This document provides an overview of shock and its management. It defines shock as an acute medical condition associated with a fall in blood pressure caused by events such as blood loss, burns, allergic reactions or sudden emotional stress. The causes of shock are discussed as cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic, anaphylactic and septic. Signs and symptoms and classification of hemorrhage are outlined. General management principles like airway maintenance, oxygen administration, IV fluids and blood transfusion are described. Surgical and local methods of hemorrhage control are also summarized. Finally, the spectrum of infections from bacteremia to septic shock and MODS as well as the treatment approach of antibiotics, source control

1. Shock and
Management
Dr. Sudhir K.Jain
Prof Surgery
MAMC

2. Shock and Management:
Presented By:
Dr. Sudhir. K. Jain, M.S, MBA(HCA), FRCS, FICS, FIAS.
Professor of Surgery,
Maulana Azad Medical College and Associated Lok Nayak Hospital,
New Delhi.
With Credits to:
Dr. Vishnuraja, PG2, Dept of Surgery, MAMC.
Dr. Ronal Kori, PG2, Dept of Surgery, MAMC.

3. Shock-(Noun)-Oxford English Dictionary
1. Sudden upsetting or surprising event or experience
2. Feeling of disturbed surprise resulting from a sudden upsetting
event
3. A disturbance causing instability in an economy
4. Short form for Electric shock
5. A violent shaking movement caused by an impact, explosion or
tremor
6. An acute medical condition associated with fall of BP caused by
events such as loss of blood, burns, allergic reactions or sudden
emotional stress.

4. Shock
Acute clinical state characterized by inadequate cellular perfusion
leading to cellular damage and failure of major organ systems.
Basic pathology is inadequate (Not always low) cardiac output for the
metabolic needs of the tissue.

5. Shock-Causes
Cardiogenic (Pump failure)
• Eg. M.I, Cardiac contusion, tension pneumothorax, cardiac
tamponade, pulmonary embolus.

6. Peripheral failure of venous return:
• True hypovolemia: Loss of blood (Ext or int hemorrhage), loss of
plasma (Burns), loss of ECF volume
• Pooling of blood (Apparent hypovolemia): Neurogenic (Spinal injury,
vasovagal attack), Anaphylactic (Ag/Ab reaction-drug allergy), Sepsis
(Endotoxic shock)

7. Signs and Symptoms
• Restless, anxious, confused and thirsty
• Cold sweating
• Cyanosed with a rapid feeble pulse
• Hypotensive
• Low urine output
• Hyperventilating

8. Signs-Contd
• CVP decreased (But in Cardiogenic shock patient have increased CVP)
• Heart rate increased, but in cardiogenic shock, HR is normal or
decreased
• PAW(v)P decreased in hypovolemic shock but increased in cardiogenic
shock
• Cardiac output decreased but in early stages of septicemic shock. It
can be increased due to hyperdynamic circulation.

9. General Measures:
• Maintain ABC-Airway, Breathing and Circulation
• Airway maintainance:
• Remove any debris, foreign body from oral cavity, throat.
• Prevent tongue from falling backward by chin lift/Jaw thrust
• If patient not able to maintain airway consider
intubation/tracheostomy.

10. Maintain Breathing:
• Give 100% oxygen
• Breathing effort inadequate
• Artificial respiration
• -Mouth to mouth breathing
• -Respiratory bag after intubation
• -Mechanical ventilator

11. Maintain Circulation:
• Control obvious haemorrhage
• Insert two large bore IV cannula
• Take blood for grouping, cross
matching
• Start IV infusion
-Normal saline/Ringer lactate
-Plantar expanders-Dextran 70, Haemacel,
Hydroxyethyl starch.
-Whole blood in moderate to severe
blood loss to maintain Hb >10 gms%
and hematocrit >30%.

12. Haemorrhage-Classification
• Depending upon nature of blood vessels
• Arterial:
Bright red colour. It jets out, pulsatile.
Pulsation of artery can be seen.
Can be easily controlled as vessel is
visible
• Venous:
Dark red in colour.
Non pulsatile, never jets out but
oozes out.
Difficult to control as vein gets
retracted.
• Capillary: Red colour, slow ooze.

13. Haemorrhage-Classification
Depending upon time of haemorrhage:
1. Primary: at the time of surgery
2. Reactionary: 6-12 hr after surgery
• Cause: Hypertension in post op period, sneezing, coughing,
retching.
3. Secondary: 5-7 days after surgery.
• Cause:Due to infection- Sloughing of vessel wall.

14. Haemorrhage-Classification
Depending upon duration of haemorrhage:
1. Acute haemorrhage: Occurs suddenly eg. Oesophageal varices
bleed
2. Chronic haemorrhage: Slow blood over long period eg. Piles,
Chronic duodenal bleed
Depending upon nature of bleeding:
1. External or revealed haemorrhage Eg.Epistaxis, haematemesis
2. Internal or concealed haemorrhage. Eg. Splenic rupture, Rupture
ectopic pregnancy.

15. Stages of Haemorrhage:
• Mild haemorrhage (Class I) <15% of blood loss (<750 cc in 70 kg man)
• Moderate (Class II) 15-30% of blood loss. Tachycardia >100. BP- Normal or
slightly increased. Anxious patient. Respiratory rate increased 20-30.
Urine output decreased 20-30 ml/hr.
• Severe (Class III) 30-40% of blood loss. HR>120 mt. BP-Decreased.
Respiratory rate increased 30-40/mt. Urine output 5-15 ml/hr. Anxious
patient, confused.
• Class VI: >40%. Patient confused and lethargics, No urine output. RR >35
• 50% loss of blood volume: Patient unconscious, BP not recordable,
Peripheral pulses not

17. Treatment:
• Upto one litre < 20% of blood volume
Use of blood as replacement not required.
Crystalloids alone or crystalloids and colloid (2:1) are transfused.
If crystalloids alone used-3/4 times the blood loss volume need to be
transfused because crystalloids go into whole ECF compartment.
• 1-2 litres of blood loss (20-40%)
1 litre crystalloid (NCL 0.9%) (30-60/mt)
1 litre colloid (Dextran or haemacel)
2 redcell concentrate to restore oxygen carrying capacity.
• > 40%
Whole blood transfusion.
4.5% albumin infusion.

18. Haemorrhage Control-Local methods
• Pressure and packing
• Position and rest. Eg. Limb elevation
• Tourniquets- Pneumatic, Rubber bandage
• Contraindication- Venous haemorrhage, Pt with peripheral vascular
disease

19. Haemorrhage control-Surgical Methods
• Artery forceps
• Ligature
• Cautery
• Clips

20. Spectrum of Infections:
There exists a spectrum of disease starting with bacteria leading to
Septic Shock and MODS
• Bacteremia: Presence of bacteria in the blood (Can be natural during
straining/defaecation)
• Septicemia: Presence of microbes or toxins in blood (Pathological)
• SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome:
Diagnostic Criteria: if two or more of the following present.

21. SIRS: Diagnostic Criteria
Two or more of the following:
• Temperature >38 degree or <36 degree
• Heart rate > 90/min
• Respiratory rate > 20/min or partial pressure of carbon dioxide in
arterial blood PaCO2 of less than 32 mm Hg.
• Leukocytosis (WBC > 12000/mm3) or Leukopenia (WBC <4000/mm3)

22. Spectrum of Septic Shock:
• Sepsis: Confirmed infection and atleast two SIRS criteria
• Severe sepsis: Sepsis and organ dysfunction as evidenced by arterial
hypoxemia, lactic acidosis, oliguria, altered mental status and so on.
• Septic Shock: Sepsis and hypotension refractory to fluid
resuscitation

23. Septic shock: Mechanism
• Nitric oxide and Prostacyclin and inflammatory
mediators produced during Septic shock cause
Vasodilation, leads to hypoperfusion
• Inflammatory mediators also cause Capillary
thrombosis, leukocyte plugging of Capillaries.
• Tissue hypoperfusion, Capillary thrombosis and
leukocyte plugging in organs leads to ORGAN
FAILURE

24. Septic Shock-Treatment
• Antibiotics- to control infection
• Removal of Source of infection- Eg: Abscess drainage, Removal of
infected catheters etc.
• Hemodynamic, metabolic and respiratory support.

25. Septic Shock-Goal directed Therapy:
Goals:
1. Mean arterial pressure > 65 mm Hg
2. Saturation of Central venous oxygen (ScvO2
>70%)
Method:
Give CVP guided fluids
If MAP less than 65 mm Hg, Start Ionotropes
If MAP more than 65 mm Hg, look for ScvO2
If ScvO2 less than 70%, Start Ionotropes
If ScvO2 more than 70%, Observe

26. Thank You