This document provides an overview of the Siwaliks, which are the outermost range of the Himalayas. It defines the Siwaliks and notes their various names. It describes the location of the Siwaliks in Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan. It discusses the orogenesis of the Siwaliks and notes that the Siwaliks in Pakistan are well exposed on the Potowar Plateau. The Siwaliks Hills in Pakistan contain the most diverse and continuous fossil records of Neogene mammals. The document divides the Siwaliks into three sub-groups - Lower, Middle, and Upper Siwaliks - based on biostratigraphy.

1. Palaeontology
Assignment Topic Brief History Of Siwaliks
Submitted To Dr. Muhammad Tariq
Submitted By Tayyab
Roll Number 869/023808
Program B.S. 4 Years Degree Program
Discipline Zoology
Semester 7th Semester
Session 2017-2021
Government College Of Science Wahdat Road, Lahore

2. Contents:
1) Definition of siwaliks
2) Names of siwaliks
3) Location of siwaliks
4) Map
5) Orogensis of siwaliks
6) Siwaliks in Pakistan
7) Division of siwaliks
8) References

3. Definition of siwaliks:
 The outermost range of the Himalayas is called the
Outer Himalayas or Siwaliks.
The word “Siwalik" literally means “tresses of
Shiva”“Long Hairs of shiva “.

4. Names of siwaliks:
The name Siwaliks introduced for sub-
Himalayan rocks by Medlicott in 1864.
Shivalik Hills is known as "Manak Parbat" in ancient
times
Churia Hills
Outer Himalaya

5. Location of siwaliks:
1. Pakistan
2. India
3. Nepal
4. Bhutan

6. Map:

7. Orogensis of siwaliks:
The process of formation of siwaliks is known as
Orogensis of siwaliks.

8. Siwaliks in Pakistan:
The siwaliks deposition in Pakistan are well
exposed on Potowar Plateau displaying a
folded belt extending from
Salt Range in south
Margala Hills in north
Jhelum River in the east
Indus River on the west

10. The siwaliks Hills in Pakistan are comprised of the
area of the Potwar Plateau and Sub-Himalayan
that are particularly well exposed in Potwar
Plaateau in vertical and horizontal sections.
The Potwar Siwaliks document most diverse,
continuous and longest array of terrestrial and
freshwater records of fossils mainly comprising of
Neogen mammalian remains in the world.
Hence these deposits provide an excellent
laboratory for studying biochronostaratigraphy,
palaeoecology and paleaeoclimatology.

11. Division of siwaliks
On the basis of biostratigraphy,siwalik hills are
divided into following three sub-groups.
1. Lower Siwaliks
2. Middle Siwaliks
3. Upper Siwaliks

12. References:
Encyclopaedia Britannica’s Outer Himalayas,
Shiwalik Hills, Shiwalik Range, Siwalik Hills,
Sub-Himalayas.
 Notes by Dr. Muhammad Tariq Department
of Zoology, Government College of
Science,Lahore
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