- Explanation of skeletal muscle contraction, how they work, and how they look during contraction and relaxation.
- The anatomy of skeletal muscle has been explained well ...
- The mechanism of muscles has also been clarified sequentially ...
Thank you ...
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
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. Definition of Tissues Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. In other words, it is a group of cells working together mainly inside an organ.
3. Classification of Tissues Human body is composed of 4 basic types of tissue: •Epithelial tissue •Connective tissue •Muscular tissue •Nervous tissue
4. Origin of Tissue A fertilized egg divides to produce 3 primary germ cell layers. These layers differentiate to form the tissues of the body.
5. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial cells cover or line all body surfaces, cavities and tubes. So, These are called covering epithelia. Epithelial cells form the functional units of secretory glands. So, These are called glandular epithelia.
olfactory system and functioning, pathway of olfaction, neural tract involved in olfaction , endocrine pathway of olfaction, cells and neurons involved in olfaction
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
. Definition of Tissues Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. In other words, it is a group of cells working together mainly inside an organ.
3. Classification of Tissues Human body is composed of 4 basic types of tissue: •Epithelial tissue •Connective tissue •Muscular tissue •Nervous tissue
4. Origin of Tissue A fertilized egg divides to produce 3 primary germ cell layers. These layers differentiate to form the tissues of the body.
5. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial cells cover or line all body surfaces, cavities and tubes. So, These are called covering epithelia. Epithelial cells form the functional units of secretory glands. So, These are called glandular epithelia.
olfactory system and functioning, pathway of olfaction, neural tract involved in olfaction , endocrine pathway of olfaction, cells and neurons involved in olfaction
The endocrine system is composed of organs positioned throughout the body in widely separated locations. Endocrinology is the study of the structure and functioning of the endocrine system.
Anatomy of the masticatory machine. It consists of a fixed and a movable member. The movable member is activated by a series of voluntary muscles, and its efficiency is increased by another set of voluntary muscles that feed the machine.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Skeletal Muscles
1. SKELETAL MUSCLES
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2. SKELETAL MUSCLES
● These are related to skeletal system so they also known as skeletal
muscles.
● Transverse lines are found at regular intervals, they also called striped
or striated muscle.
● Their contractions are controlled by will power of animals so they are
called voluntary muscle.
3.
4. ANATOMY OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE
● Skeletal muscle tissue is surrounded by connective tissue.
● It is separated from skin by subcutaneous layer [ superfacial facia ], which is composed of
connective tissue and adipose tissue.
● Under the superfacial facia lies the deep facia.
● Below the deep facia, these are three layers of connective tissue which strengthen muscles.
Epimysium: - it is outer most layer.
it surrounds the entire muscle.
Perimysium: - it is middle layer.
it surrounds the group of muscle fiber called fascicles.
Endomysium: - it is the deepest layer.
it surrounds each muscle fiber separately.
5.
6. ● Skeletal muscles are composed of many individual cells known
as muscle fiber.
● Group of muscle fibers called fascicule.
● Many fascicules combined to form a muscle.
● Muscle fibers attached to a tough cord of connective tissue
called Tendon and tendon further attached with a bone.
7.
8. ANATOMY OF SKELETAL
MUSCLE FIBER (SMF)
● It is cylindrical or tubular in shape, long and unbranched in size.
● Diameter of mature SMF ranges from 10 to 100 um.
● Length of mature SMF is about 10 cm and sometimes it should up to 30 cm.
● Outer membrane of muscle fiber is called sarcoplasm.
● Each muscle fiber contains multinucleated sarcoplasm.
● Sarcoplasm is a plasma membrane of muscle cell and sarcoplasm is cytoplasm of a muscle fibers.
● At high magnification, the sarcoplasm appears stuffed with little thread. These small structures
are the myofibrils, the contractile organelles of skeletal muscle.
● Myofibrils are about 2um in diameter and extend the entire length of a muscle fiber.
● Myofibrils are arranged in parallel row and forms the dark and light line.
● These dark and light lines are made up of actin and myosin protein. Both proteins are filamentous
protein.
● Actin filaments are thin while myosin is thick.
11. COMPONENTS OF SARCOMERE
● I band- it is light line or band which is made up of only actin filaments.
- These bands are mono refractive in polarized light so it is called Isotropic
band.
● A band- it is dark and middle part of sarcomere .
-It contains entire thick filament and those parts of thin filament that overlap
with thick filament.
● H zone- a narrow region of ‘ a- band ‘ that has only thick filament but no thin filament.
● M line- a region in the centre of ‘ h- zone ‘ that contains protein which holds the thick
fialments together at the Centre of sarcomere.
● Z line- in the centre of each ‘ i- band ‘ is an elastic fiber called ‘ z- line ‘ which bisects it.
-The thin filament are firmly attached to z- line.
● Z discs- narrow regions that separate on sarcomere from the next.
-Z-discs are made up of “actinin” protein.
12.
13. ● The portion of myofibril between two successive z - line is
considered as functional unit of contraction called
sarcomere.
● Sarcomere = 1 A - band + 2 half I - band.
● Length of sarcomere = 2.5um ( I- band = 1um and myosin
= 1.5um).
● 1 myosin filament is surrounded by 6 actin filament.
● 1 actin filament is surrounded by 3 myosin filament.
14.
15. MECHANISM OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
● It is the best explained by the sliding filament theory.
● According to this theory, contraction of muscle fibers takes place by the sliding of thin
filament over the thick filament.
● Muscle contraction is initiated by by a singnal sent by CNS via a motor neuron.
● A junction between muscle neuron and sarcolemma of muscle fiber is called neuromuscular
junction or motor - end plate.
● At this juntion, neural signal releases a neurotransmitter ( acetylcholine ) which generates
an action potential in the sarcolemma and it cause release of ca+2 ions in the sarcoplasm.
● Increase in ca+2 ions level leads to binding of ca+2 with a subunit of troponin on actin
filament and remove the masking of active site for myosin attachment.
16. ● Myosin heads become enrgized by using the energy from ATP and it attaches to binding
site of actin filament to form a cross bridge.
● This pulls the attached actin filament toward the centre of A - band.
● Z - line attached to actins are pulled inwards causing shortening of sarcomere i.e;
contraction.
● The myosin releasing the ADP and P1 goes back to its relaxed state. A new ATP binds and
the crossbridge is broken.
● The ATP is again hydrolysis by myosin hesd and the process continues till the ca+2 ions
are pumped back to sarcoplasmic cisternae resulting in masking of actin filament.
● This causes the return of Z - line back to their original position i.e; relaxation.
17.
18.
19.
20. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
● Neuromuscular junction also called myoneural junction.
● It is the site of chemical communication between a nerve fibre and a muscle cell.
● A nerve fiber divides into many terminal branches; each terminal ends on a region of muscle fibre called the
END PLATE.
● Embedded in the end plate are thousands of receptors, which are long protein molecules that form channels
through the membrane.
● Upon stimulation by a nerve impulse, the terminal releases the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine from
synaptic vesicles.
● Acetylcholine then binds to the receptors, the channel open, and sodium ions flow into the end plate.
● This initiates yhe end plate potential, the electrical event that leads to contraction of the muscle fibre.