Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Kutch is an East-west Oriented pericraton Rift basin Situated between Nagar Parkar Fault in North and Kathiawar Uplift in South.
Here we will discuss Geology and its Sequence Stratigraphy.
The term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–95 for rock formations. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trapp , trappa) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.
The plateau: also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A plateau is an elevated land. It is a flat-topped table standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes.
LIP – Large Igneous provinces. (Province = Area / Region)
DVP - The Deccan Volcanic Province is one of the Earth’s giant continental flood basalts and has a total exposed area of about half a million square kilometers in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and some part of Andhra Pradesh. Deccan trap has maximum thickness 3400m in western ghat and its thickness goes decrease toward east side. At Amrakantat on east its thickness is just 160m. Geographical distribution is between latitudes 16° - 24° N and longitudes 70° - 77° E.
Plate tectonics, like crustal evolution, provides a basis for understanding the distribution and origin of mineral and energy deposits. Different types of ores are characterized by distinct geological environment and tectonic settings.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Kutch is an East-west Oriented pericraton Rift basin Situated between Nagar Parkar Fault in North and Kathiawar Uplift in South.
Here we will discuss Geology and its Sequence Stratigraphy.
The term "trap" has been used in geology since 1785–95 for rock formations. It is derived from the Swedish word for stairs (trapp , trappa) and refers to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.
The plateau: also called a high plain or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain. A plateau is an elevated land. It is a flat-topped table standing above the surrounding area. A plateau may have one or more sides with steep slopes.
LIP – Large Igneous provinces. (Province = Area / Region)
DVP - The Deccan Volcanic Province is one of the Earth’s giant continental flood basalts and has a total exposed area of about half a million square kilometers in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and some part of Andhra Pradesh. Deccan trap has maximum thickness 3400m in western ghat and its thickness goes decrease toward east side. At Amrakantat on east its thickness is just 160m. Geographical distribution is between latitudes 16° - 24° N and longitudes 70° - 77° E.
PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA
India may be divided broadly into SIX physical units : –
1) The Great Northern Mountains.
2) The Northern Plains.
3) The Peninsular Plateau.
4) The Desert.
5) The Coastal Plains.
6) The Islands.
INTRODUCTION
The Indus Basin of Pakistan is divided into two parts i.e.
3
Lower Indus Basin and Upper Indus Basin. The Upper Indus
Basin is further divided by Sargodha high way into two parts.
Towards the east of the Sargodha highway in Potwar Plateau
and towards the west is Kohat Plateau. The region of the
North Punjab called as Potwar Plateau is bound in the South
by Salt range and in North by MBT as shown below.
The Field work was carried by 4th Semester Students batch 2021, Department of Earth Sciences University of Kashmir, Srinagar in the month of March 2023 at different places of Rajasthan, India.
the fieldwork was carried under the supervision of Dr Prof Riyaz Ahmad , Dr Shafi and GSI traning Institute Zawar
A Slide Of an Environment or Discoverable by Shivam and that i want public download my PowerPoint self made and i uploaded to SlideShare Slide Name: Soil Types Found In India
Thank You
Shivam Palta
First record of bedded limestone inside Upper BakhtiariFormation, Sulaimani G...iosrjce
Thick beds of detrital and stromatoliticlimestones are found for the firsttime inside Upper Bakhtiari
Formation in two different localities in the Sulaimani Governorate, NE-Iraq. The first locality is Dokan area at the
northwestern limb of Kosrat anticline while the second one is located in the Garmianarea betweenChamchamaland
QadirKaram towns.The limestones change laterally and vertically to conglomerate of the latter formation.The beds
are located on or inside the conglomerateof latter formation and only in one place it changes laterally to green marl.
Petrographically the limestones consistof alternation of limestone layers of intraclastic, oolitic and pisoidal
andoncoidallithology.The lithology indicates relatively sudden environment changes and unstable energy regime
which most possibly indicated deposition in freshwater lakes. The lakes are formed due fluvial activities such as river
cutoff (oxbow lake)and river damming by rock slides or river plugging. The paleogeography of the Upper Miocene
and Pliocene had assistedthe deposition of the limestone in the lakes due to compartment of source areas. In many
areas, the source area was consisted of limestone terrains during latter two ages and from these terrains the
carbonate rich solution and clasticsare supplied to the rivers and the lakes in which carbonates had deposited
Introduction:
Folding, a fundamental process in structural geology, embodies the dynamic interaction between tectonic forces and the Earth's crust. Understanding the mechanics behind folding is essential for deciphering the deformation history of rock layers and unraveling the complexities of geological structures. This essay explores the mechanics of folding in structural geology, shedding light on the processes that shape the Earth's crust and drive geological evolution.
Fundamental Principles of Folding:
Folding occurs when compressional or extensional forces act upon rock layers, causing them to bend and deform. The mechanical behavior of rocks under stress is governed by principles of elasticity, plasticity, and rheology. Initially, rocks deform elastically, exhibiting reversible strain. However, as stress accumulates, rocks may undergo plastic deformation, resulting in irreversible changes in shape and structure. The rheological properties of rocks, such as their composition, temperature, and pressure conditions, influence their response to deformation and the style of folding observed.
Types of Folds:
Folds manifest in a variety of forms, each reflecting the interplay between tectonic forces and rock properties. Anticlines and synclines represent convex-upward and concave-upward folds, respectively, formed by compressional stresses. Overturned and recumbent folds involve significant tilting of the axial plane, indicating intense deformation. Monoclines and chevron folds exhibit more complex geometries, often associated with localized faulting or folding over basement structures. The diversity of fold types underscores the heterogeneous nature of tectonic processes and the intricate mechanics governing rock deformation.
Factors Influencing Folding:
Several factors influence the mechanics of folding, including the magnitude and direction of tectonic forces, the mechanical properties of rocks, and the presence of pre-existing structures. Convergent plate boundaries, where crustal plates collide, are primary sites of folding and mountain building. Divergent boundaries, characterized by crustal extension, may produce rift-related folding and basin formation. Additionally, the orientation of bedding planes, foliation, and fractures within rock layers can influence the style and orientation of folds.
Deformation Mechanisms:
The mechanisms driving folding include flexural slip, layer-parallel shortening, and buckling. Flexural slip occurs when layers of differing competence within a rock unit slide past each other, leading to the development of hinges and limbs in folds. Layer-parallel shortening involves the contraction of individual layers parallel to their bedding planes, resulting in the development of tight, closely spaced folds. Buckling occurs when compressive forces exceed the elastic limit of rocks, causing them to buckle and fold into characteristic shapes.
Conclusion:
The mechanics of folding in structural geology represent.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Geology and Minerals in Jaisalmer disstt.rajasthan
1. GEOLOGY & MINERAL RESOURCES OF
JAISALMER DISTRICT
Jaisalmer, the largest district of the state (38,401 sq. km. area) is situated in the north-western
part of Rajasthan between 2600 01' to 2803' north latitude and 69030' to 72020' east longitute.
Jaisalmer distt. is girdled by Barmer in the south, Jodhpur in the east and Bikaner in north-east. The
western boundary of the district is a part of Indo-Pak international border. The district head quarter
Jaisalmer is linked from Bikaner (330km.) and Barmer (153 km) by National Highway No. 15 and also
connected from Jodhpur by road (285 km) as well as broadgauge rail line (297 km) via pokaran. There is
a small airport at Jaisalmer and chartered air service operates from here.
Jaisalmer has only two tehsils viz (1) Jaisalmer (2) Pokaran and it is amongst the least populous district.
The lowest density of 9 persons/sq.km. is recorded for the district.
Jaisalmer is known the world over for its rich cultural heritage, the golden fort, beautiful artifacts and
and handicrafts, splendour of its architecture, colourful dresses, music and hospitality of its people.
Jaisalmer was founded by king Jaisal or Jaisa. The word "Jaisalmer" is said to have been derived from a
combination of words- "Jaisal and Meru"- a local name for Jaisal's fort.
Jaisalmer or the Goldencity as it is now called is famous for its fort and the stone carving in the old
Havelies, which are now famous world over. In the recent past it has become a major tourist attraction.
At Akal about 15 kms form Jaisalmer is the wood fossil park where wood fossils about 180 million
years old can be seen.
The general shape of the district is of an irregular polygon of seven sides. In general the district enjoys
plain topography without any plateau or hills. The areas is a sandy plain with a few rocky patches and
many sand dunes. Being a part of the great Thar desert, the area is sandy, dry and ill watered, unkind to
all forms of life (animal & plant). The entire area is barren and dreary, the only variation in the land
scape being a few hillocks and sand dunes. The land covered by the district slopes towards the Indus
valley Rann of Kutch. In the vicinity of Jaisalmer town the sand is stony containing numerous rocky
ridges & hard undulating plains formed of limestone and sand stone. There is no single perennial river in
the district. However with the construction of Indira Gandhi canal the northern part of the district has
become green & irrigated.
2. The water table in The district is very deep in absence of perennial streams. The depth varies form 38 to
46 mts. some ground water potential areas have been identified in different formations where tubewells
can be drilled.
Geology
Jaisalmer basin defined as NW slope of Indian peninsular shield which deepens Mari, Sui, and Quetta
in Pakistan. Jaisalmer basin is one of the largest basins of India which encompasses an area of 30,000
sq. kms. It is bounded in the north by the sub- surface Delhi-Sargodha ridge and to the east by western
flank of Aravalli mountain, to the south by two prominent uplifted blocks viz the Birmania- Barmer,
Nagar, Parkar, Arch and the Saurasthra Peninsula.
The basement rocks are the Metamorphites, Granites, and Rhyolites which are exposed near Birmania.
they are unconformably overlain by dolomitic limestone, shale and sandstone of the Marwar
Supergroup. Resting over these with unconformity are the Jurassic rocks made up of the Lathi formation
(sandstone, grit and veriegated shales with plant fossils), Jaisalmar formation (predominantly
fossiliferous limestone), Baisakhi formation (Siltstone, Shale and Sandstone with intercalations of
gypseous and bentonitic clays represent first marine transgression) and Bedesar formation (sandstone,
limestone and shales). These are followed by rocks of the Cretaceous system represented by
fossiliferous limestone and feldspathic sandstone and grit. (Habur formation represents second marine
transgression on the surface during cretaceous while in the subsurface this this is represented by the
Goru and the Parh formation).
Lower to middle Palaeocene represented by Sanu formation which consists of unconsolidated,highly
current bedded reddish, gluconitic sandstone and silty sandstone.
Upper Palaeocene to lower Eocene represented by Khuiala formation consists of limestone bouldary
bedded, fossiliferous Limestone, clays and shales, The Khuiala limestone (Yoresian) having a total
thickness of 100m. overlains the sonu sandstone is underlain by the Bandha limestone (Lutetian) of
75m. compacted thickness. This forms the close of the sedimentary cycle in Jaisalmer Basin.
The Sanu formation (Lower to Middle palaeocene) represents regression of the sea but the upper part of
Sanu and subsequent Khuiala (Upper Palaeocene to Yoresian) and Bandha (Lutetion) formation
represent the third marine transgression. There after marine conditions appear to have completely
receded from the Jaisalmer basin. Thus Mesozoic and tertiary sequences in the basin represent a typical
shelf zone sedimentation of orthoquartzite-limestone association resting on a peneplained Precambrian
surface. the Lathi, Jaisalmer, Baisakhi-Bedesar, Parihar, Ukra and Abur beds respectively are
3. correlatable to Patcham, Vhari, Katrol Umia and of Kutch shelf. A generalised stratigraphic succession
of the various lithounits occurring in Jaisalmer basin is as follows:
Age Formation Lithounits
Sub-Recent Secondary soil and pebbles Aeolian Sand and Kankar
Late Pleistocene Glacial deposit Glacial pebbles
Upper and Mid Eocene Bandha formation Gypseferous, sub bentonite
shales, marls, foramineferal
limestone.(Bandah,Joga, Bakri,
Tebba, Habib)
Lower Eocene to Khuiala formation Hard compact fossiliferous
Upper Palaecene Lst, chalkyk Lst, shales fullers
earth, clays. (Hingota teh
Takkar).
Palaeocene Sanu formation Sandstone, shales, siltstone, ,
Ironstone.(Khuiaia Khimsar,
Khinaya) South of Sanu
village, Shera
Lr. to Mid Cretaceous Habur formation Friable, ferruginous and
Parihar formation calcarious sandstone quartzite
(Habur, Pasawar)
Upper Jurassic Bedesar formation Interbedded, hard, ferruginous,
compact sand stone
(Bedesar, Mokal)
Middle Jurassic Baisakhi formation Dark shale, argillaceous Sst.,
silt stone, (Baisakhi, Rupsi)
Lower Jurassic Lathi formation Sandstone, gravel (Ulthe,
Odanea)
Pre Cambrian Malani Igneous Suite Rhyolites
4.
5. ..
MINERALS OF JAISALMER DISTRICT
Jaisalmer distt. is renowned for its mineral wealth. It occupies a significant position on the mineral map
of the state. It possesses a wide range of mineral resources and offers considerable potential for further.
With the discovery of steel grade limestone and cement grade limestone the district has come into
limelight and already six areas have been offered for major cement plants. Jaisalmer has also shown
positive evidence of Hydro carbon accumulation (Natural Gas). The description of minerals occuring in
the district is given below:
GYPSUM
Gypsum is hydrated sulphate of calcium CaSO 4' 2HzO. Gypsum occurs mainly as thick, stratified
sedimentary beds or lenses, horizontal or gently inclined, varying from a few feet up to 8-10 feet in
thickness.
In Jaisaimer district gypsum deposits are reported in Mohangarh, Phalsund, Ghandan, Nokh,
Nachana,Satta, Sundra and Lakha Khadar areas, Most of the gypsum deposit of the district are just
surface deposits and are won by open cast mining method. In several mines, mining is done manually as
the gypsum beds are not of uniform thickness. Five leases for gypsum exist in the district & mining is
being done by Mis. FCI & M/s. RSMDC Ltd. .
SELENITE
Selenite is a crystalline variety of gypsum forming transparent foliated plates. It occurs as single or
twined crystals and is used in manufacture of plaster of Paris.
It occurs at Mohangarh, Hamir-wali-Dhani, Lakhera, Ramgarh, Bandha, Biprasar, Khuiala and Rupsi.
Selenite crystals occur embeded in matrix of marly clay. In Khuiala it is found in nala section near
Ubrakha-ki-Dhani intercalaled with bentonite having thickness about 5-7 cms.
BENTONITE
It is a naturally occurring clay of great commercial importance possessing j$erent bleaching properties.
The Bentonite is chiefly composed of about 75% of montmorillonite, the rest being kaolinite, attapalgite,
illite, chlorite, quartz, and feldspar.
Occurrences of bentonite are reported near Khuiala, Mandha, Khuri, Habur, Mandai, Ramgarh villages.
The deposits of Khuiala and Khuri prospected by the department of Mines & Geology, are of medium
grade, the reserves estimated are 2 M.T. and 1 M.T. respectively.
6. The Bentonite of the district is mainly of nonswelling type and has a lower ratio of soda to lime. It is not
suitable for oil well drilling because of plastic viscosity.
FULLERS EARTH
It is variety of non plastic montmorillonite clay which has a property to decolourize oil, fats and grease.
It is also used for washing hairs, Its occurrences are associated with Khuiala limestone at Khuiala and
Mandha areas of the distt. Near Mandha it is 0.60 to 2.75 mts. thickness and a reserve of 30 thousand
tonnes is estimated. Other occurrences are. reported near Ramgarh, Sanu and Dhol-ki-Dungari.
WHITE CLAYS
It is interstratified with sandstone of Lathi group at following localities
Kita : At Kita the clay occurs about 4 kms. NE of the village where two bands having average thickness
of apout 1 mt are reported and about 4 thousand tonnes reserve, estimated.
Devikot : At Devikot clay occurs at 2 km. SW of the village with thiCkness 1 mt. & having 29 thousand
tonnes reserve.
The tests indicate that the clays are refractory in nature and having low shrinkage but are not suitable for
use in pottery as they develop cracks on firing.
SILICEOUS EARTH
The siliceous earth also known as siliceous ooze (Diatomite) occurs in Jaisalmer district, at Dharivi,
Khurd, Mandai, Sajeet Mimbla . It occurs as thin bands grading into bentonite. Siliceous earth is
composed of cristobalite silica with minor montmorillonite, quartz and trace minerals.
Siliceous earth is regarded as an excellent filtering aid for colloidal solid solution like Beverage, Fruit
juice Syrups, Oils (Vegitable oils & Mineral oil), Antibiotic products, water treatment to remove
amoebic cysts and blood fluke larves, drugs and other pharmaceuticals items are all filtered through
silicious earth. It can be used as filler in paper, rubber, paints and plastic, as carrier of disinfectant like
D.D.T. as admixture in pozzolana cement, Due to low thermal conductivity it is used for the
manufacture of insulating bricks and as an anticaking agent in fertilizers, About 1.2 MT reserves have
been assessed from this district.
GLASS SAND
The deposits are reported from Lathi, Devikot and Pithal in Jaisalmer distt. The Lathi sandstone.
occurring near Lathi is pure white in colour and is spread over an area of about 20 sq. km. This
sandstone has given silica sand due to weathring. The quarriable section exposed workable Glass sand
upto 1.5 mts. to 2.5 mt. in depth has analysed SiO2 92 to 95% , Al2O3 1.2 to 3.99%,Fe2O3.63 to 1.29%
7. and MgO and TiO2 as nil, It could be utilised for the manufacture of Bottle Glass. About 14.4 M.T.
reserves have been assessed from this district.
DOLOMITIC CLAY
White fine grained dolomitic clay having good plasticity is found near village Chacha and, Udhaniya.
The clay is quite useful as filler in paper, textiles and paint industry.
YELLOW OCHRE
Small deposits of Yellow Ochre occur near Mandai with thickness of the bed varying from 0.25 to 0.39
mts. The over burden is 2 to 5 mts. thick. It is useful for painting of houses.
ROCK PHOSPHATE
Phosphorite or rock phosphate associated with limestone, chert, black shales and sandstone has been
located at Birmania and Fatehgarh. In Birmania phosphorite horizon extends up to 4 km. towards Kohra
in the south having 3 mt. thickness. The phosphate rocks at Birmania are calcarious or arenaceous. 4.34
million tonnes reserves were estimated with P2O5 content ranging from 10-11 %
At Fatehgarh, a 1-4 mt thick phosphorite horizon comprising oolites, pellets, coprolites, and replace
shells of fossils, is traced for about 12 kms. along the strike. The phosphorite horizon is found
interbeded with limestone. The P2O5 content ranges from 5% to 15%.
Phosphate nodules were reported in the Baisakhi shales near Rupsi and Nibh Doongar. Analysis shows
that smaller modules of this area contain PPs from 22% -27%. Mis. RS.M.D.C. Ltd. has been granted
lease for mining in this area.
JASPAR
It is a cryptocrystaline variety of Quartz and occur near village Chacha, Ramdevera & Pokaran. The
colour is red to yellow. It is used as an abrassive for preparation of emery stone and emery paper.
VOLCANIC ASH
Volcanic ash deposits are located near village Phalsund, Dantal, Fulasar, Swami-ji-ki-Dhani etc. It is
light green to yellowish in colour. A sample tested in the CGCRI, Jadavpur indicated that at the temp. of
1300°C it changes to molten glass which can be used for manufacture of various type of glass wares,
glass sheets etc.
YELLOW MARBLE
Jaisalmer is popularly known as golden city because fortress and residential buildings are build of
yellow fine grained limestone. This limestone is used as marble by cutting and polishing it as tiles. At
8. present it is being quarried near Mool sagar, Amarsagar, Chundi, Bhagata, Wajron ki Dhani and Cipla
etc. Yellow marble is a speciallity of Jaisalmer and its demand is rising day by day in India and abroad.
Yellow marble belongs to Jaisalmer formation and forms ridges, mounds and hillock. It forms the top
unit and at places where the bed is massive and 1-2 mt thick, the block mining is being done.
STEEL GRADE LIMESTONE
The occurrance of low silica high CaO limestone in Jaisalmer District was first identified in the year
1974. The chemical analysis of four samples indicated that the CaO content ranges from 53.04% to
54.04%, MgO from 0.71 to 1.00% and insolubles from 0.67% to 0.94%. The state department of Mines
& Geology started exploration in 1983-84 by driling and proved large reserves of SMS grade linestone.
Investigations are still continued.
Limestone occures near Sanu Habur, Khuiala, Hemaki-dhani, Nibya, Jethaa, Joshiowala gaon etc.
villages over an extent of about 100kms. with awidth varying from 1 to 9 kms. in maximum
encompassing about 600 sq. km. area. The belt extends in patches from south of Ramgarh to south of
Sanu in N-S direction and Khuiala in SW to Rata Madha in NW. SMS Grade limestone occures on top
having thickness of 1-3 mts. followed by chalky limestone which is of cement grade. The high grade
limestone also occurs in Jaisalmer district. The chemical analysis indicates CaO content from 53-54%
Si02 1-2%.
Total 585 MT reserves of SMS grade lime stone have been assessed up to 1996-97. Mining of SMS
grade line stone is being done in public sector by M/S RSMML & M/s RSMDC Ltd. Chemical grade
line stone is also found in Jaisalmer district near Jethwai etc and about 233.33 MT reserves have been
assessed.
CEMENT GRADE LIMESTONE
Jaisalmer is endowed with high reserves of cement grade limestone. Limestone occuring in Jaisalmer
formation is yellowish, massive & occurs near Jaisalmer, South of Moolsagar, Hamera, Amarsagar etc.
In the Khuiala formation SMS grade limestone is found at top followed by cement grade limestone. It is
also called as chalky limestone. It is moderately hard, white to light yellowish in colour earthy, lumpy &
fossilierous. The analysis of this lime stone indicated CaO 43-45% Si0211 % & MgO less then 2%.
Investigations have been carried out by state department of Mines & Geology for cement grade
limestone and so far 2018.94 MT reserves have been proved.
Six blocks have been identified for setting up of major cement plants. The details are given below:
9. Geological reserves
(In million tones)
S No. Name of blocks Area SMS Cement
1. Minyan ki Dhani 7.6889 km. 74.415 355.13
2.. Tulsi Ram ki Dhani 7.25 km. 50.94 209.75
3. Khinya black-l 7.00 km. 24.52 277.11
4. Khinya block-2 7.00 km. 1.8. 276.00
5. Khinya black-3 7.00 km. 36.69 218.85
6. Tulsi Ram ki Dhani-25.00 km. 14.46 137.39
These areas have been notified for inviting applications.Aproval of Govt. of India has been recivedfor
three major cement plants of MI s Sorastra Cement near Khiya Khinsar Block 1, Mis Century Cement
near village Miyon ki Dhani & Mis Decon Ind. Ltd. Khiya Khinsar Block 2. Proposals of Mis Ansal
Properties & Ind. Ltd. near village Tulsiram ki Dhaili (Main Blockhasbeen sent for aproval of Govt. of
India.
GRANITE
Jalore Siwana Grariite Suitable for block mining is exposed near Lakha, Randha, Mehron-ki-Dhani,
Madli, Kohera Department of Mines & Geology has carried out investigation in above areas and
availability of blockoble granite is found over 100 sq.mt. area. This granite is medium grained brick red
in colour occuing as scattered outcrop in plains.
MINERAL FUEL
Attempts to explore hydrocarbons in Rajasthan dates back to 1956. ONGC has been carrying out
investigation for oil and gas since 1962. In 1981 under a major policy decesion, the Govt. of India
assigned a high priority to Rajasthan and in 1982 ONGC & Oil India Ltd. were allowed 14000 & 28000
sq.km. area respectively for exploration. The Jaisalmer basin has thick sedementary secton with positive
evidence of hydrocarbon accumulation. As a result of geo scientific exploration nine gas fields have
been identified by ONGC & OIL near Manhar Tibba, Ghoataru, Bakhri, Khartor, Bantua, Tanot &
Ramgarh. Agas based power plant of 35 MW capacity has been set up in Ramgarh and is producing
electricity.
MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES
Industrially Jaisalmer is considered to be a no industries district. As such government provides help &
subsidy to entrepreneurs putting industries in this district. The main minerals which have scope for
10. establishing mineral based industries are high and cement grade limestone, marble, sandstone, siliceous
earth and natural gas etc.
Vast resources of cement grade limestone exist in the area and six areas have already been notitied for
setting up of major cement plants. Availability of chemical & high grade limestone paves way for
setting up of chemical industries.
Natural gas has been stuck in the district and one gas based power plant has started production near
Ramgarh. There is further scope for setting up of such plants. Jaisalmer is endowed with availability of
solar radiation through out the year and solar power plants can also be set up. Yellow marble and sand
stone of Jaisalmer is world famous and cutting & polishing industries can be established based on these
deposits. At present there is one Plaster of Paris plant, twelve marble cutting & polishing units, one
marble decorative article industry and twenty two crushers in the district. There is scope for setting up of
glass and ceramic industry. Gypsum of the district can be used for local manufacture of sulfuric acid,
bricks and wall boards.
MINERAL ADMINSTRATION
There is an office of Asstt. Mining Engineer at Jaisalmer which looks after the mineral adminstration.
The geological work is carried out by Superintending
Geologist, Jaisalmer. During the year 1997-98, 3 projects have been proposed for investigation.
S.N
o. Minerals No. of
Lease
Production (thous.
Tonnes)
Sale value
(thous. Rs.)
Revenue
thous. Rs.)
Major Minerals
1 Ochers 1 0.02 1.52 2.91
2 Dolomite 1 0.18 16.8 2.91
3 Siliceous Earth 4 7.81 1114.4 68.63
4 Jaspar 1 0.15 36.25 4.23
5 Gypsum 5 199.26 24816.09 4010.64
6 Limestone(SMS
Grade) 2 988.89 509877.66 238218
7 Rock Phosphate 1 - - 40
8 Oil & Gas - - - 3460.28
Minor Minerals
9 LimestoneBurnin
g) 1 0.28 43.28 19.17
10 Marble (Block) 49 29.17 13505 3021.27
(Khanda) 1.38 60.4
11 Sandstone 39 22.69 3094.2 615.71
12 Masonary Stone 59 998.07 24951.75 379.21
13 Maurram - 103.15 2578.75 -
14 Brick Earth - 442.94 11073.5 -
15 Bajri - 169.16 4225 -
11. 16 Granite 1 - - 22.5
17 Bentonite 1 - - 22.5
18 Slatstone - - - 6.25
Misc.
1 PWD Contracts 20118.27
2 Unauthorised
Mining 113.42
3 Others 7114.68
Total 67233.2
1. Detailed exploration for cement grade & SMS grade limestone in Rata area, Teh & Distt Jaisalmer.
2. Detailed exploration for cement grade limestone Kabirbasti area, distt. Jaisahner.
3. Regional Mineral swvey for clays/ occhre in Boa, Nadai area and for gypsum in Nachna area distt.
Jaisalmer.
STATISTICAL INFORMATION OF JAISALMER DISTRICT FOR 1996-97
Unpublished Geological Reports of Jaisalmer District
(A) Geological Survey of India & Others.
Kumar, V & Sahiwala, N.K.; 1981-82 - A report on the evaluation of lime stone resources in Abamaka-
Par Sam- Go- Jerira - Chaunra Bhaiyanka - Biprasar Area.
Chawde, M.P. & Kumar, B.; 1987-88 - Systemetic geological mapping in parts of Jaisalmer district.
Khokhawat, L.S. & Bohra, S.K.; 1987-88 - Systemetic geological mapping in parts of Barmer &
Jaisalmer district.
Sawarkar, AR ; 1981-82 - Report on the Evaluation of the mesozoic - cenozoic boundary in the parts of
Western Rajasthan. .
Kumar, V; 1977-78 - Report on the preliminary appraisal of lime stone deposits around Khuiala.
Kumar, V ; 1980-81 - Report on the lime stone investigation in Sanu- Ramgarh, Tulsiram-ki-Dhani &
Khinsar Mandha area.
Shrivastava, RN. ; 1979-80 - Quaternary geological and geomorphological studies in parts of Jaisalmer
and Jodhpur districts.
Ray, I. & Chawdhary, P.K.; 1980-81 - Preliminary investigation of Benotinite clays in Khinya Mandha -
Joga Tanasar areas
12. Kumar, V ; 1979-80 - Report on the investigaion of limestone deposite around Shyambar Talai,
Alamorali Dhani, Khaiala, Hingola and Bandha area
Sen, AK.; 1977-78 - Report on geological mapping in parts of Jaisalmer district.
Laul, VP. ; 1977-78 - Report on the systemetic geological mapping of noka-Kandiyala area.
Malhotra, AK. ; 1986-87 - Report on the reconnaissance for phosphorite in the Abur formation.
Kumar, V ; 1982-83 - Report on the geological mapping in parts of Jaisalmer & Barmer district.
Bhatnagar, P.s.; 1980-81 - Report on the geological mapping in parts of Jodhpur and Jaisalmer district.
Laul, V.P. ; 1981-82 - Report on the geological mapping in parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer districts.
Sharma, VK. ; 1987-88 - Quarternary geological studies in parts of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts.
Sharma VK. ; 1987-88 - Quarternary geological studies in parts of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur districts.
Kumar, V & Sahiwala, N.K. - A report on lime stone investigation with special reference to Khuiala
limestone. National Counsil for cement & Building material - Report on suitability of chalky lime stone
in cement manufacture.
Narayanan, K. - Geology of Jaisalmer
Chattopadhyay, N. & Banerjee, S.N. - Report on the occurrences of gypsite in parts of Jaisalmer district.
Deshmukh, G.P. & Bhushan,B.; 1966-67 - A preliminary report on the phosphorite deposite near
Fatahgarh.
Deshmukh, G.P. - Report on the exploration drilling for phosphorite.
Misra, S.P. ; 1974-75 - Bentonite investigations in Shes - Kalan - Bisu block in Barmer district &
preliminary appraisal of glass-sand occurrencies in Barmer and Jaisalmer districts.
Bhushan, B.; 1973-74 - Geological mapping of the Malani Igneous suite & study of its Petrography
Geochemistry & possible mineral potential.
Madhava Rao, M.R,; 1976-77 - Report on geological mapping inParts of Jaisalmer district.
(B) Department of Mines & Geology, Udaipur.
DMG Udaipur - Report on the laboratory scale study of Jaisalmer limestone for the production of
precipited calcium carbonate.
Shanna, A.K - Production of precipited calcium carbonate from Jaisalmer limestone.
Bhargava, KD., Mehta, R.K ; 1967-68 - Preliminary geological study of the Jaisalmer yellow limestone.
Bhargava, KD. & Rathore, B.R ; 1970-71 - Investigation of yellow limestone and other economic
minerals in Jaisalmer area.
13. Keshwani, KB.; 1974 - Preliminary geological study of Jaisalmer yellow limestone.
Rampuria, T.e.; 1974-75 - Prospecting for selenite in Budha, Ekil, Beprasas, Ramgarh area.
Bhargava, S.e.; 1975-76 - Prospecting for bentonite in Banner and Jaisalmer districts.
Bhargava, S.e.; 1975-76 Prospecting for selenite in Jaisalmer district.
Bhargava, S.e.; 1972-72 & 1977-78 - Investigation for silica sand deposit near village Lathi.
Babel, G.L. ; 1977-78 - Investigation of dolomite & clay in Jaisalmer district.
Babel, G.L.; 1977-78 - Reconnaissance Survey around Sankara area.
Babel, G.L.; 1976-77 - Investigation of volcanic ash in Jaisalmer district.
Singh, S.P. ; 1978-79 - Annual progress report of the reconnaissance survey of economic minerals in
Jaisalmer district. Babel, G.L. ; 1979-80 - Preliminary report of chemical grade limestone in Jaisalmer
district.
Rai, S.C.. ; 1978-79 - Search for clay and other economic minerals in Jaisalmer district.
Shanna, J.P.S.; - A report of the work done near Amar Sagar, Bada Bag for cement grade lime stone.
Shanna, J .P.& Vijayvergia, RP.; 1983-84 - Annual progress report of cement & chemical grade
limestone near village Sanu, Khuiala.
Ali, Q. & Mehta, H.S. ; 1984 - Acid activation of fuller's earth encountered in bore hole No. JSL-5 near
Sanu. Bhargava, S.e.; 1972-73 - Investigation report of silica sand deposit near village Lathi.
Shanna, J.P. & Singh, S.P.; 1983-84 - Reconnaissance for limestone, phosphate and other economic
minerals near Kala Dungar, Baisakhi & Pupsi.
Sr. Geologist, Banner - A note on mineral resources of Jaisalmer district.
Shanna, J.P. & Gupta, L.P.; 1986 - Investigation of lime stone deposit near Sanu, Habur & Khuila.
Bhattacharya, B.c., Mehta, H.S.; 1986-87 - Levigation study of Chalky limestone from Jaisalmer
district.
Sharma, J.P. & Sukhwal, 0.5.; 1985-86 - Reconnaissance for economic minerals with special reference
to potash beaming gluconiticshale in parts of Jaisalmer and Banner districts.
Shanna, J.P. & Singh, S./P. ; 1986-87 - Prospecting for silica sand near village Mokala.
Ravi Dayal & Singh, S.P. ; 1988-89 - Reconnaissance for phosphorite nodules, S.M.s. grade lime stone
near Kanoi, Kesua & Salkha areas.
Ravi Dayal & Singh, S.P. ; 1988-89 - Reconnaissance for fluorite, barytes & dolomite etc. around
Pokaran. Dashora, RS. and Dhaka, B.S.; 1991-92 - Investigation report on'S.M.S. grade limestone
deposit in Dhaleki Dungri-Unrai, Mohammed ki Dhani & Khuiala area.
14. Dashora, RS. & Dubey, S. ; 1993-94 - Exploration for cement grade limestone in Tulsiram-ki-Dhani
area (A-Block).
Danish, H.A.; 1991-92 - Report on the geophysical investigation for Rock phosphate in Fatehgarh.
Birmania.
Sharma, J.P.; 1987-88 - Reconnaissance for gypsum, phosphorite and cement grade limestone near
village Hamira & Kanod.
Ravi Dayal & Paliwal, RS.; 1989-90 Preliminary investigation for limestone around village Baisakni,
Baramsar, Pohar, Jethwai and North-East of Jaisalmer.
Ravi Dayal & Rathor, B.5.; 1990-92 - A report on geological investigation for high grade limestone in
Jurassic formation of Jaisalmer.
Ravi Dayal & Singh, S.P.; 1988-89 - Investigation for S.M.S. grade lime stone around village Mandha.
Bafna, P.C. & Rathore, B.S.; 1990- Prospecting report of S.M.S. grade limestone deposit of the area
alloted to M/ s. RS.M.M. Ltd. near village Sanu.
Bafna, P.C.; 1989-90 - Investigation for S.M.5. grade limestone in Sanu area.
Shekhawat, P.S.; 1982-83 & 1990-91- Report on reconnaissance around Chandan - Dholiya area.
Ravi Dayal & Singh,S.P.; 1989-90 - Reconnaissance for phosphorite nodules & S.M.S. grade limestone
near village Kanoi and Kesua.
Khabya, N.K.; 1989-90 - Reconnaissance for phosphorite in Birmania area.
Dashora, RS. and Dhaka, B.S.; 1987-90 - Exploration of S.M.S. grade limestone in the area North of
Sanu, North of Hema & South of Hema-ki-Dhanivillage, Tehsil Ramgarh.
Augwani, M.U.; Kothari, M.S.;Sukhwal, K.L. Dhaka, B.S.; 1992 - Exploration for cement grade
limestone in Minyo-ki-Dhani area near Ramgarh.