This document discusses simulation models for long-term scenario analysis. It describes how IFPRI uses a suite of linked partial equilibrium and general equilibrium models to address issues like population growth, climate change, and natural resource limits. The IMPACT model is highlighted as IFPRI's main agricultural partial equilibrium model. It is composed of specialized modules that can be linked to address issues at different levels while maintaining modularity. Global CGE models are also discussed and compared to partial equilibrium models.
Long-term scenario building for food and agriculture: A global overall model ...FAO
The document discusses the importance of the FAO's Global Perspective Studies (GPS) in providing long-term projections on food, agriculture, and sustainability issues. It outlines the need to update the GPS analytical tools and models to better address current issues and produce the next report "Food and Agriculture towards 2050-80". The workshop aims to discuss how to strengthen the GPS analytical framework through the use of global economy-wide models and partnerships with other organizations.
Analysis of policy impact on the farming sector in Africa. Selected activitie...Francois Stepman
This document provides information about the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, with a focus on the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) and its work analyzing policy impacts on the agricultural sector in Africa. The IPTS uses economic modeling tools like FSSIM-DEV to evaluate the effects of policies and innovations on farm households, poverty levels, and other indicators. An example application analyzed the impacts of a rice seed policy in Sierra Leone. The modeling found the policy improved farmer viability but not enough to significantly reduce poverty. Ongoing work includes expanding the analyses to more African countries and further developing the modeling methodology.
Trans-SEC outline, research framework and activitiesFrancois Stepman
This document outlines the framework and activities for the Trans-SEC research project in Tanzania. The project will:
1) Study food value chains in two regions of Tanzania representing different climates and socioeconomic conditions, through stakeholder workshops and surveys across 4 case study sites.
2) Identify and analyze the most promising strategies for upgrading these food value chains, such as improved production, processing, markets, and consumption. Strategies will be tested and their impacts assessed.
3) Embed the research within a modeling framework to understand risks and impacts under different scenarios. Results will be disseminated to stakeholders and policymakers to connect findings to development programs.
This document summarizes the proceedings of an international workshop on bridging the gap between agricultural research and farmers' practices in Africa. The workshop included presentations on:
- The objectives and methodology of the ITAACC program, which is funding the research.
- Key findings from the demand-supply assessment for agricultural innovations in Africa, including the most needed crops and livestock.
- Criteria for successful innovations from the perspectives of farmers, researchers, and intermediaries.
- Challenges farmers currently face as described by farmer organization representatives.
- A new extension approach being tested that links payments to farmer satisfaction.
Food Security in the light of Climate Change and Bioenergy – Challenges for R...Francois Stepman
The document describes research being conducted by the ZALF (Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research) in Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses 12 projects focused on food security, climate change impacts, and bioenergy development. A key project discussed is Trans-SEC, a 7.5 million euro initiative aiming to improve food security in Tanzania through identifying successful food production and distribution strategies. The Trans-SEC project involves stakeholder participation, testing of good agricultural practices, and disseminating results to influence policy.
Using whole-farm models for policy analysis of Climate Smart AgricultureFAO
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to as background to the Scientific conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture held in Montpellier, France, on 16-18 March 2015.
Long-term scenario building for food and agriculture: A global overall model ...FAO
The document discusses the importance of the FAO's Global Perspective Studies (GPS) in providing long-term projections on food, agriculture, and sustainability issues. It outlines the need to update the GPS analytical tools and models to better address current issues and produce the next report "Food and Agriculture towards 2050-80". The workshop aims to discuss how to strengthen the GPS analytical framework through the use of global economy-wide models and partnerships with other organizations.
Analysis of policy impact on the farming sector in Africa. Selected activitie...Francois Stepman
This document provides information about the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, with a focus on the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) and its work analyzing policy impacts on the agricultural sector in Africa. The IPTS uses economic modeling tools like FSSIM-DEV to evaluate the effects of policies and innovations on farm households, poverty levels, and other indicators. An example application analyzed the impacts of a rice seed policy in Sierra Leone. The modeling found the policy improved farmer viability but not enough to significantly reduce poverty. Ongoing work includes expanding the analyses to more African countries and further developing the modeling methodology.
Trans-SEC outline, research framework and activitiesFrancois Stepman
This document outlines the framework and activities for the Trans-SEC research project in Tanzania. The project will:
1) Study food value chains in two regions of Tanzania representing different climates and socioeconomic conditions, through stakeholder workshops and surveys across 4 case study sites.
2) Identify and analyze the most promising strategies for upgrading these food value chains, such as improved production, processing, markets, and consumption. Strategies will be tested and their impacts assessed.
3) Embed the research within a modeling framework to understand risks and impacts under different scenarios. Results will be disseminated to stakeholders and policymakers to connect findings to development programs.
This document summarizes the proceedings of an international workshop on bridging the gap between agricultural research and farmers' practices in Africa. The workshop included presentations on:
- The objectives and methodology of the ITAACC program, which is funding the research.
- Key findings from the demand-supply assessment for agricultural innovations in Africa, including the most needed crops and livestock.
- Criteria for successful innovations from the perspectives of farmers, researchers, and intermediaries.
- Challenges farmers currently face as described by farmer organization representatives.
- A new extension approach being tested that links payments to farmer satisfaction.
Food Security in the light of Climate Change and Bioenergy – Challenges for R...Francois Stepman
The document describes research being conducted by the ZALF (Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research) in Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses 12 projects focused on food security, climate change impacts, and bioenergy development. A key project discussed is Trans-SEC, a 7.5 million euro initiative aiming to improve food security in Tanzania through identifying successful food production and distribution strategies. The Trans-SEC project involves stakeholder participation, testing of good agricultural practices, and disseminating results to influence policy.
Using whole-farm models for policy analysis of Climate Smart AgricultureFAO
www.fao.org/climatechange/epic
This presentation was prepared to as background to the Scientific conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture held in Montpellier, France, on 16-18 March 2015.
1) The document discusses challenges facing food security and the environment in the Middle East and North Africa region, including population growth, rising incomes, variable oil prices, water scarcity issues, and climate change impacts.
2) It presents scenarios for agricultural and food security outcomes in 2050 using IFPRI's IMPACT model, including a scenario with climate change impacts and a scenario with additional comprehensive agricultural investments.
3) The results show that a scenario with climate change could negatively impact crop yields and food availability, but a scenario with increased investments in areas like research, irrigation, and infrastructure could help offset these impacts.
All Presentation Slides
COUNTRY WORKSHOP
The Knowledge Lab on Climate Resilient Food Systems: An analytical support facility to achieve the SDGs
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AGRA
FEB 7, 2019 - 08:30 AM TO 05:55 PM EAT
1. The Global Futures and Strategic Foresight program aims to improve quantitative modeling tools to inform priority setting in the CGIAR through scenario analysis and impact assessment.
2. The program involves all 15 CGIAR centers and other partners in building an integrated modeling framework and stronger community of practice for foresight.
3. The objectives are to improve modeling tools, strengthen the foresight community, improve assessments of alternative global futures, and inform research, investment, and policy decisions through collective scenario analysis.
Introducing the sustainable intensification assessment frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Mark Musumba, Philip Grabowski, Cheryl Palm and Sieglinde Snapp at the Africa RISING West Africa Review and Planning Meeting, Accra, 1-2 February 2017
Keith Wiebe
Global Landscapes Forum
IFPRI Session: Informing the policymaking landscape: From research to action in the fight against climate change and hunger
Marrakech, Morocco
November 16, 2016
Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool fo...Francois Stepman
Presentation by Anne Mottet - FAO Livestock Development Officer, Animal Production and Health Division - "Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation"
02/07 WEBINAR: The effects of agroecology. Why are metrics needed?
Taking Forward the Implementation of the Agriculture Priority Actions in NCCAP (2013–2017) Kenyan Experience
A presentation from CCAFS East Africa Regional Program.
Regional livestock modeling for climate change adaptation and mitigation in S...ILRI
Presentation by Dolapo Enahoro and Karl M. Rich at the Southern Africa Towards Inclusive Economic Development (SA-TIED) Programme – A Scoping Workshop on Climate Change Pretoria, South Africa, 4 February 2019
Presented by Dr Abdoulaye Saley Moussa, Science Officer, CCAFS West Africa. Africa Agriculture Science Week 6, 15 July 2013, Accra, Ghana
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/events/15/jul/2013/africa-agriculture-science-week-2013
The document discusses Madagascar's environment, socioeconomics, food security, and subnational integration. It describes the process of diagnosing Madagascar's food system with stakeholders from government, private sector, and civil society. Participants adapted to online consultations during COVID. The exercise revealed a growing consensus for a systems approach and advice on challenges like malnutrition and natural resource overuse. Lessons will inform ongoing programming and sharing with technical partners.
This document discusses a project that aims to help smallholder agricultural communities adapt to climate change through participatory supply chain management. The project seeks to (1) quantify crop exposure to climate change using prediction models, (2) develop indicators to describe climate change impacts, and (3) derive potential adaptation strategies for supply chain actors. Case studies include vegetable value chains in Guatemala and Jamaica and small-scale farmers in Bogota. A framework is presented for conducting vulnerability assessments and developing inclusive adaptation strategies along food supply chains.
This document summarizes a meeting on climate change adaptation and national adaptation plans (NAPs) in agriculture sectors. It discusses how most countries' intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) refer to agriculture and land use sectors as priorities for climate action. Many countries need enhanced cooperation across sectors and ministries to implement strategies. Technical and research capacities are also priorities, as are technology transfer and engagement of stakeholders. The document outlines FAO's support for climate-smart agriculture, national adaptation planning, and relevant programs in over 20 countries. FAO is working to build the evidence base around climate impacts on agriculture to inform national adaptation efforts.
Report on the Outcomes of the 3rd Workshop 'Creating Impact with Open Data in...Marion Girard Cisneros
This document outlines the agenda for the 3rd Creating Impacts workshop organized by GODAN Action from 13-15 February 2017 in New Babylon. The workshop will focus on frameworks for benefit sharing of open data, assessing the impact of open data on organizations in agriculture and nutrition, developing approaches for localized weather data applications, documenting stories of data sharing and business models, developing mechanisms for open data to help achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and building capacity on publishing and using open data. The overall goals are to activate open data's potential for collaboration and develop a rolling action agenda with pledges from participants.
Big data approaches can help rice farmers in Latin America adapt to climate change by providing real-time climate and cropping advice. A pilot program in Colombia combined rice yield and weather data to identify climate patterns and recommend optimal planting times. Farmers who followed the advice had successful harvests, while those who did not lost their crops and inputs. The program aims to scale this approach to other major rice producers in Latin America, including Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Doing so may help reduce yield losses, increase adaptive capacity, and revolutionize agricultural advisory services.
The document summarizes research using participatory scenarios to link climate change projections and socioeconomic pathways with policy development across six global regions. Regional scenarios were developed through stakeholder engagement and modeling to explore climate and development futures. The scenarios were then used to inform and test the robustness of agricultural and food security policies in countries like Honduras, Bangladesh, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, and Ghana. Case studies showed that a scenario-guided approach helped strengthen policies by focusing on uncertainties and generating new ideas.
Catalysing the Sustainable and Inclusive Transformation of Food Systems, From...Francois Stepman
Presentation of Hélène David-Benz - Senior Researcher, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development on 10 June 2021. Catalysing the Sustainable and Inclusive Transformation of Food Systems, From Assessment to Policy and Investment
Since 2020, the EU, FAO and CIRAD have entered into a partnership with governments and stakeholders to initiate a large-scale assessment and consultation on food systems in more than 50 countries.
Ch 2 energy conservation act and its featuresKartik Mahajan
The Energy Conservation Act of 2001 established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to spearhead energy efficiency initiatives in India. Key features of the act include standards and labeling for appliances, requirements for designated energy intensive industries and buildings to conduct energy audits and appoint energy managers, and the creation of the Central Energy Conservation Fund. The initial phase focuses on promotion and infrastructure, with penalties of Rs. 10,000 per offense taking effect after 5 years. Enforcement involves self-regulation through accredited energy auditors and challenge testing.
Perangkat lunak ini akan memfasilitasi proses pendaftaran ulang mahasiswa secara online, dimana mahasiswa dapat mengajukan usulan mata kuliah dan dosen wali dapat menyetujui atau menolak usulan tersebut. Petugas administrasi kemudian dapat mencetak kartu studi mahasiswa apabila usulan disetujui dan status pembayaran mahasiswa lunas.
1) The document discusses challenges facing food security and the environment in the Middle East and North Africa region, including population growth, rising incomes, variable oil prices, water scarcity issues, and climate change impacts.
2) It presents scenarios for agricultural and food security outcomes in 2050 using IFPRI's IMPACT model, including a scenario with climate change impacts and a scenario with additional comprehensive agricultural investments.
3) The results show that a scenario with climate change could negatively impact crop yields and food availability, but a scenario with increased investments in areas like research, irrigation, and infrastructure could help offset these impacts.
All Presentation Slides
COUNTRY WORKSHOP
The Knowledge Lab on Climate Resilient Food Systems: An analytical support facility to achieve the SDGs
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AGRA
FEB 7, 2019 - 08:30 AM TO 05:55 PM EAT
1. The Global Futures and Strategic Foresight program aims to improve quantitative modeling tools to inform priority setting in the CGIAR through scenario analysis and impact assessment.
2. The program involves all 15 CGIAR centers and other partners in building an integrated modeling framework and stronger community of practice for foresight.
3. The objectives are to improve modeling tools, strengthen the foresight community, improve assessments of alternative global futures, and inform research, investment, and policy decisions through collective scenario analysis.
Introducing the sustainable intensification assessment frameworkafrica-rising
Presented by Mark Musumba, Philip Grabowski, Cheryl Palm and Sieglinde Snapp at the Africa RISING West Africa Review and Planning Meeting, Accra, 1-2 February 2017
Keith Wiebe
Global Landscapes Forum
IFPRI Session: Informing the policymaking landscape: From research to action in the fight against climate change and hunger
Marrakech, Morocco
November 16, 2016
Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool fo...Francois Stepman
Presentation by Anne Mottet - FAO Livestock Development Officer, Animal Production and Health Division - "Using agroecology to measure sustainability in agriculture TAPE – the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation"
02/07 WEBINAR: The effects of agroecology. Why are metrics needed?
Taking Forward the Implementation of the Agriculture Priority Actions in NCCAP (2013–2017) Kenyan Experience
A presentation from CCAFS East Africa Regional Program.
Regional livestock modeling for climate change adaptation and mitigation in S...ILRI
Presentation by Dolapo Enahoro and Karl M. Rich at the Southern Africa Towards Inclusive Economic Development (SA-TIED) Programme – A Scoping Workshop on Climate Change Pretoria, South Africa, 4 February 2019
Presented by Dr Abdoulaye Saley Moussa, Science Officer, CCAFS West Africa. Africa Agriculture Science Week 6, 15 July 2013, Accra, Ghana
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/events/15/jul/2013/africa-agriculture-science-week-2013
The document discusses Madagascar's environment, socioeconomics, food security, and subnational integration. It describes the process of diagnosing Madagascar's food system with stakeholders from government, private sector, and civil society. Participants adapted to online consultations during COVID. The exercise revealed a growing consensus for a systems approach and advice on challenges like malnutrition and natural resource overuse. Lessons will inform ongoing programming and sharing with technical partners.
This document discusses a project that aims to help smallholder agricultural communities adapt to climate change through participatory supply chain management. The project seeks to (1) quantify crop exposure to climate change using prediction models, (2) develop indicators to describe climate change impacts, and (3) derive potential adaptation strategies for supply chain actors. Case studies include vegetable value chains in Guatemala and Jamaica and small-scale farmers in Bogota. A framework is presented for conducting vulnerability assessments and developing inclusive adaptation strategies along food supply chains.
This document summarizes a meeting on climate change adaptation and national adaptation plans (NAPs) in agriculture sectors. It discusses how most countries' intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) refer to agriculture and land use sectors as priorities for climate action. Many countries need enhanced cooperation across sectors and ministries to implement strategies. Technical and research capacities are also priorities, as are technology transfer and engagement of stakeholders. The document outlines FAO's support for climate-smart agriculture, national adaptation planning, and relevant programs in over 20 countries. FAO is working to build the evidence base around climate impacts on agriculture to inform national adaptation efforts.
Report on the Outcomes of the 3rd Workshop 'Creating Impact with Open Data in...Marion Girard Cisneros
This document outlines the agenda for the 3rd Creating Impacts workshop organized by GODAN Action from 13-15 February 2017 in New Babylon. The workshop will focus on frameworks for benefit sharing of open data, assessing the impact of open data on organizations in agriculture and nutrition, developing approaches for localized weather data applications, documenting stories of data sharing and business models, developing mechanisms for open data to help achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and building capacity on publishing and using open data. The overall goals are to activate open data's potential for collaboration and develop a rolling action agenda with pledges from participants.
Big data approaches can help rice farmers in Latin America adapt to climate change by providing real-time climate and cropping advice. A pilot program in Colombia combined rice yield and weather data to identify climate patterns and recommend optimal planting times. Farmers who followed the advice had successful harvests, while those who did not lost their crops and inputs. The program aims to scale this approach to other major rice producers in Latin America, including Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Doing so may help reduce yield losses, increase adaptive capacity, and revolutionize agricultural advisory services.
The document summarizes research using participatory scenarios to link climate change projections and socioeconomic pathways with policy development across six global regions. Regional scenarios were developed through stakeholder engagement and modeling to explore climate and development futures. The scenarios were then used to inform and test the robustness of agricultural and food security policies in countries like Honduras, Bangladesh, Tanzania, Burkina Faso, and Ghana. Case studies showed that a scenario-guided approach helped strengthen policies by focusing on uncertainties and generating new ideas.
Catalysing the Sustainable and Inclusive Transformation of Food Systems, From...Francois Stepman
Presentation of Hélène David-Benz - Senior Researcher, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development on 10 June 2021. Catalysing the Sustainable and Inclusive Transformation of Food Systems, From Assessment to Policy and Investment
Since 2020, the EU, FAO and CIRAD have entered into a partnership with governments and stakeholders to initiate a large-scale assessment and consultation on food systems in more than 50 countries.
Ch 2 energy conservation act and its featuresKartik Mahajan
The Energy Conservation Act of 2001 established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) to spearhead energy efficiency initiatives in India. Key features of the act include standards and labeling for appliances, requirements for designated energy intensive industries and buildings to conduct energy audits and appoint energy managers, and the creation of the Central Energy Conservation Fund. The initial phase focuses on promotion and infrastructure, with penalties of Rs. 10,000 per offense taking effect after 5 years. Enforcement involves self-regulation through accredited energy auditors and challenge testing.
Perangkat lunak ini akan memfasilitasi proses pendaftaran ulang mahasiswa secara online, dimana mahasiswa dapat mengajukan usulan mata kuliah dan dosen wali dapat menyetujui atau menolak usulan tersebut. Petugas administrasi kemudian dapat mencetak kartu studi mahasiswa apabila usulan disetujui dan status pembayaran mahasiswa lunas.
Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Energy Sector
Dr. Fatih Birol
Chief Economist
International Energy Agency
World Energy Council
Rome, 19th March 2009
Energy conservation refers to reducing energy consumption through using less energy. Driving less is an example. It can result in financial savings and environmental benefits. Energy management aims to effectively use energy for maximum profits through resource conservation, cost savings, and climate protection. Energy comes from both renewable and non-renewable sources. India relies heavily on fossil fuels like coal but is increasing its use of renewable resources through initiatives like solar and wind energy programs to meet future demand in a sustainable way.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models and phases. It describes the waterfall model, V-model, agile model, incremental model, and iterative model. The waterfall model consists of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance phases. The V-model includes verification and validation phases like requirement analysis, high-level design, detailed design, coding, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Agile follows iterative development in short iterations. The incremental model develops the system in modules, while the iterative model refines requirements and functionality through iterations.
India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves. It aims to increase access to electricity and transition to more renewable resources like solar and wind over the long term. Currently, coal contributes over half of India's primary energy while oil and natural gas make up most of the remainder. The document outlines India's current energy sources and consumption patterns as well as strategies to improve efficiency, expand electricity access, develop renewable energy, and transition its energy mix to be more sustainable.
This document provides an overview of energy sources in India. It discusses primary energy sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas, and nuclear energy which account for a majority of India's energy consumption. Coal is the most important domestic energy source, accounting for 55% of India's needs. Petroleum consumption is growing rapidly with demand expected to increase over 200 million metric tons by 2032. Natural gas reserves are over 437 billion cubic meters but domestic production is still lower than consumption. Nuclear and hydro power are also discussed as important sources of energy in India's energy mix. The country aims to increase nuclear power output fivefold to 64,000 MW by 2032 to meet its growing energy demands.
The Energy Conservation Act of 2001 aims to provide a framework to promote energy efficiency in India through various compliance mechanisms. It established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to implement energy efficiency programs and standards. Key features include the Energy Conservation Building Code, standards and labeling for appliances, designation of large energy consumers for audits and compliance, certification of energy managers and auditors, and the creation of an Energy Conservation Fund to finance programs. The Act aims to reduce energy intensity in the Indian economy through collaborative efforts between central and state governments.
heavily on fossil fuel
Need to shift toward renewable energy
Government take initiative to increase share of
renewable energy
R&D and technology advancement help to make
renewable energy economical
Public private partnership play a crucial role
With proper policy and planning, India can meet
energy demand from renewable energy sources
This document discusses India's energy sector. It notes that India relies heavily on fossil fuels but is seeking to increase its use of renewable energy. Some key points made include:
- India relies on fossil fuels for 80% of its energy needs but resources are limited and cause pollution.
- Renewable energy development is increasing, with solar and wind being major focuses. The National
India has a growing economy but low per capita energy consumption due to its large population. Currently, oil and gas meet half of India's energy needs, but the government aims to increase renewable sources like solar and wind to 20% of the energy mix by 2022. India has significant coal reserves but is also developing other energy sources like hydropower, biomass, and nuclear power. The presentation outlines India's current energy scenario and renewable potential as the country works to boost access to energy and transition to more sustainable resources.
The document introduces software process models including the waterfall model, evolutionary development, and component-based software engineering. It describes the Rational Unified Process model and discusses key process activities like requirements engineering, design, implementation, testing, and evolution. Computer-aided software engineering tools are introduced as a way to support various activities in the software development process.
This document discusses various energy scenarios from the past, present and future. It outlines 4 broad energy scenarios for the future: techno-explosion, techno-stability, energy descent, and collapse. It also summarizes key IEA energy scenarios - the 6°C scenario projects a long-term temperature rise of at least 6°C without efforts to limit emissions. The 4°C scenario requires significant policy and technology changes to limit warming to 4°C. The 2°C scenario requires cutting energy CO2 emissions by over half by 2050 compared to 2009 to have an 80% chance of staying below a 2°C rise.
India’s energy scenario in 2015 Nitish Sharma (Renewable Sources, Non - ren...Nitish Sharma
This document summarizes energy resources and consumption in India. It finds that renewable sources like solar, wind and hydro currently contribute less than coal and other non-renewable sources. Solar and wind energy potential exists across India, while major hydro plants are located in states like Odisha. Coal reserves are highest in states like Odisha, while crude oil comes from offshore fields and states like Gujarat and Rajasthan. It concludes that India needs sustainable energy options to support development due to constraints on domestic resources and climate issues, and recommends policies to promote energy efficiency and conservation.
The document discusses the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) model system. IMPACT is a modular system consisting of interconnected economic, biophysical, and nutrition models developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The document outlines several standalone modules within IMPACT, including models of water resources, crop production, livestock, and nutrition. It also discusses ways to improve linkages between modules to allow for two-way information flows and integrated analysis of food, water, and economic systems.
This document summarizes the results of climate shock scenarios modeled using the IMPACT 3 global agricultural model. The model simulates the effects of various crop yield reductions in different regions on global agricultural markets. It finds that localized production shocks of 10-50% for major crops like maize, wheat and rice can significantly increase world prices and affect trade patterns and production levels in other regions in the short-term. Regional trade balances are impacted as shock-affected regions import more while others export less to meet global demand. The model insights can help identify crop systems' vulnerability to climate change and inform policy responses to food security risks.
Identifying and closing global yield gaps in canola. A view from AustraliaGlobal Plant Council
"Enhancing Global Collaborations in Crop Science" GPC Symposium on 4th Nov. 2018 , CSSA/ASA Annual meeting In Baltimore USA.
Julianne Lilley CSIRO Agriculture and Food Australia. Identifying and closing global yield gaps in canola. A view from Australia
Global Futures & Strategic Foresight (GFSF) program enhances and uses a coordinated suite of biophysical and socioeconomic models to assess potential returns to investments in new agricultural technologies and policies. These models include IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT), hydrology and water supply-demand models, and the DSSAT suite of process-based crop models.
The program also provides tools and trainings to scientists and policy makers to undertake similar assessments.
GFSF program is a Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) program led by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Biosight: Quantitative Methods for Policy Analysis: Multi Market ModelsIFPRI-EPTD
This document provides an overview and examples of multi-market models. It begins by explaining that multi-market models can model interactions between markets at the macro-level. Examples of specific multi-market models are then presented, including a water trade model between regions, a model of the alfalfa market in California, and a multi-good, multi-region trade model. Key concepts in multi-market models like partial equilibrium, price relationships determining trade, and modeling effects of trade policies are also discussed. Code examples from GAMS are provided to illustrate dual water trade problems and the multi-region trade model.
Crop models can be used to estimate crop yield and its variability under different climate scenarios, account for nitrogen use efficiency, and help inform agricultural management decisions. The document discusses different types of crop models and provides examples of some models that have been successfully used in agrometeorology, including for rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, and potato crops. It also outlines some limitations and advantages of using crop models.
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
The document outlines a monitoring plan for Climate-Smart Villages (CSVs) being implemented in 20 countries across 36 sites. It aims to provide common monitoring methods and indicators to evaluate the implementation, performance, and outcomes of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices at the practice, farm, household, and community levels. Data will be collected through field tests, surveys, tools like the Cool Farm Tool, and mobile platforms. Over 140 households will be surveyed across indicators like productivity, adaptation, mitigation, food security, and CSA adoption trends. Initial results from 14 farms in Colombia found contrasting farm-level performance based on farm characteristics and management. The plan will test automated phone surveys to complement field data collection and help
Crop simulation model for intercroppingdebaaaaaaaa
This document discusses crop modeling approaches for assessing intercropping systems. It begins by outlining how crop models can help with problem identification, determining crop responses, choosing crops/cultivars, and evaluating new intercropping systems. It then explains that intercropping research lags monoculture research due to complex species interactions. Current research often only examines final yields, not interactions. Crop models can enhance intercropping research and adoption by farmers. The document categorizes approaches for modeling resource use in intercropping systems as de Wit, discrete crop-based, and dual-species canopy models. It provides examples of specific intercropping models and concludes with examples of model outputs comparing intercropping and monocropping
Using participatory system dynamics approaches to evaluate the nutritional se...ILRI
1) The document describes a study using system dynamics modeling to evaluate the impacts of a mobile app-based agricultural product aggregation service (LOOP) in India on the availability and affordability of fruits and vegetables.
2) The model explores scenarios to make LOOP more nutritionally sensitive by increasing supply to smaller rural markets, implementing farmer extensions, establishing quotas to smaller markets, and increasing consumer demand.
3) The scenarios reveal trade-offs between nutrition outcomes like supply to small markets, and livelihood outcomes like LOOP profits and farmer sales. The goal is to identify "win-win" scenarios that improve both.
CROP SIMULATION MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CROP PRODUCTION.pptxSarthakMoharana
CROP SIMULATION MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CROP PRODUCTION
Crop growth is a very complex phenomenon and a product of a series of complicated interactions of soil, plant and weather.
Crop growth simulation is a relatively recent technique that facilitates quantitative understanding of the effects of these factors and agronomic management factors on crop growth and productivity.
These models are quantitative description of the mechanisms and processes that result in growth of crop. The processes could be physiological, physical and chemical processes of crop.
MAJOR & POPULAR CROP SIMULATION MODELS:
DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer)
Aqua Crop
Info Crop
APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simulator
Falck overview of socioeconomics uganda parlamentarians 2017 finalJose Falck Zepeda
Presentation for the Science and Technology Committee from the Uganda Parliament on the economic impacts of biotechnology with an emphasis on Uganda and developing countries.
Foresight modeling to guide sustainable intensification of smallholder systemsILRI
Presented by Dolapo Enahoro (ILRI) at the international conference on Integrated Systems Research for Sustainable Intensification in Smallholder Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, 3-6 March 2015.
Crop weather modeling involves using computer programs to simulate crop growth and development based on soil characteristics, weather conditions, and crop management practices. There are different types of crop models including statistical, mechanistic, deterministic, and stochastic models. Models can be used for applications like optimizing fertilizer use, crop yield forecasting, evaluating climate change impacts, and identifying management practices to minimize weather risks and yield gaps. Crop weather modeling provides useful insights for agricultural management and planning.
17 van wijk_global_modeling_foodsecurity_sustainabilityIFPRI-PIM
This document discusses the gap between large-scale global economic models of land use and smaller-scale, household-level analyses, and how to potentially bridge this gap. It notes that current approaches are either top-down global models or bottom-up farm/household models that do not sufficiently capture cross-scale human-environment interactions. It recommends using bottom-up models to generate information and functions that can parameterize large-scale models. Specifically, aggregating responses from multiple small-scale models across different landscapes could provide localized information on land use transitions, price formations, and farm diversity to improve large-scale representations.
Crop modelling is useful for optimizing rice production. The document discusses rice crop modelling methodology and applications. It provides an overview of different types of crop models and their purposes. Statistical, mechanistic, deterministic, and stochastic models are described. The document also discusses important rice crop simulation models like DSSAT, APSIM, ORYZA1, and InfoCrop. It explains how these models work and the types of inputs they require. The validation of model outputs against observed field data is also demonstrated through sample tables and figures. Crop models help address issues in rice crops, optimize management practices, and evaluate impacts of climate change.
Presentation on FAO's integrated climate change impact assessment tool called MOSAICC (Modelling System for Agricultural Impacts of Climate Change).
Info: MOSAICC@fao.org
The document discusses global foresight modeling to guide sustainable intensification for smallholder systems. It describes the CGIAR's Global Futures and Strategic Foresight project which uses quantitative modeling to project global agriculture and assess technology and policy options. While useful at a macro scale, the models have limitations for smallholders due to their focus on international trade and lack of farm-level details. The new BioSight project aims to improve on this by combining biophysical and economic analysis using household data to directly model crop-livestock intensification strategies and tradeoffs.
Sustainable intensification trade-offs in African smallholder agricultureIIED
A presentation by Barbara Adolph, a principal researcher in the Natural Resources research group for the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), on the sustainable intensification of smallholder agriculture in Africa.
Adolph's work explores the challenges and priorities of achieving food security as well as other socioeconomic and environmental objectives in small-scale agricultural systems.
The presentation is part of IIED's SITAM (Supporting smallholder farmers’ decision-making: managing trade-offs and synergies for sustainable intensification) project.
More details: https://www.iied.org/sustainable-intensification-agriculture
Similar to Simulation Models for Long-Term Scenario Analysis (20)
The ICRAF Soil-Plant Spectral Diagnostics Laboratory in Kenya operates 1 spectral reference laboratory and provides technical support to 30 labs in 17 countries. It has helped build capacities for private mobile testing services and is working on developing handheld near-infrared spectrometers. The lab specializes in customized solutions, standard operating procedures, project planning, soil and plant health monitoring, and spectral technology support and training. It aims to improve end-to-end spectral advisory software and develop low-cost handheld devices. Through GLOSOLAN, the lab hopes to standardize dry spectroscopy methods, protocols, and data analysis globally.
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Item 9: Soil mapping to support sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Markus Anda (Indonesia)
Item 8: WRB, World Reference Base for Soil ResoucesExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
Satira Udomsri (Thailand)
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Item 6: International Center for Biosaline AgricultureExternalEvents
SOIL ATLAS OF ASIA
2ND EDITORIAL BOARD MEETING
RURAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,
JEONJU, REPUBLIC OF KOREA | 29 APRIL – 3 MAY 2019
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
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Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
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Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
1. www.ifpri.org
Simulation Models for Long-Term
Scenario Analysis
Sherman Robinson
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
FAO Workshop, Rome, February 2016
2. www.ifpri.org
2
FAO: Long-Term Issues
Population growth, migration, and limits to natural
resources
Income distribution
Investment and finance
Structural change and global value chains
Climate change and the energy-agriculture-climate
change nexus
3. www.ifpri.org
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FAO Agenda: “A global overall model”
A work program to develop a single, overarching model
for long-run scenario analysis is not a good idea
Instead, the goal is to start with issues, as the FAO has
done, and then design a “suite” of models to address the
issues at different levels of economy coverage (local,
country, globe) and commodity detail; different
economic/technology specifications; and different
disciplinary roots (inter-disciplinary modelling)
The challenge is to “link” and/or “integrate” multi-
disciplinary models to address long-run issues
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4
Issues, Models, and Data
Long-run simulation models should be “issue driven”
• Institutionally, model development and use should be with, or
“close” to, units that use the models in policy analysis
Simulation models are “data driven”—models require up-
to-date estimated parameters and data
• Model code should be data driven—designed to allow change
of data aggregation and new data with minimal effect on model
specification and code
Data estimation and management “system” should be
institutionally “close” to model development and use
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FAO: Linked Issues
Two sets of FAO issues are strongly linked:
• Climate change and the energy-agriculture-climate change
nexus
• Population growth, migration, and limits to natural resources
Difficult to think of them separately
• “Natural resources”: land and water are a major focus
• Population growth is not generally modeled endogenously, but
treated in scenarios (e.g., IPCC SSP scenarios)
• Migration is very difficult (e.g., World Bank work did scenarios
with a global CGE model—essentially LINKAGE)
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The IFPRI IMPACT 3 Model
International Model for Policy Analysis of
Agricultural Commodities and Trade
• Close cousin to FAO GAPS model
• Related to GLOBIOM and MAgPIE
Need for a multi-disciplinary approach:
• Core economic model linked to other
disciplinary models
• CGIAR and other institutional collaborators
8. www.ifpri.org
IMPACT 3: A Suite of Models
Multimarket model
• Core global PE model
SPAM:
• Spatial Production
Allocation Model
Land-Use
• Land types, crop allocation
DSSAT Crop Models
Linked to global CGE
model
Water models
• Hydrology
• Water Basin Management
• Water Stress on yields
Value chains
• Sugar, oil seeds
• Livestock/meat/dairy
Nutrition/health/welfare
• Post solution
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9. www.ifpri.org
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Natural Resources: Water Models
Global hydrological module (GHM) assesses water
availability
IMPACT Water Simulation Module (IWSM) optimizes
water supply according to demands
• Monthly time step
• Domestic, industrial (linked to GDP/population)
• Livestock, environmental, and irrigation demands
• Optimizing model for irrigation demand/supply
Water stress module
• Optimizing model: allocation of water to crops
• Deliver crop yields to the IMPACT multimarket model
10. www.ifpri.org
Natural Resources: Land Use
Land: forest, pasture, irrigated and rainfed crop land
Demand for land by crop is a function of commodity price
and shadow price of land
Total supplies of irrigated and rainfed land are fixed in
each region (FPU) within periods, updated with a land
use model
Shadow price of land varies to equate supply and
demand for land by type and region
• Solution determines allocation of land to crops and equilibrium
shadow price
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11. www.ifpri.org
Value Chains: Activity-Commodity
Commodities are:
• Produced (activities)
• Traded (commodities)
• Consumed
• Can be endogenous
or exogenous
– Maize has endogenous production and demand
– Oilseeds have endogenous production and both endogenous
and exogenous demand (biofuels)
– Fertilizers is an exogenous commodity with fixed price
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13. www.ifpri.org
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IMPACT 3: Potential Improvements
New livestock module: under development with ILRI
Fish module: joint work with World Fish
• Two stage work program underway
Linked global CGE model: joint work with IDS
• Welfare analysis, economywide direct/indirect links
Links to environmental models
• Biodiversity: IFPRI and Bioversity
• GHG emissions, nitrogen use efficiency: IFPRI
Water model improvements:
• Ground water, water quality, hydropower
14. www.ifpri.org
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IMPACT 3: Potential Improvements
New crop modules: fruits/vegetables, other crops
Nutrition module: IFPRI, PHND, A4NH, CIMSANS, Oxford,
and others
Health module: with Oxford (Martin Centre)
Improved land-use module: land supply/demand by type
Variability and extreme events
• Work with UK/US collaborators
• Covariate climate shocks
• Pest/disease scenarios
15. www.ifpri.org
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Linked Global CGE Model
Link IMPACT 3 with the GLOBE CGE model
• GLOBE is based on GTAP data and written in GAMS
• Includes activity/commodity distinction, as in IMPACT 3
One-way links: IMPACT to GLOBE
• Crop/livestock production from IMPACT 3 passed to GLOBE,
which then is run assuming those outputs are fixed
• GLOBE solves for economywide impacts (direct and indirect
links): production, employment, and prices
• All welfare analysis is done in GLOBE (EV/CV, total absorption)
• Links to labor markets, wages, and poverty done in GLOBE
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Linked Global CGE Model
Two-way links: IMPACT to/from GLOBE
• Agricultural output from IMPACT: GLOBE generates GDP
originating in agriculture, and changes in total GDP
• GDP from GLOBE sent back to IMPACT, so GDP in IMPACT
reflects changes in agricultural productivity
– Currently, GDP is exogenous in IMPACT
• Energy interactions: biofuels and other energy sources
GLOBE and IMPACT need not run on the same time step
• Both can be annual, but can run on different multiyear time
steps (e.g., annual for IMPACT, every 5 years for GLOBE)
GLOBE linked via a standalone module that takes input
from IMPACT and runs GLOBE
17. www.ifpri.org
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Modularity: Linking Modules
Modularity; “a la carte” model system
• Use the models you need, turn off those you do not need
• Separate models can be run independently
• Modules can run with different time steps
Standardize data transfer
• Information flows
• Dynamic or iterative interaction
“Data driven” model specification
• IMPACT 3 multimarket model can be run at any level of
aggregation without changing the model code
• Change input data and sets only: user need not even see the
GAMS code
18. www.ifpri.org
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Advantages of Modularity
“Standalone” modules can be run independently of
IMPACT, but use inputs from IMPACT scenarios
• Can be developed, calibrated, and tested by specialists (e.g,
from various CGIAR centers).
• Designed to be used in Center research programs
Design: separate modules can reflect their disciplines
• No need to compromise to “fit” one model into another
• E.g. water in economic models or economics in water models—
always unsatisfactory
Model development, testing, and debugging is greatly
facilitated if the modules can be run separately
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Desiderata for Modular Model Systems
“Modules” should be designed to:
Operate in “standalone” mode
Read its own parameters
Initialize its own variables
Accept variables/parameters passed to it from
other modules and the environment;
Pass variables that are computed within the
module to other modules or the main model
Own its set of state variables
20. www.ifpri.org
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Modularity: Linking Modules
Three ways to link modules:
• Exogenous: Information flows in one direction
– To IMPACT: hydrology, DSSAT, GCMs, SPAM
– From IMPACT: welfare, nutrition/health, GLOBE/CGE
• Linked dynamically: Two-way information flow between years
– Water basin management, water stress on crops
– Land use by type
– GDP/economywide links: GLOBE
• Endogenous: Module equations are solved simultaneously
– Livestock, sugar processing, oilseeds/oils
– Land allocation to crops
21. www.ifpri.org
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IMPACT 3 Modules
Standalone modules, one-way links:
• Welfare, nutrition, GLOBE (e.g., welfare, economywide
impacts), hydrology, DSSAT, GCMs
Standalone modules, inter-period links:
• Water models (IWSM, water stress), land use (by land type),
livestock (herds), GLOBE (e.g., GDP, non-ag prices)
Standalone modules, intra-period links:
• Land use (cropping, irrigated/rainfed), Livestock
Value chains, within IMPACT: sugar, oilseeds,
livestock
22. www.ifpri.org
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Standalone IMPACT Module: Template
GAMS IMPACT-compatible standalone module
• Include file with definition of relevant IMPACT parameters
• Include GDX file(s) of scenario output of IMPACT results
• Load IMPACT data needed by the module
Data estimation and management
• Module has its own data base, in addition to IMPACT data
Model specification and parameterization
• If module is to be integrated with IMPACT, must avoid name
collisions for parameters, variables, and equations
Linking to IMPACT 3
• Communication: exogenous, intra-period, within-period
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33
Simulation Models & Scenario Analysis
Given the uncertainties of climate change, researchers
have used simulation models to explore the effects of
different CC scenarios
• Integrated Assessment Models (IAM), early work
• Steady advances in the reach, size, and sophistication of CC-
scenario simulation models
– Geographic disaggregation
– Impact chains (e.g., temp, precip, extreme events)
– Economic coverage (global, national, sub-regional)
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25. www.ifpri.org
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CC Simulation Models
Need for an interdisciplinary approach
• Climate change (GCMs)
• Civil engineering: infrastructure
• Energy (fossil fuels, renewables, hydropower)
• Hydrology, water management
• Agriculture (crop models)
• Economic models: markets matter
– Two major families of economic simulation models: CGE
(computable general equilibrium) and PE (partial equilibrium
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26. www.ifpri.org
35
Relative strengths of different global models with an
agricultural focus: CGE and PE models
• Relevance for issues of biodiversity and ecosystem services
in Foresight Models
Exploiting comparative advantages of different model
systems
• Modularity within and between model families
• “Soft” and “hard” linking different models
Data base estimation and management
Global CGE and PE Model Families
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27. www.ifpri.org
36
Global CGE Models at IFPRI: GLOBE, MIRAGE
Global CGE models simulate the interaction of national
economies across world markets
• Determine national and world market prices
CGE models are “complete”: they incorporate all
economic activity in the economies simulated
• Production (supply), income to “agents” (households, govt.,
enterprises), demand (C, I, G), exports/imports, prices, wages,
land rents, exchange rates
• Markets “clear”: supply/demand equilibrium conditions
determine prices, wages, profits, land rents
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28. www.ifpri.org
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Producers
Product
Markets
Factor
Markets
Rest of the
World
Households Government Saving/INV
Factor
Costs
Wages
&
Rents
Demand for
Intermediate
Inputs
Sales
Revenues
Private
Consumption
Taxes
Domestic Private Savings
Government
Expenditure
Gov. Savings
Investment
Demand
Imports
Exports
Foreign Savings
Demand for Final Goods
Transfers
CGE: Circular Flow of Income
29. www.ifpri.org
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CGE: Deep Structural Models
Includes “representative” economic agents:
• Utility-maximizing consumers (households)
– Expenditure functions, given budget constraints
• Profit-maximizing producers
– Maximize profits given technology and prices
– Yields factor demands, given wages and prices
Wages/prices are “signals” on all markets
Market “institutions”: competitive markets with agents
who cannot manipulate prices
• Supply = demand determines prices
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CGE: Completeness
CGE models are “closed” in the sense that they account
for all economic activity: no “leakages”
SAM accounting framework: describes the economic
“universe” of the models
• Double-entry bookkeeping: expenditure/receipt accounts of all
economic agents must balance
General equilibrium theory/practice: powerful discipline
for modelers
Welfare analysis
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31. www.ifpri.org
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CGE: Direct and Indirect Effects
PE models (GLOBIOM, MAgPIE, IMPACT, GAPS) are
“partial” and do not include links between agricultural
and non-agricultural sectors
CGE models include all direct/indirect links across the
economy: PE models miss them
• Indirect effects (forward and backward linkages) are empirically
important
Shocks to agriculture “leak” to the rest of the economy:
prices and factor flows
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32. www.ifpri.org
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PE Models: Agricultural Detail
The PE models provide much more disaggregated
description of agriculture than the CGE models
• Regional, land, and crop disaggregation
• Focus on crop inputs and biology: seeds, water, light, heat,
nutrients: process technologies
Better host for analysis of issues of biodiversity and
ecosystem services
• Links to land use and crop simulation models
Potentially PE a better host for a modular system of
models, but also feasible with CGE models
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