This document provides an overview of energy basics including units and conversions. It discusses power and energy, with energy being the ability to do work and power being the rate of work. It also covers common units for energy and power, prefixes for multiples, and examples of converting between units. Furthermore, it presents information on fossil fuel reserves including estimates of how long reserves will last based on current consumption rates. Finally, it touches on renewable energy potential and the concept of sustainability as it relates to energy.

1. Taye Zewdu
Lecturer
School of Chemical & Bio Engineering
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Addis Ababa University
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
Energy- Units and Conversions
ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy Technology
CHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS
01
Lecture 01-1

2. Contents
• Energy, Power
• Units and conversions
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
02

3. Power and Energy
• Energy = Power x Time
• Energy (E) is the ability to do work.
• Power (P) is the rate at which work is performed.
• Analogies: Energy is a measurable quantity like distance. Power
is a rate like speed.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
03

4. Units Conversions
1 lb = 0.454 kg
1 US gallon = 3.79 litre
1 barrel of oil (1 bbl) = 42 US gallon = 159 litre
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
04

5. Multiples
Prefix Abbreviation Scientific
Notation
*Number
Kilo k 103 Thousand
Mega M 106 Million
Giga G 109 Billion
Tera T 1012 TrillionTera T 1012 Trillion
Peta P 1015 Quadrillion
Exa E 1018 Quintillion
* The system used in the U.S. is not the same as that used in other countries
(like Great Britain, France, and Germany). In these other countries, a billion (bi
meaning two) has twice as many zeros as a million, and a trillion (tri meaning
three) has three times as many zeros as a million, etc. But the scientific
community seems to use the American system.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
05

6. Energy Units
• Calorie, Joule, BTU, Fuel equivalent, watt-hour
• 1 cal = 4.184 J
• 1 BTU = 1055 J
• 1 unit of electricity = 1 kWh
• The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the
amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil,
equals 42.6 GJ
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
06

7. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
07
Source: Chemistry of Sustainable Energy

8. Power Units
• W, kW, MW, GW, hp, ton of refrigeration
• 1 hp = 740 W
• 1 ton of refrigeration = 50 kcal/min = 1200 BTU/h
• Watt = volt x ampere
= volt x ampere x power factor
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
08

9. To corn; rt frmJJ
Energy
BARR.EL OF . liL
BlliTT'J:SH TH:E.1litli.JlAL l..""Nl'T (Int_ Steam Ta.bl )
BR.ITTISH THIE llit1;.DAL rt;;NJT (menuI
BRITTJSU THIE llit1;.DAL ll:NCT (rt herm.ochemica!I)
BlfiUTTJSH THERli.DAL -NIT (39 F:t
BlliTT'J:SH TH:EDJlAL l(jN.IT (60 F:t
(111Jtern.atjonaJJ SteruTI Table)
[me:u1..�
rIt her1nocbem_i :il)
(Hi C1
(20 CJ
�BEC !FOOT (Meth::me. iTP_t
ELECTROX """OL1r
ERG
FOO'F LBF
FOOT POU;:-iDA IL
kl.l'b
Qt:AD
TOX ofT�T
'Pow-eil."
FOOT LBF/SECOXD
FOOT LBF'/MJ TE
FOOT LBF'/HOUR
H.OlfilSEPOl"ER (550 !Foot LBIF/:see ]
HORSEP l"ER (e ectr;ic)
H.OlliUSEP 'l'ER (melr-ic J
Ot.her
AT: 30SPH ERE
DiU..TOX
LBF tandls for pounds (fo,n:�e)-
11.o
GJ
jO'lll:!e
jou1e
jotrrle
jotrrle
jou1e
jou1':>
jouLe
jD1!11e
jou
l
e
jou
l
e
b. EJ'
joule
joule
jouLe
,;olllLe
joule
BTU
jouLe
watt
watL
wa'I.L
watt
wa'I.L
wa'I: L
�6
loti5.U4
J -5_ •
1 ---1.3G
� -o.6.­
t -...6
_1
4_1
4_1
4_1 '"'
4_1
::::::1
l_6(1205 X 10- I'll
LOX 10-7
L3llrM
4.21.JOx 10-:!
3_6x 10£,;
LOX 101
�
4_2x 10!)
L:lt!;'"
2_·r ix 10-2
3.'i66'2x 10-..
'i"4�_'r0
'r46
�
LOl3Jx 10:::;
L660- 3::11 x 10-2
•
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
09
Source:FundamentalsofRenewableEnergy

10. Magnitudes of Power
Kitchen appliances : 50 – 500 W
Passenger cars : 50 – 100 kW
Wind turbine : 0.2 – 1 MW
Large steam and
water driven turbo turbines : 500 – 800 MW
Modern fossil-fuel based
thermal power plant : 1000 MW
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
10

11. Power and Energy
• Many people violate the definitions of power and energy. Some
people do it publicly, thereby misleading unfortunate readers.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
11

12. Units Conversion - example problem
• If you turn on 4 light bulbs, each rated at 40 W, how long can
they be on before you reach 1 kWh?
4 bulbs x 40W/bulb = 160 W
E=P x t => t=E/P = 1 kWh/160W = 1kWh/0.16 W = 6.25 h
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
12

13. Units Conversion - exercise problems
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
2. In 2014, Ethiopia had 3 GW of installed electric capacity and
generated 7 billion kWh. What is the percent capacity
utilization of electric power stations?
1. In 2014, for the World-wide generation of about 24,000
terawatt hours of electricity, 12 billion tons of oil equivalent
was used. Calculate the efficiency of thermal energy
conversion to electricity. (1 toe = 42 GJ)
13

14. ChEg 5193 Sustainable Energy Technology
CHAPTER ONE- ENERGY BASICS
Global Energy Reserves and Sustainability
Taye Zewdu
Lecturer
School of Chemical & Bio Engineering
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Addis Ababa University
14
Lecture 01-2

15. Contents
• Classification of energy sources
• World’s primary energy consumption
• Fossil fuel – reserves, energy content, reserves distribution
• Renewable energy potential
• Sustainability
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
15

16. Classification of Energy Sources
• Primary and secondary energy
– Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in
nature (coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, geothermal, wind,
solar, etc.)
– Secondary energy sources such as steam and electricity are
obtained from conversion of primary energy sources in industrial
utilities.
• Commercial and non-commercial energy
– Commercial energy: the sources that are available in the market for
a definite price (electricity, lignite, coal, oil, etc.)
– Non commercial energy: firewood, cattle-dung, agricultural wastes,
etc.
• Renewable and non-renewable energy
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
16

17. Source Extraction Processing Primary energy Secondary
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Petroleum
Mi11ing
Gas Well
Oil
Well
Energy
---- Steam
Preparation 1-----•Coal
Treatment
Cracking
•ucJ
Relining
Stution
Natural gas
LPG
-:::::----- Petrol
� Diesel/fuel oils
Petrochemical
Thermal
Electricity
Thermal
Steam
Figure 1.1 Major Prin1ary and Secondary Sources
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
17

18. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2318
Total Energy Consumption
Source: Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015

19. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2319
Total Primary Energy Production
Source: Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015

20. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2320
Renewables- Electricity Generation
23% of total energy production in 2014!
Source: Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2015

21. Electricity generation by fuel (world)
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
21
WorldElectricityGenerationbyFuel(G

22. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 2322
Ethiopia and Energy

23. Share of Various Sources for
Primary Energy
As of 2006
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
23

24. Fossil Fuel Reserves
• Oil - 0.2 trillion m3 (in 2003)
– Saudi Arabia – the largest
share of 23%
• Gas - 176 trillion m3 (2003)
~ 0.16 trillion ton
– Russia has the largest
share of 27%
Coal reserves
Rank Country % share
1 USA 25.4
2 Russia 15.9
3 China 11.6
4 India 8.6
• Coal - 1 trillion ton (as of
2003)
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z 24

25. Fossil Fuel Reserves
Coal 122 years
Oil 42 years
Gas 60 years
Proven reserves,
expected to last for:
As on
2003
Global
Reserves
(trillion
toe)
India’s
Reserves
(% of
global)
Coal 0.5 10%
Oil 0.18 0.41%
Gas 0.15 0.61%
Total
Fossil
fuels
0.83 7.4%
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
25

26. Oil Usage
Hard Truths , National Petroleum Council, July 2007, Washington
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
26

27. Energy Content of Fuels
• Coal: energy content ~ 24 GJ/Ton
• Oil: 42 GJ/Ton
• Natural Gas: 54 GJ/Ton
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
27

28. Coal
• Readily combustible material, black or brownish-black material
• Coal was formed from layer upon layer of annual plant remains
accumulating slowly that were protected from biodegradation by
usually acidic covering waters that gave a natural antiseptic
effect combating microorganisms and then later mud deposits
protecting against oxidization
• Coal, a fossil fuel, is the largest source of energy for the
generation of electricity worldwide, as well as one of the largest
worldwide anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions
• Approximately 40% of the world electricity production uses coal
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
28

29. Coal
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
29

30. Stages in Formation of Coal
• Heavy growth of vegetation
• Burial of debris, and compression
• There are four stages in coal formation: peat, lignite, bituminous
and anthracite. The stage depends upon the conditions to which
the plant remains are subjected after they were buried - the
greater the pressure and heat, the higher the rank of coal.
Higher-ranking coal is denser and contains less moisture and
gases and has a higher heat value than lower-ranking coal.
08-
Oct-2015 Taye Z
30

31. Stages in Formation of Coal
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
31

32. Types of Coal
• Peat – a precursor of coal
• Lignite – brown coal, the lowest rank of coal, exclusively used for
electricity generation
• Sub-bituminous coal – used as fuel for electricity generation,
synthesis of light aromatic hydrocarbons
• Bituminous – fuel for electricity, coke
• Anthracite – residential and commercial space heating
• Graphite – difficult to ignite, used for producing lubricants
8-
Oct-2015 Taye Z
32

33. Coal Reserves
2004 Survey of World Energy Resources, World Energy Council
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
33

34. World Oil Reserves by Region
Asia & Oceana
3%
Middle East
56°
/o
Datasource: US EnergyInformationAdminstrationfrom Oil and Gas Journal{2007)
Oil includescrud� oil and condensate
Europe
1%
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
34

35. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
35

36. 08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
36

37. Countries with Largest Oil Reserves
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
37

38. OPEC
OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
OPEC is a cartel of twelve countries made up of Algeria, Angola,
Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
38

39. Renewable Energy Potential
Theoretical potential (global)
2007
08-Oct-2015 Taye Z
39
24 TWh 2014
Please note that all units must be in TWh!

40. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals (humans, for
example) that can be sustained indefinitely by an ecosystem without
causing irreparable damage.
One way to gauge Earths carrying capacity and our impact on our
ecosystem is to look at our ecological footprint, a measure of our
demands on nature.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 8 / 2340

41. Human demands (1960-2007)
1.6
1.5
-0 1.4
(IJ
-0
1.3(IJ
(IJ
�
/
/
c
"' 1.2...,
:;i
1.1(IJ
/
/
..., 10
-
/
0.9
E:::,
0.8z
0.7
/
/
0.6
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
08-
Oct-2015 Taye Z
41
HumanitiesEcologicalFootpri

42. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Sustainability
The word is often bantered about with little thought to its concrete
connotation.
Sustainable energy solutions must consider the earth and its
inhabitants.
Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of energy that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.
Sustainable energy is replenishable within a human lifetime and
causes no long-term damage to the environment.
Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable
energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,
wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and also
technologies designed to improve energy efficiency.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2342

43. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Key Benefits of Sustainable Energy
Environmental: it can avoid and reduce air emissions as well as water
consumption, waste, noise and adverse land use impacts
Energy for future generations: Renewables avoid the rapid depletion
of fossil fuel reserves and will empower future generations to deal with
the environmental impact over-dependence on fossil fuels
Energy security lessons our dependence on fossil and imported fuels.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 6 / 2343

44. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Cost versus availability of materials important in the solar photovoltaic
industrySchool of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 11 / 2344

45. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
Resource Availability
Critical or near-critical elements: Lanthanum, Neodymium,
Dysprosium, Platinium
Endangered: ruthenium, osmium, iridium, silver, etc
Products must be designed with recovery in mind!
Unsustainably used: Phosphorus-Recycling or recovery of waste
phosphorus is currently limited at best, and large amounts of
phosphorus are lost in runoff from agricultural fields, contributing to
eutrification in reservoirs and the infamous dead zone of the Gulf of
Mexico
Limited and dwindling availability: fossil fuel contributed to climate
change
The new Oil- water
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 12 / 2345

46. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 5 / 2346
CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion

47. Energy Basics Energy, Technology and Sustanability
The Inconvenient Truth
Once Vice President of the USA, Algor had this documentary on
Global Warming and Climate Change
Please find this movie and write a one page review of the message in
this film.
School of Chemical and Bio Engineering Sustainable Energy Technology (ChEg 5193) November 6, 2014 13 / 2347

48. 48