This presentation by James Roshetko from ICRAF given during the Forests Asia Summit in the discussion forum "Equitable development: Improving livelihood benefits for smallholders in the forestry value chain" focuses on understanding farmer systems and farmer silviculture. It shows the Farmer demo trials and recommendations as well.

1. Silviculture for Smallholders
improving local forestry value chains
James M Roshetko, ICRAF
Agroforestry Systems Scientist and Leader Trees and Markets Unit SEA
Forum: Equitable development:
Improving livelihoods benefits for smallholders in the forestry value chain
Forests Asia Summit, Shangri-La Hotel, Jakarta
5-6 May 2014

2. Indonesia contributors
Vietnam contributors
CSIRO Vietnamese Academy of Forest Science
Funded smallholder forestry research

3. Smallholder – key producers of timber & NTFPs!!
• Indonesian smallholders produce 80% of the teak timber used
by small & medium furniture producers and …
• … key producers of rattan, forest honey, sandalwood, gaharu,
damar, benzoin, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, candlenut, rubber,
cacao, coffee, oil palm and tea ...
• management skills sub-optimal ... limited access to relevant
technical information, effective extension services, and market
information .. Address needs participatory research approach

4. • Why do they plant teak?
- 54% as family savings
(teak is a living bank account)
- 23% as cultural heritage
- only 15% to maximize income
• Prefer Mixed Systems :
- four types of teak systems
(monoculture - mix tree garden)
- ↓ risk; ↑ diverse crops, products
& income for home; sustain good
environment
- tebang butuh – cut for needs
• Farmers want:
- better silviculture management
- access to quality germplasm,
- access to market information
- expand intercropping
- retain ‘tebang butuh’
Understanding Farmers Systems …
55.90%
11.30%
7.40%
5.80%
4.00%
2.40%
1.40%
1.20%
1.10%
0.90%
0.80%
0.70%
0.50%
0.10%
6.50%
Jati
Mahoni
Lamtoro
Akasia
Tayuman
Gleresede
Melinjo
Turi
Johar
Kelapa
Mangga
Jambu meteTeak - 56% trees

5. Farmer Silviculture
• Regeneration: 72% wildlings,
30% local seedling, 20%
coppice, 12% improved germ.
• Pruning: 65% farms, 55% trees
– yield fuelwood, 10-15 cm stub
• Thinning: 57% thinning (but
really harvesting biggest trees)
• Coppice: no thinning
• Not management for
improving production /growth
Poor silviculture practices! →
Farmers teak systems …
overstock, slow growing, low
quality, low productivity

6. Farmer Demo
Trials (FDTs)
• 6 Locations
• Trees 5-6 years old
• FDT Treatments
- Thinning: i) control, ii) maximum
40-45% (target 4x4m – 625 trees/ha)
- Pruning: i) control; ii) 50% total
height; & iii) 60% total height
- Singling: i) control; & ii) ‘singling’
• Monitored every 6 months
Results (+ 2 yrs)
• Thinning & Pruning:
Rainy season growth increment ↑,
dry season no sig. increase
• Thinning- Pruning 60%:
DBH 60% ↑, height 124% ↑
• Singling Treatment:
Thinning versus No Thinning: DBH 45%
↑, height 80% ↑
• Good results – farmer real conditions

7. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Sep08-May09 May09-Nov09 Nov09-May10 May10-Nov10
Diameterincrement(cm)
NP_NT
NP_T
P50_NT
P50_T
P60_NT
P60_T
Recommendations
(FDTs & Surveys)
- Use better quality germplasm
- Thin coppice
- Thinning stands to medium stocking
(625 trees / ha )
- Pruning 60% of total height, do not
leave branch stubs
- No thinning trees/stands quality ↓
- Leaving branch stub tree quality ↓
Activities
• Field manual
• Trainings
(extension staff
& farmers)
• Cross-visits
• Pruning tools
to farmer groups
• Meetings gov.
Impacts
Independent assessment
• Project area 70% farmer
↑knowledge , 50% adopt, &
30% disseminate to others
• Outside area 30% farmer
↑knowledge, 20% adopt, & 15%
disseminate to others

8. 0.
6.5
13.
19.5
26.
32.5
0 10 50 150
Stemvolume(m3/ha)
P level (kg/ha)
Niru75
Niru79
Niru232
Gmg119
Fertilizer application at planting
• Forest soils in Vietnam are generally lacking in P
• 50 kg P ha-1 based on responses to P found in Indonesia
• Responses to P application apparent all sites
• P supply linked to N fixation
• Growth rate at thinning will determine thinning response
Species: Acacia hybrid

9. Form pruning
• Acacia hybrid has very high
growth rates
• Multi-stems are common
first few months after
planting
• Stock type and growth rate
can affect branch size
• Timely form pruning
essential to allow the
retained leader to rapidly
establish apical dominance

10. Stock type
• Acacia hybrid planting stock
most commonly produced
from clonal hedges
• Hedge age is associated with
loss of vigour and
dominance
• Tip cuttings are anticipated
to have greater apical
dominance
• The effect of clone type on
expression of form is
unknown
More Research

11. Key message
• Smallholders key producers of timber & NTFP
• Systems have positive impacts on sustainable
lanadscapes, support farmers livelihoods,
source of industrial timber
• Participatory research agenda (farmers,
researchers, government, etc) to address
smallholders management needs and guide
investment in research and development

12. The World Agroforestry Centre
United Nations Avenue, Gigiri
P.O Box 30677 Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
Phone: +254 20 722 4000
Fax: +254 20 722 4001
Email: icraf@cgiar.org
Web: www.worldagroforestry.org
Terima Kasih!!!