008 jgc2016 Schmitz impact of energy conversions on environment

12016 JGC SE Shanghai 1
2016 International Joint Graduate Course on
Impact of energy conversions on environment
July 18th – July 28th, 2016
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Host)
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Co-host)
University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A.
Korea University, South Korea
Tsinghua University
Hamburg University of Technology, Germany

Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Gerhard Schmitz
Head of Institute
Technical Thermodynamics (M21)
Hamburg University of Technology

32016 JGC SE Shanghai
Hamburg & TUHH
Global emissions
Rational use of energy
Local emissions
Example of own research work
Energy Transmission & Storage
Energy systems
Energiewende (Transition of the energy system in Germany)
Energy storages
Engergy system modelling
Outline

Hamburg
Hamburg University of Technology
TUHH

Hamburg – most beautiful city in Germany

Hamburg – location 1
Germany

Hamburg
Berlin
Wind

HamburgHamburgHamburgHamburgHamburg
BremenBremenBremenBremenBremen
KielKielKielKielKiel
SchwerinSchwerinSchwerinSchwerinSchwerin
OldenburgOldenburgOldenburgOldenburgOldenburg
LübeckLübeckLübeckLübeckLübeck
RostockRostockRostockRostockRostock
DelmenhorstDelmenhorstDelmenhorstDelmenhorstDelmenhorst
CuxhavenCuxhavenCuxhavenCuxhavenCuxhaven
NeumünsterNeumünsterNeumünsterNeumünsterNeumünster
WilhelmshavenWilhelmshavenWilhelmshavenWilhelmshavenWilhelmshaven
LüneburgLüneburgLüneburgLüneburgLüneburg
BremerhavenBremerhavenBremerhavenBremerhavenBremerhaven
WinsenWinsenWinsenWinsenWinsen
NorderstedtNorderstedtNorderstedtNorderstedtNorderstedt
UelzenUelzenUelzenUelzenUelzen
Bad OldesloeBad OldesloeBad OldesloeBad OldesloeBad Oldesloe
SalzwedelSalzwedelSalzwedelSalzwedelSalzwedel
ParchimParchimParchimParchimParchim
SoltauSoltauSoltauSoltauSoltau
PinnebergPinnebergPinnebergPinnebergPinneberg
StadeStadeStadeStadeStade
ItzehoeItzehoeItzehoeItzehoeItzehoe
VerdenVerdenVerdenVerdenVerden
RotenburgRotenburgRotenburgRotenburgRotenburg
WismarWismarWismarWismarWismar
HeideHeideHeideHeideHeide
RendsburgRendsburgRendsburgRendsburgRendsburg
GüstrowGüstrowGüstrowGüstrowGüstrow
WaWaWaWaWa
CloppenburgCloppenburgCloppenburgCloppenburgCloppenburg
Osterholz-Osterholz-Osterholz-Osterholz-Osterholz-
ScharmbeckScharmbeckScharmbeckScharmbeckScharmbeck
richrichrichrichrich
WittmundWittmundWittmundWittmundWittmund
WesterstedeWesterstedeWesterstedeWesterstedeWesterstede
rr
ReinbekReinbekReinbekReinbekReinbek
AhrensburgAhrensburgAhrensburgAhrensburgAhrensburg
QuickbornQuickbornQuickbornQuickbornQuickborn
GeesthachtGeesthachtGeesthachtGeesthachtGeesthacht
BuchholzBuchholzBuchholzBuchholzBuchholz
in derin derin derin derin der
NordheideNordheideNordheideNordheideNordheide
ElmshornElmshornElmshornElmshornElmshorn
PerlebergPerlebergPerlebergPerlebergPerleberg
WittenbergeWittenbergeWittenbergeWittenbergeWittenberge
GrevesmühlenGrevesmühlenGrevesmühlenGrevesmühlenGrevesmühlen
LudwigslustLudwigslustLudwigslustLudwigslustLudwigslust
Bad DoberanBad DoberanBad DoberanBad DoberanBad Doberan
SeevetalSeevetalSeevetalSeevetalSeevetal
Henstedt-Henstedt-Henstedt-Henstedt-Henstedt-
UlzburgUlzburgUlzburgUlzburgUlzburg
PlönPlönPlönPlönPlön
Bad SchwartauBad SchwartauBad SchwartauBad SchwartauBad Schwartau
EutinEutinEutinEutinEutin
Bad SegebergBad SegebergBad SegebergBad SegebergBad Segeberg
RatzeburgRatzeburgRatzeburgRatzeburgRatzeburg
BrakeBrakeBrakeBrakeBrake
WedelWedelWedelWedelWedel
SchortensSchortensSchortensSchortensSchortens
SykeSykeSykeSykeSyke
AchimAchimAchimAchimAchim
StuhrStuhrStuhrStuhrStuhr
ormerlandormerlandormerlandormerlandormerland
WildeshausenWildeshausenWildeshausenWildeshausenWildeshausen
WeyheWeyheWeyheWeyheWeyhe
Bad ZwischenahnBad ZwischenahnBad ZwischenahnBad ZwischenahnBad Zwischenahn
Neu WulmstorfNeu WulmstorfNeu WulmstorfNeu WulmstorfNeu Wulmstorf
VarelVarelVarelVarelVarel
WalsrodeWalsrodeWalsrodeWalsrodeWalsrode
BuxtehudeBuxtehudeBuxtehudeBuxtehudeBuxtehude
FriesoytheFriesoytheFriesoytheFriesoytheFriesoythe
nburgnburgnburgnburgnburg
A7/E45
A23
A23
A1/E22
A29
A28/E22
A1/E37
A27/E234
A20/E22
A24/E26
A1/E47
A20/E22
A20/E22
A19/E55
A24/E26/E55
A19/E55
A24/E55
A7/E45
A20
A215
A24/E26
40 km40 km40 km40 km40 km40 km40 km40 km40 km (c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND(c) PTV / NAVTEQ / AND
Hamburg - more precise

TUHH – Hamburg University of Technology

Facts and Figures TUHH
TUHH
Founded: 1978 (some institutes 1871)
Students: 6000
(15 % international students)
Faculty: 160
(95 professors & 65 researchers)
550 research assistants
Institutes: 64
Budget: 111.2 Mio. €
(incl. 41.1 Mio. € external funding)
Focal areas
Interdisciplinarity
Innovation
Priority for Research
Internationality

Study Programmes:
Master of Science
‣ Logistics, Infrastructure
and Mobility
‣ Medical Engineering
‣ Product Development,
Materials and Production
‣ Aircraft Systems Engineering
‣ Naval Architecture
and Ocean Engineering
‣ Joint Master Ship and Offshore
Technology
‣ Theoretical Mechanical
Engineering
‣ Process Engineering
‣ Water and Environmental
Engineering
‣ Civil Engineering
‣ Bioprocess Engineering
‣ Computational Informatics
‣ Electrical Engineering
‣ Energy Systems
‣ Energy and Environmental
Engineering
‣ Renewable Energies
‣ Joint Master Environmental
Studies, Cities and
Sustainability
‣ Computer Science and
Engineering
‣ Industrial Management and
Engineering

Research Structure
Fields of Competences
FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP FSP
Hamburg Research School of Engineering TUHH
Research Centers
Institutes and working groups of TUHH
Green Technologies
Competences of the Research Centers (FSP)
and Schools (S.-Dekanate) at TUHH
Renewable
Energies
Energy
Systems
and
Storage
Water
and
Environmental
Technologies
Life Science
Technologies
Medical
Engineering
Chemical
and
Bioprocess
Engineering
Material
Sciences
Aviation &
Maritime Systems
Aeronotics Logistik
and
Mobility
Maritime
Systems
and
Structures
FSP

Global Emissions

Glacier, Greenland, 2016, July, 9th
Gerhard Schmitz

-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
400
380
360
280
340
300
320
Temperatureanomaly
CO2inppm
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
Yearly average world temperature & CO2 since 1860
°C
CO2
Temperature
0.6
source:
http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs

World primary energy demand by scenario
source: World Energy Outlook 2012, www.iea.org

World primary energy demand per unit of GDP and per capita in
the New Policies Scenario in selected regions and countries

World primary energy demand by fuel in the New Policies
Scenario, 2010 and 2035 (Mtoe)

Share of renewables in electricity generation by region
in the New Policies Scenario

Electricity generation by fuel and region in the
New Policies Scenario

Gas hydrates
Reserves worldwide
tenfold higher than
gas + oil + coal together
GWP equivalent of CH4: 25
(100 years, CO2 = 1),
but may be even higher (35)

Location of gas‐hydrate resources

Unconventional gas production in leading countries
in the New Policies Scenario, 2035

CO2‐Emission of fossile fuels
c + h + s + o + n + w + a = 1
ash
water
carbon
hydrogen
sulphor
oxygen
nitrogen
12 kg C + 32 kg O2  44 kg CO2 : 12
1 kg C + 2.66 kg O2  3.66 kg CO2
fuel
CO
CO
kg
kg
c 2
2
664.3 
Elementary analysis of fuels:

CO2‐Emission of electrical energy conversion processes
uncertainty
demolition
production
operation
fuel
source: BMWi Energiedaten 2012

Global energy‐related CO2 emissions by scenario

Cumulative energy‐related CO2 emissions in selected countries
and regions, 1900‐2035

Nuclear
Low CO2‐emissions
Main problem storing the nuclear waste
High security efforts necessary for plants and waste deposal
Coal
Worldwide big resources, well distributed
High specific CO2‐emissions: black coal about 340 g/kWhth
Environmental impact of carbon capture and storage not clear
Gas
low C:H ratio, low spec. CO2‐emissions: about 240 g/kWhth, but GWP CH4 100y = 25
Worldwide not well distributed
Environmental impact of fracking not clear
Non renewable fuels

Primary Energy Supply in Germany
Energy 1995 2013
Oil 39.9  % 33.5  %
Natural Gas 19.6  % 22.3 %
Black Coal 14.4 % 13.3  %
Lignite 12.2  % 11.8  %
Nuclear Energy 11.8  % 6.8  %
Renewable Energies 1.9 % 10.8  %
Others 0.2 % 1.5  %
Total 14 269 PJ(= 1015) 13 182  PJ (= 1015)
Source:
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen 2015

Installed electrical power in Germany
Source:
BMWi 2015
Hydropower
Biomass
Nuclear
Lignite
Black coal
Oil
Gas
Wind onshore
Wind offshore
solar
194 GW

Energy 1995 2013
PJ % PJ %
Black coal 14 0,5 6 0,3
Lignite 66 2,5 14 0,6
Renewable energies 92 3,5 269 12,2
Oil 899 33,9 520 23,5
Gas 925 34,8 786 35,5
Electricity 458 17,2 467 21,1
District heating 171 6,4 151 6,8
Total 2 654 100 2212 100
End energies in Germany
Source:

Energy sector 1995 2013
PJ % PJ %
Industry 2 473 26,5 2 508 29,0
Traffic 2 613 28,0 2 629 30,4
Domestic 2 655 28,5 2 212 25,6
Commercial 1 579 17,0 1 298 15,0
End energy 9 323 100,0 8 648 100,0
Conversion losses 3 983 3 503
Non energetic consumption 963 1030
Primary energy 14 269 13 182
End energy by sectors in Germany
Source:

Energy Demand of Households in Germany in PJ ( = 1015 J)
Oil Gas Elect.
Distr.
Heat.
Coal Other Total %
Heating 712 935 88 147 47 188 2 116 75,8
Warm Water 59 149 82 15 3 9 317 11,3
Process Heating 0 18 94 0 0 6 117 4,2
Total Heating 771 1 102 264 161 50 202 2 550 91,4
Mech. Energy 0 0 149 0 0 0 149 5,4
Inform.& Com. 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 1,8
Light 0 0 41 0 0 0 41 1,5
Total 771 1 102 504 161 50 202 2 793 100
Source:

Energy productivity in Germany
Reduction of energy intensity by more energy efficient processes and shifting of added value
source: BMWi Energiedaten 2012
Primary energy consumption of oil per thousand GDP
Primary energy consumption per capita
Primary energy consumption total per thousand GDP
Electricity consumption
per thousand GDP
GDP: Gross Domestic Product

0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
1251
1153
1124 1138
1076
1040 1035 1020 1001 975
944 931
CO2-emissions CO2-equivalent emissions
Mio t/a
1990: 1251 Mio t/a
Koyoto:-21 %
2012: 988 Mio t/a
CO2‐emissions in Germany

CO2 ‐ emission reduction in Hamburg
Goals:
• ‐40 % until 2020 compared to 1990 (consumer balance)
• ‐> reduction of ‐29,4 % from 2010 until 2020 compared with 2010
2007: Hamburg is defining CO2 - reduction goals
2012: 16 Mio t
2020: 12 Mio t
2050: 4 Mio t
CO2 in Mio t
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Wellfare and CO2‐emissions
United States
Africa
Singapore
Bahrain
Iceland
Qatar
WorldIndia
China
Japan
GermanyRussia
Europe
Hamburg
United Arab Emirates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000
Bruttoinlandsprodukt in $US per capita (2009)
CO2 Emissionen in t per capita (2009)
source: IWF, EIA
gross domestic product

Wind
2013: 1.4 % (31.0 TWh) of the whole primary energy and of ca. 21 % of the
installed power producing electricity (about 41 GW)
In 2015 several situations where too much wind occurs
Wind is fluctuating ⇒ reserve power from fossile fuels or from storages is
necessary
New regulations because too much wind in some situations
Photovoltaic
In Germany difficult but not impossible, 0.85 % of primary energy in 2013
Photovoltaic is fluctuating, too.
Very high subsidies
Renewable energies in Germany (1)

Biomass
Significant in Germany, 8.0 % of primary energy
Storable energy
Competition between food and fuel
Geothermal
in Germany very bad condition
Electricity efficiency very low
Water
Is alread used, no significant additional ressources
Tidal energy possibel but research necessary
Other Options, but not relevant for Germany
Wave Energy
Energy Harvesting
Renewable energies in Germany (2)

Wind Energy in Germany

Solar Energy
in Germany

The Desertec Project

Impact of renewable Energies on environment
Use of space (wind, solar, biomass)
Noise (wind)
Landscape sight (wind, solar)
Periodic shadow (wind)
Emissions (biomass)
Use of rare materials for production (solar)
Rational use of energy necessary in any case

Local Emissions

after start

Kind Reaction mechanism Place & influencing parameters
"thermal““
(Zeldovic)
a) O2-surplus
O + N2 = NO + N (1)
N + O2 = NO + O (2)
b) Fuel surplus
N + OH = NO + H (3)
Flame, post combustion zone
- O-atom-concentration
(O2-Dissociation)
- time
- temperature > 1300°C
"prompt"
(Fenimore)
CN + H2 = HCN + H (4)
CN + H2O = HCN + OH (5)
CH + N2 = HCN + N (6)
Flame (O- und N-Radicals)
- (O2-Dissociation)
- temperature
Nitrogen connections Reaction (4), (5), (6),
(and other reactions)
Flame
- O2-concentration,
- time

Plenary speaker Drusila Hufford,
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA at Purdue University, 2016‐7‐13

Refr. Formula
Stand.
boiling
temp.
[°C]
Crit.
temp.
[°C]
Crit.
pressure
[bar]
Spec.
Evap.
Enthalpy
[kJ/kg]
(St.Cond.)
Safety
Group RODP RGWP
R11 CFCl3 23.6 198.1 44.1 182 1 1 4000
R12 CF2Cl2 - 29.8 112.0 41.2 166 1 1 8500
R22 CHF2Cl - 40.8 96.0 49.8 243 1 0.055 1700
R718 H2O 100.0 374.2 224.1 2258 1 0 0
R245fa C3H3F5 15.3 154.0 36.4 198 1 0 1030
R600a C4H10 - 10.2 133.7 37.7 367 3 0 3
R134a C2H2FCF3 - 26.5 101.1 40.6 216 1 0 1430
R1234yf C3H2F4 - 29.0 94.7 33,8 180 2 0 4
R717 NH3 - 33.3 132.3 113.4 1369 2 0 0
R290 C3H8 - 42.6 96.8 43.4 430 3 0 3
R404A R143A/125/134A -47.0 73.0 38.0 202 1 0 3260
R170 C2H6 - 89.0 32.7 50,0 (210) 3 0 3
R744 CO2 - 31.0 73.8 (260) 1 0 1
Schmitz, TUHH, M21

Rational use of energy

Zero Energy House
Zero-
energy-
house
Energy +
house
Passiv-
house
KfW 55
haus
KfW 70
haus
EnEV
2009
EnEV
2007
WSchV
1995
Existing
partial
renewed Ø
Existing
Not
renewed Ø
0
400
300
200
100
350
250
150
50
Auxiliary energy electricity
Warmwater distribution losses
Warmwater
Ventilation
Transmission
kWh/m²a
70% of the new building demand
55% of the new building demand
Primary energy demand


Anual efficiency of gas boilers
0,8
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,9
0,92
0,94
0,96
0,98
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Gas boiler efficiency improvement

Energy demand of small consumers in Germany
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Domestic end energy consumption in GermanyDomestic end energy consumption in Germany
PJ

User demand increases
Development of used space per capita in Germany
Boundary: to assess an energy system draw a boundary
around the whole system and the whole period!
User have to taken into consideration!

Energy saving in domestic area
Renewable Energy
Use of solar energy (photovoltaic, solar collectors)
Use of biomass
Use of natural heat sinks for cooling
Heat insulation
New insulation materials
Improved windows and doors
Avoid heat bridges
Plant optimisation
Integral design of building and plant
Energy and mass recovery
Condensing boiler if fossile fuels are used
Energetic and exergetic improved appiances
User friendly control
Efficient pumps and fans
Optimal place of appliances
Heat pumps
Power – Heat – Cold - coupling

Solarenergy with return
temperatur increase
Heating system
(floor heating)
Solar collector
Warm tip water
Hydraulic
block
Conden-
sing
boiler
Combi
storage
Solar
system
in
return

Example of own research work

Dehumidification demand Hamburg
time: 01.06.2010 - 31.08.2010 ( 6:00 a.m. – 6 p.m)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
t=0°Ct=0°C
t=5°C
t=10°C
t=15°C
t=20°C
t=25°C
t=30°C
t=35°C
17,5 h
54 h
151 h
283,5 h
446,5 h
EnthalpyinkJ/kgdry
air
Water content in g/kg dry air

New buildings are well insulated (low-energy buildings)
Increased demand for air conditioning
High sensible loads
How to use heat for air conditioning ?
Conventional air conditioning:
supply air
Heater Cooler
outside air
High electricity demand

Outside Air
(moist)
Supply Air (dry)
Regeneration Air
(hot)
Reject Air
Room Air
Desiccant Wheel
Heater
Supporting Structure
Desiccant wheel technology

Outside Air
(moist)
Supply Air (dry)
Regeneration Air
(hot)
Reject Air
Room Air
Desiccant Wheel
Heater
Supporting Structure
Desiccant wheel technology
Desiccant wheel (Klingenburg)

Heater (Winter)
Cooler
Heater
Desiccant
Wheel
Heat Recovery
Unit
Supply Air
Room AirReject Air
Outside Air
DEHUMIDIFYING COOLING
(without water condensation)
Desiccant assisted air conditioning process
HEAT INPUT (e.g. GAS), 50-70°C
COLD WATER, 16-
18°C

Desiccant Assisted System
Supply
Air
Room
Air
Reject
Air
Outside
Air
1 2 3 4
8 7 6 5
4020 30 50 6010 70
10
8
6
4
12
16
14
18
20
100 204080 60 10
5CONVENTIONAL
h*
DESICCANT
h
20
30
40
50
60
70
temperature °C
rel. humidity %
1
234
5 6 7
8
Psychrometric chart
watercontentg/kg
2*

Old laboratory test facility at the TUHH 1994

GSGK (GDAC) – Plant today
67

Open & closed adsorption cycle
68

Reference room in the upper floor
69

Solar collector

Bore hole
HEX

Energy savings

Base area ca. 650 m²
Office area: ca. 1900 m²
Air conditioning area: ca. 1300 m²
Air volume flow: 2500 m³/h
Heating power: 82,5 KW
Condensing boiler 70 kW
CHP 4,7 kWel/12,5 kW
Cooling power: 30 kW,
8 bore hole HEX each 98 m
Office building Fa. Hoppe Bordmesstechnik, Hamburg

Emissions have to be reduced, global and locally
Gas Hydrates could make the situation worse
Renewable energies have impact on environment, too
Main Effect by rational use of energy
Use as much as possible local energy sources
Summary (1)

schmitz@tuhh.de

008 jgc2016 Schmitz impact of energy conversions on environment

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