or change in an electrical property caused by an applied force. During calibration, load cells are tested incrementally using specific weights to ensure accuracy by evaluating linearity and repeatability. Annual recalibration is recommended best practice for load cell users.
Force and torque can be measured using several methods. Torque is measured by measuring force at a known distance from the axis of rotation. Load cells use strain gauges attached to an elastic member to indirectly measure forces. Hydraulic and pneumatic load cells transduce forces into fluid pressures, while proving rings have a known force-deflection relationship and are used as force standards. Strain gauges in load cells must produce sufficient strain to give a measurable output. Tensile-compressive load cells use four strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, while bending load cells amplify small forces. Torque measurement is important for determining power and load information.
A load cell is an electric transducer that converts force or weight into an electrical signal. It contains a strain gauge, which measures the strain (deformation) on a load cell when a force is applied. The strain gauge uses the piezoresistive effect - where electrical resistance changes with mechanical strain - to convert the strain into a change in electrical resistance. This resistance change is then measured with a Wheatstone bridge circuit and amplified to produce an output voltage proportional to the applied force. Load cells are commonly used to measure weights, forces, pressures and loads in various applications.
A load cell converts applied force or load into a measurable electrical output through strain gauges bonded onto its structure. Load cells come in various designs for different applications and connect to instrumentation to convert the output signal for display, analysis, or control purposes. Applied Measurements is a transducer specialist that supplies high quality load cells to industries globally.
This powerpoint presentation is for the mechanical engineering field and for the subject fluid power engineering.
The topic covered is all the hydraulic machines used.
1. Strain gauges measure strain by detecting changes in electrical resistance when force is applied. They are commonly used to measure stress and deformation in structures like bridges and buildings.
2. Strain gauges were attached to a simply supported beam to measure strain produced under different loads. The results were used to calculate stress, strain, and Young's modulus.
3. Strain gauges can be used to monitor bridges over time. They help detect structural problems early and prevent accidents by alerting authorities. Regular monitoring with strain gauges verifies design parameters and construction quality.
Manipulation of Water Hammer Problem by Modification of NRV ValveIDES Editor
Water hammer in piping systems produces large
dynamic forces which can damage the pipes and supports.
Therefore it is important to minimize the water hammer
effects on the piping system. In this work, a new method for
the reduction of water hammer by active measures is
described- that means the reduction of water hammer by
influencing the fluid dynamic conditions of the system. We
are concerned with the effects of the rapid valve closures in
pipes connected to wave reflection points. The energy is of
two kind’s Kinetic energy and Elastic energy. Both forms are
converted into pressure energy and the rapidity of the
conversion is of the utmost importance in terms of ensuring
damage that may result. Such energy dissipation in a
controlled non damaging way is discussed in this paper. The
latest outcomes of the research in this area are also discussed
with their failures in the implementation of these concepts in
industries, and the feasibility of our new method
A load cell converts force into a measurable electrical output and comes in different designs such as bending, shear, compression, and tension. The main types of load cells are strain gauge, piezoresistive, inductive, magnetostrictive, gyroscopic, and nuclear radiation. A strain gauge load cell specifically uses strain gauges bonded onto a beam to convert weight-induced deformation into electrical signals. Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force and causes angular acceleration around an axis of rotation. Strain gauge and in-line stationary sensors are two common methods for measuring torque.
It is a widely used electromechanical device for transmitting power or signal from stationary to rotary system. Used in all aspects of engineering require power transmission.
It is widely used sensor, available is huge range with respect to application and material. Hear i have discussed about its different types and its working.
The presentation is about the heart and soul of any electronic equipment without which the engineering wont reach anywhere. Yes, I am talking about PCB which has made the dream come true.
In todays world, PLC is heart and brain of all industries no matter which segment it is. It has changed the face of technology and way of work. Hear i am sharing just the basic and the evolution of PLC.
A document outlines best practices for implementing a preventative maintenance program. It recommends gathering information on equipment, preparing maintenance checklists, developing a schedule, selecting trained technicians, monitoring performance and costs, and keeping suppliers and parts on hand. The goal is to have efficient equipment functioning to increase profits by preventing unexpected repairs and downtime through regularly scheduled maintenance.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. LOAD CELL
A load cell is a type of transducer. It
converts a force such as tension,
compression, pressure, or torque into
an electrical signal. As the force
applied to the load cell increases, the
electrical signal changes
proportionally. It is very essential and
widely used throughout the globe in all
segments.
4. PNEUMATIC LOAD CELL
This load cell works on pneumatic
pressure. It consists of air supply,
diaphragm, platform and pressure
gauge.
The air pressure is applied to one end of
the diaphragm attached with a platform.
The pressure gauge is attached to
measure the pressure inside the
chamber.
The deflection of the diaphragm due to
external force or weight affects the
pressure inside the chamber, which is
measured by gauge and converted into
5. HYDRAULIC LOAD CELL
The hydraulic load cell uses piston and
cylinder arrangement with the piston placed
in a thin elastic diaphragm.
The load cell is completely filled with oil or
any fluid. When the load is applied on the
piston, there is movement in piston and the
diaphragm results in an increase in oil/ fluid
pressure. This pressure is then transmitted
to a hydraulic pressure gauge. The gauge
senses the pressure and converts it to
electrical signals.
6. STRAIN GAUGE LOAD CELL
Strain gauge load cell is highly accurate and
cost-effective. It has a metal body to which
strain gauges are secured. The body is usually
made of aluminum, alloy steel, or stainless
steel which makes it very strong and minimum
elastic. When force is exerted on the load cell,
the spring element is slightly deformed, and
always returns to its original shape unless
overloaded. The resulting alteration in
resistance of the strain gauges is measured in
voltage. The change in voltage is proportional
to the force applied. Its working principle is
based on Wheatstone bridge theory.
7. WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
A Wheatstone bridge is a set of four
balanced resistors with a known applied
voltage.
Excitation voltage (Vex) is a known
constant and output voltage (Vo) is
variable depending on the shape of the
strain gauges.
If all resistors are balanced, meaning
R1/R2= R4/R3 then Vo= Zero
If the resistance in even one of the
resistors changes, then Vo will likewise
changing.
8. CAPACITIVE LOAD CELL
While strain gauge load cells use resistance to
change voltage and therefore measure weight,
capacitive load cells use changes in capacitance.
It is more accurate compare to strain gauge load
cell.
Two plates with opposing charges stand at small
distance. When a load is applied, it forces the
plates closer. Results in current flow between
the negative and positive charged plates to
establish equilibrium.
A charge is then stored between the plates,
creating capacitance. The measured voltage is