This document provides information about prescriptions, including:
1. Definitions of key terms like "prescription" and an overview of the parts of a prescription such as the date, patient information, directions for use, and prescriber signature.
2. Descriptions of different types of prescriptions and methods of prescribing, both traditional compounding by pharmacists and modern dispensing of pre-made medications.
3. Details on properly receiving, reading, and handling prescriptions, including checking for errors and collecting ingredients accurately. Calculations for dispensing are also covered.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
prescription , definition of prescription and details of different parts of prescription .
Represented by Nurjamal Hoque Assistant professor , department of pharmaceutics Slss Dhanvantri College of Pharmacy Aland Kalaburagi Karnataka
Chapter 3_Prescription and prescription handling.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of prescriptions, prescription handling, labeling of
dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief instructions on medication
usage, Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to minimize
them.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
prescription , definition of prescription and details of different parts of prescription .
Represented by Nurjamal Hoque Assistant professor , department of pharmaceutics Slss Dhanvantri College of Pharmacy Aland Kalaburagi Karnataka
Chapter 3_Prescription and prescription handling.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of prescriptions, prescription handling, labeling of
dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief instructions on medication
usage, Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to minimize
them.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Prescription is a written medication order to pharmacist by medical prescriber, for supply of medicine to a patient.
It has some parts which have been explained in this presentation.
This presentation tries to explain various components of a prescription and their importance. The use of prescriptions as examples in this presentation is solely for academic purpose and not to comment/ criticize the prescriber.
PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner or
other properly licensed practitioners such as dentist, veterinarian etc.
To a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English language but
Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used in order to save time.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION:
Prescriptions are gentrally written on a typical format which is usually
kept as pads.
1. Date.
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient.
3. Superscription.
4. Inscription.
5. Subscription.
6. Signatura.
7. Renewal instructions.
8. Signature, Address and Registration number of the prescriber.
1) DATE:
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of
presentation for filling the prescription.
2) NAME, AGE, SEX AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT:
Name, age, address of the patient must be written in the prescription
because it serves to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription, the
same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry from the
patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help the
pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
3) SUPERSCRIPTION:
It is represented by a symbol Which is written before writing the
prescription. is an abbrevation of the latin word receipe, meaning
‘You take’ (take thou). In olden days,the symbol was considered from
the sign of jupiter, God of healing.
4) INSCRIPTION:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
The names of ingredients are generally written in English language but
common abbreviation used can written both in English and Latin
languages.
The medicament may be prescribed as an official preparation,
a proprietary product, a nonproprietary product (Generic), not official
or a specific or individual formula.
In case of special or individual formula, the quantity of each ingredient
will be stated together with a description of the type of the preparation,
e.g: cream, mixture, lotion etc.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its
quantity.
5) SUBSCRIPTION:
This comprises direction to the pharmacist for preparing and number
of doses to be dispensed.
6) SIGNATURA:
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drug.
It is usually written as ‘sig’ on the prescription.
The instructions given in prescription are required to be transferred to
the label of the container in which the medicament is to be dispensed, so
that the patient can follow it.
RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The prescriber indicate on every prescription order, whether it may be
renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription containing the
narcotic and habit form
Patient counseling is a process wherein pharmacist implements face-to-face interaction with the patient to provide information, orally or in written form, on directions of use & advice on side effects to help them to use their medications appropriately
It covered all topics from syllabus of prescription chapter
of pharmaceutics-2,
It's become helpfull for diploma students, took all topics from R.M.Mehta pharmaceutics-2, 3rd edition-2010, vallabh prakashan.
Definition of Prescription
Parts Prescription
Handling of Prescription
legality & identification of medication related problems like drug interactions.
it is GTU based syllabus chapter and all the points are covered like... handling of prescription , etc... very helpful for pharmacy students...and its in easy language..
Prescription is a written medication order to pharmacist by medical prescriber, for supply of medicine to a patient.
It has some parts which have been explained in this presentation.
This presentation tries to explain various components of a prescription and their importance. The use of prescriptions as examples in this presentation is solely for academic purpose and not to comment/ criticize the prescriber.
PRESCRIPTION
DEFINITION:
Prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner or
other properly licensed practitioners such as dentist, veterinarian etc.
To a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English language but
Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used in order to save time.
PARTS OF PRESCRIPTION:
Prescriptions are gentrally written on a typical format which is usually
kept as pads.
1. Date.
2. Name, age, sex and address of the patient.
3. Superscription.
4. Inscription.
5. Subscription.
6. Signatura.
7. Renewal instructions.
8. Signature, Address and Registration number of the prescriber.
1) DATE:
It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of
presentation for filling the prescription.
2) NAME, AGE, SEX AND ADDRESS OF THE PATIENT:
Name, age, address of the patient must be written in the prescription
because it serves to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription, the
same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry from the
patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help the
pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
3) SUPERSCRIPTION:
It is represented by a symbol Which is written before writing the
prescription. is an abbrevation of the latin word receipe, meaning
‘You take’ (take thou). In olden days,the symbol was considered from
the sign of jupiter, God of healing.
4) INSCRIPTION:
This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the names and
quantities of the prescribed ingredients.
The names of ingredients are generally written in English language but
common abbreviation used can written both in English and Latin
languages.
The medicament may be prescribed as an official preparation,
a proprietary product, a nonproprietary product (Generic), not official
or a specific or individual formula.
In case of special or individual formula, the quantity of each ingredient
will be stated together with a description of the type of the preparation,
e.g: cream, mixture, lotion etc.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with its
quantity.
5) SUBSCRIPTION:
This comprises direction to the pharmacist for preparing and number
of doses to be dispensed.
6) SIGNATURA:
This consists of the direction to be given to the patient regarding the
administration of the drug.
It is usually written as ‘sig’ on the prescription.
The instructions given in prescription are required to be transferred to
the label of the container in which the medicament is to be dispensed, so
that the patient can follow it.
RENEWAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The prescriber indicate on every prescription order, whether it may be
renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription containing the
narcotic and habit form
Patient counseling is a process wherein pharmacist implements face-to-face interaction with the patient to provide information, orally or in written form, on directions of use & advice on side effects to help them to use their medications appropriately
It covered all topics from syllabus of prescription chapter
of pharmaceutics-2,
It's become helpfull for diploma students, took all topics from R.M.Mehta pharmaceutics-2, 3rd edition-2010, vallabh prakashan.
Definition of Prescription
Parts Prescription
Handling of Prescription
legality & identification of medication related problems like drug interactions.
This ppt is useful for all pharmacy students specially for students who are in first year B.pharmacy. this will including all the important points with proper explanation. language is kept very much simple for easy understanding.
The prescription, An important topic of pharmacy, Pharmaceutics 2nd, Prescrip...RajkumarKumawat11
The prescription, An important topic of pharmacy, Pharmaceutics 2nd, Prescription topic for pharma students, A presentation on prescription by Raj kumar kumawat
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2. Learner will be able to understand
What do you mean by prescription
Parts of prescription
Handling of prescription
Modern methods of prescribing
Calculations involved in prescription
9/11/2021 2
3. Definition
Types of prescription
Parts of prescription
Handling of prescription
Modern method of prescribing
Care required in dispensing prescription
Calculations involved in dispensing
Imperial system
Metric system
Proof spirit
Percentage calculations
Calculations of doses for children
9/11/2021 3
4. The word “prescription” is derived from the Latin term praescriptus which
made up of two Latin words Prae a prefix meaning ‘before’ and Scribere
meaning ‘to write’.
Definition- “Prescription is an order written by a physician,
dentist or any other medical practitioner to the pharmacist
to compound & dispense a specific medication for individual
patient.”
Prescription is accompanied by direction for pharmacist and for
patient.
9/11/2021 4
5. Prescription is a direct link between physician, pharmacist &
patient.
The prescriptions are generally written in the English
language but Latin words or abbreviations are frequently used
in order to save time.
So, its become necessary for a pharmacist, to become familiar
with the common Latin terms and abbreviations used by the
physician.
9/11/2021 5
6. Pre compounding prescription
Prescription for already prepared drug (by pharmaceutical
companies) e.g. Cap. Ciprofloxacin (500 mg) etc.
Extemporaneous prescription
The pharmacists prepare the medication according to the drugs
and dosages directed by the physician (nowadays not in
practice)
9/11/2021 6
7. A typical prescription consists of following parts:-
1. Date
2. Name, age, sex, body weight and address of the patient
3. Superscription
4. Inscription
5. Subscription
6. Signatura
7. Renewal instructions
8. Signature, address and registration number of the prescriber.
9/11/2021 7
8. 9/11/2021 8
Parts of prescription
A- Heading
a. Date
b. Personal data of patient
B- Body
a. Superscription
b. Inscription
c. Subscription
C- Closing
a. Signature of patient
b. Signature of physician
9. It helps a pharmacist to find out the date of
prescribing and date of presentation for
filling the prescription.
Written on the prescription by prescriber.
To know when the medicines were last
dispensed.
To prevent the misuse of the drug by the
patients.
The prescription which prescribe narcotic or
other habit forming drug, must bear the date,
so as to avoid the misuse of prescription if it
is presented by the patient, a number of
times for dispensing.
9/11/2021 9
10. Name, age, sex and address of the patient must be written in the
prescription because it serve to identify the prescription.
In case, if any of these information is missing in the prescription,
the same may be included by the pharmacist after proper enquiry
from the patient.
Age and sex of the patient, especially in case of children, help
the pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication.
In some cases the weight of the patient may also be required in
order to calculate the appropriate dose.
9/11/2021 10
11. It is represented by a symbol Rx (℞).
Rx is the abbreviation of Latin word
recipe, meaning ‘take thou’ or ‘You
Take’.
In older days, the symbol was considered
to be originated from the sign of Jupiter,
God of healing.
This symbol was employed by the ancient
in requesting god for the quick recovery of
the patient.
9/11/2021 11
12. Inscription gives the information about the name of the drug (Generic
or trade name), its formulation and unit dosage either in English or
Latin language.
The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along with
its quantity.
In complex prescriptions containing several ingredients the
inscription is divided in to following parts:
a. Base- The active medicaments which are intended to produce the
therapeutic effect.
b. Adjuvant- are the agent which enhance the action of medicament
or to improve the palatability of the preparation.
c. Vehicle- to increase solubility of solid ingredients and to increase
volume of the preparation.
9/11/2021 12
13. Nowadays, the majority of the drugs are prescribed which are
already in a suitable formulation.
The pharmacist is required to dispense the ready-made form of
drugs.
So, compounding of prescription is almost eliminated.
9/11/2021 13
14. This part contains the prescriber’s directions to the pharmacist .
It includes
Type dosage form to be prepared
No of doses to be dispensed
These days, the prescribers are omitting the specific instructions
to the pharmacist because the majority of the prescriptions are
not compounded and dispensed.
9/11/2021 14
15. It is usually written as ‘Sig’ on the prescription.
It consist of the direction to be given to the patient regarding
the administration of the drug.
The instruction may include the following:-
1. The quantity of medicament
2. The frequency of administration or application
3. The route or mode of administration
4. The special instructions such as dilution direction.
9/11/2021 15
16. The prescriber indicate on every prescription order,
whether it may be renewed and if so, how many times.
It is very important particularly in the prescription
containing the narcotic and other habit forming drugs to
prevent its misuse.
9/11/2021 16
17. The prescription must bear the signature of the
prescriber along with its registration number and
address.
It is very important particularly in the prescription
containing the narcotic and other habit forming drugs, to
prevent its misuse.
9/11/2021 17
20. 9/11/2021 20
1. Receiving
2. Reading And checking
3. Collecting & weighing the materials
4. Compounding, Labelling &
Packaging
21. The prescription should be received by pharmacist himself/herself.
It includes
Reading the prescription
Checking the prescription
While receiving a prescription, a pharmacist should not change his
facial expression which gives an impression to the patient that he
is surprised or confused after seeing the prescription.
9/11/2021 21
22. Prescription should be completely and carefully read from top to bottom.
Nature of dosage form and time required for preparing.
If long time is needed for compounding must tell the patient to wait.
Careful examination of the prescription should be made only behind the
counter.
Any doubt or direction or any error in writing, patient should not come to
know about it and should consult the other pharmacist or prescriber.
Every word and abbreviation must be interpreted correctly.
Never guess about the meaning of illegible or confusing word.
Prescription should be checked for any incompatibility.
9/11/2021 22
24. While compounding, the label of every stock bottle should be
read at least three times in order to avoid any error-
1. When taken from the shelf or drawer
2. When the contents are removed for weighing and measuring
3. When the containers are returned back to its proper place.
9/11/2021 24
25. 9/11/2021 25
Compounding
Packaging
Labelling
Only one prescription
Accuracy, cleanliness &
proper techniques
Suitable Containers
Quantity to be dispensed
Glass, Plastic & metal
containers
Size of label
Good quality paper, adhesive
Information & special directions
26. Related to Latin Term Abbreviation Meaning in English
Time
Anti cibos a.c. Before meals
Post cibos p.c. After meals
Inter cibos i.c. Between meals
Times per day
Semel in die sem in die Once a day
Bis in die, bis die b.i.d., b.d. Twice a day
Ter in die t.i.d., t.d. Three times a day
Quarter in die q.i.d., q.d. Four times a day
Parts of the body Oculis dexter o.d. To right eye
Os, oris o.s. To mouth
Hour time Omni hora o.h. Every hour
Different time of the
day
Primo mane prim.m. Early in the morning
9/11/2021 26
35. Nowadays, the majority of the drugs are available in the market as
ready-made formulations manufactured by different pharmaceutical
companies.
There is no need to dispense the drugs by the pharmacist.
In the present days, the role of pharmacist is to hand over the ready-
made preparations to the patients and provide advice if demanded
regarding its ROA, dose schedule, drug interactions and adverse
reactions etc.
The drugs should be prescribed by its official (Generic) name and
not by its proprietary or trade name.
9/11/2021 35
37. There are certain advantages and disadvantages of prescribing the drugs by
its proprietary names.
9/11/2021 37
Sr. No. Advantages Disadvantages
1 It is easy to remember proprietary names
beacause they are very catchy.
Eg- Crocin (paracetamol)
It is cheaper to prescribe the
drugs by its official name.
2 It is easy to communicate with the patient It becomes difficult for a
pharmacist to dispense the
substitute of the drug which
is available in the stock.
3 The continuity can be maintained by prescribing
the same proprietary name every time.
4 The bioavailability of drugs changed with the
change of adjuvant used in drug formulations
manufactured by different manufacturers. So
only those proprietary drugs can be prescribed
which have a better bioavailability.
38. A Prescription should be:
Kept simple
Abbreviations free (if necessary
Latin abbreviations should be
used)
Trailing zeros should be avoided,
Leading zeros must be added
It should provide clear and
specific directions
9/11/2021 38
39. There are four types of prescriptions which are generally
received by the retails drug store:-
Prescription in general practice
Private prescriptions
Hospital prescriptions meant for ‘out patients’
Hospital prescriptions meant for ‘in patients’
9/11/2021 39
41. Following precautions should be taken while dispensing a prescription.
1. Always keep the prescription before you to avoid mistakes.
2. Dispensing balance should be checked before weighing ingredients.
3. Replace containers of stock preparations or drugs in their proper position
after use.
4. Keep the label in upper position.
5. In case of liquid ingredients, keep the label upward to prevent staining of
label.
6. Dispensing balance, spatula should be clean. Scale pan should be cleaned
immediately after use.
7. Those medicines for external use, should be labeled in red or against a
red background.
8. Before handing over the medicine to the patient, again check that the
correct preparation, in the correct strength, has been supplied and correct
direction has been stated on the label.
9/11/2021 41
For External Use Only
42. 9/11/2021 42
Sources of Error
in Prescription
7.Incompatibilities
1. Abbreviation
6. Instructions
for the Patient
5.Dose
2. Name of
the Drug
3. Strength
of the
preparation
4. Dosage
form of the
drug
43. 1. Abbreviation
Abbreviation presents a problem in understanding parts of the
prescription order.
Extreme care should be taken by a pharmacist in interpreting the
abbreviation.
Pharmacist should not guess at the meaning of an ambiguous
abbreviations.
e.g.-Achro- for Achromycin ; Achrosatin.
2. Name of the Drug
There are certain drugs whose name look or sound like those of
other drugs.
Some of the examples of such drugs are as under:-
Digitoxin Digoxin
Prednisone Prednisolone
Doridon Doxidan
9/11/2021 43
44. 3. Strength of the prescription
The strength of the preparation should be state by the
prescriber.
It is essential when various strength of a product are available
in the market.
e.g.-Paracetamol-500 mg
4. Dosage form of the drug prescribed
Many medicines are available in more than one dosage form.
Prescriber should write prescription with correct and suitable
dosage form to the patients in order to avoid ambiguity.
e.g.-liquid, tablet, capsule and suppository.
9/11/2021 44
45. 5. Dose
Unusually high or low doses should be discussed with the prescriber.
Paediatric dosage may present a problem. So pharmacist should consult
paediatric posology to avoid any error.
6. Instructions for the patient
Instructions for the patient in the prescription sometimes incomplete or omitted.
Instructions such as- quantity of drug to be taken, frequency, timing of
administration, route of administration should be clearly given in the
prescription so as to avoid any confusion.
7. Incompatibilities
It is essential to check variety of incompatibilities in a prescribed preparations .
Also check for synergistic and antagonistic effect of drugs.
9/11/2021 45
46. In dispensing, pharmacist should have a thorough knowledge regarding
weights and measure which are used in calculations.
There are two systems of weights and measure:-
1. The imperial system
2. The metric system
9/11/2021 46
47. Imperial System Metric System
It is an old system of weights and
measures
The metric system is used in the IP for
the measurement of weight & capacity.
Weight- is a measure of the gravitational
force acting on a body & is directly
proportional to its mass.
The metric system in India was
implemented from 1st April,1964 in
pharmacy profession.
The imperial system is divided into 2
parts for the purpose of measurement of
weight.
a. Avoirdupois system- Pound (Unit)
Weight- Kilogram (Std.Unit)
Capacity- Litre (Std.Unit)
9/11/2021 47
54. Calculations based on Density
Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. It has the
units of mass over volume.
9/11/2021 54