Session 1 clemens bresisinger
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This document summarizes a presentation on an IFPRI food policy report about achieving food security and poverty reduction in the Arab world. The presentation focused on measuring food security in the Arab region and policies and investments to improve food security. Key points included that over 30% of the population in some Arab countries are at risk of food insecurity, and that economic growth needs to be more pro-poor, including in agriculture, to effectively reduce poverty and hunger. The report suggests country-specific strategies are needed and should focus on job creation for poor households or encouraging agricultural exports and imports as needed.
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IFAD invests in Arab countries to improve food security through managing natural resources like water and land, increasing agriculture productivity, promoting rural finance including savings groups and microfinance, upgrading value chains, and creating economic opportunities. Key investments include improved water management, soil conservation, raising crop yields, rural roads, and strengthening community organizations. Results show benefits like increased irrigated land, livestock water access, and training programs for income generation. Partners include other development organizations and governments.
Session 3 b marie ruel
The document discusses opportunities and challenges for achieving nutrition security in low and middle income countries. It finds that while stunting in children under 5 has decreased from 44% to 29% between 1990 and 2010, 171 million children are still stunted. Overweight in children is also increasing steadily. There has been slow progress in reducing micronutrient deficiencies and low birth weight. Undernutrition and overnutrition can coexist in the same country, individual, and even household. Improving nutrition is important as malnutrition impacts cognitive development, economic productivity, and overall societal and economic costs. To accelerate progress in nutrition, countries need to focus on prevention during the first 1000 days of life from conception to 24 months, invest in nutrition-specific and nutrition
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Beyond the Arab Srping: Improving Food Security and Resilience to Conflict
This document summarizes discussions from a conference session on food security in Arab countries following the Arab Spring uprisings. It presents three main findings:
1) Growing unemployment, inequality, and food insecurity were key economic factors that contributed to unrest in Arab countries.
2) Studies found that food insecurity is correlated with increased risk of conflict in Arab countries. Countries that are highly dependent on food imports and vulnerable to international food price volatility face higher risks.
3) An analysis of Yemen's uprising estimated that the economic crisis increased food insecurity and child malnutrition. Fully recovering from the development losses could take 5-10 years unless policies accelerate growth and increase public spending on nutrition programs.
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Derek Headey and Marie Ruel from IFPRI presented on the impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality. They found that economic contractions from COVID-19 prevention measures can significantly increase risks of child wasting. Using DHS data from 52 countries from 1990-2018, they estimated that a 10% decline in GNI could increase moderate or severe child wasting by 14%. They also explored mechanisms like impacts on child diets, disease rates, and maternal nutrition. Applying their model to Ethiopia, they estimated that a 5.5% GNI decline could result in over 70,000 additional moderately or severely wasted children. They discussed the need for unprecedented social protection and nutrition programs to mitigate impacts on childHoda El Enbaby (IFPRI Egypt) •2019 IFPRI Egypt - NNC Seminar: "100 million he...
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The thrust of this paper is to provide an alternative strategy for solving the problem of food insecurity
in Nigeria through the social entrepreneurship initiative which is gaining prominence in recent times. The paper
explains the numerous efforts adopted by government to engender food security in the country but which yielded
infinitesimal results. It concludes that the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria can be solved with collective
efforts of the relevant stakeholders: international donors, government, professional institutions, banks,
nongovernmental organisations, faith based institutions, schools, families, farmers, and media. The paper
recommends the adoption of social entrepreneurship initiative by all stakeholders as an alternative strategy for
achieving the dream of food security in Nigeria.https://www.jescae.com/index.php/gssr/article/view/440
Productive Safety Net Program Determinants and their Impact on Rural Household Food Security in Somali Regional State: The Case of Kebri Dehar District) Ethiopia
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This document compares food security in India to other countries and identifies areas for improvement. While India has high food production, 29% of the world's undernourished people are in India. India also has high rates of underweight and stunted children compared to other nations. Gender inequality is also a factor, as women have less access to resources. To improve, India can learn from community farming practices and promoting indigenous crops in other countries. It can also strengthen public storage and food distribution through public-private partnerships while revising policies to better target the food insecure population. Giving women more economic opportunities could boost agricultural output and reduce hunger.
Food and Nutrition Security: What's the role of Agricultural Policy in Asia?
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Agricultural transformation in Cambodia has had mixed effects on food and nutrition security according to a study analyzing survey data. While per capita expenditure and commercialization indicators like the share of food purchases were positively associated with dietary diversity, some farm households saw worse nutrition outcomes. Subsistence farmers in particular experienced lower child weight-for-age z-scores compared to commercializing farmers, suggesting current agricultural policy may not benefit the most vulnerable. The results indicate Cambodia needs policies that ensure agricultural growth improves nutrition for all households, especially the poorest.Assessing Food Insecurity and Its Drivers among Smallholder Farming Household...
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Hunger and food insecurity take center stage in most debates in Africa, and in recent times with serious concerns about Nigeria. This study assessed food insecurity among farming households in rural Oyo State, Nigeria, using cross-sectional datasets from 211 farming households through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) module was employed in assessing food insecurity status of farming households, and the ordered logit model (OLM) was used to analyze factors influencing food insecurity among farming households. The results revealed that 12.8% of the farming households were food secure while 87.2% had varying levels of food insecurity. The OLM results indicated that age, household head’s years of schooling, gender, farm size, farm experience, non-farm income, food expenditure, and access to extension service significantly influenced food insecurity among farming households. Based on the findings, efforts should be geared towards promoting households’ education-related intervention programs in order to improve their nutrition-related knowledge that can enhance their food security status. Additionally, there should be provision of rural infrastructural facilities such as piped water, rural electrification, and healthcare service that promote healthy living and enhance households’ agricultural productivity. Under five mortality and its prevention
The document discusses child and infant mortality rates globally and in India. It provides definitions for under-five mortality rate, infant mortality rate, and neonatal mortality rate. The three main causes of under-five mortality are neonatal mortality (0-4 weeks), post-neonatal mortality (1-12 months), and factors like low birth weight, prematurity, and infectious diseases. While global under-five mortality has decreased 53% from 1990-2015, Africa still has the highest rate. India accounts for 20% of global under-five deaths despite its rate decreasing 61% from 1990-2015. Preventive measures discussed include prenatal nutrition, immunizations, breastfeeding, and improved access to primary healthcare.
Topic 1 policy analysis
This document provides an introduction to empirical food and nutrition security analysis. It outlines key concepts related to food security including the four dimensions of availability, access, utilization, and stability. It reviews global and country-level data on food insecurity, such as trends in undernourishment and child malnutrition. The document also discusses policy options and tools for measuring food security progress, including the Global Hunger Index. Finally, it provides an overview of the course structure for empirically analyzing food security issues.
Ugnayang Bayan 2015 - UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food
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This document discusses food and nutrition security in the Philippines and the government's efforts to ensure the right to food. It provides an overview of global and national hunger indicators and reviews the legal framework and a study on right to food assessment in the Philippines. The government's strategies in the Philippine Development Plan focus on raising agricultural productivity, increasing investments in food value chains, and transforming agricultural households. The plan also aims to reduce malnutrition by focusing on at-risk groups, increasing food supply and access, and strengthening coordination between agencies.Gihan Fouad (National Nutrition Institute)• 2018 IFPRI Egypt Seminar: “Advanc...
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as part of the IFPRI-Egypt Seminar Series- funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) project called “Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity” (EIBC) that is implemented by IFPRI.Food security
Food security exists when all people have access to sufficient nutritious food. Nearly 800 million people face hunger globally. India has a large population living in poverty and facing malnutrition, though poverty has declined in recent years. Agricultural production and exports have fluctuated in India from 2007-2010. Ensuring food security for the growing global population will require increased agricultural output and addressing challenges like water scarcity, climate change, and land degradation. International organizations monitor food security indicators and work to promote initiatives and policies to achieve food security.
Montpellier panel report 2012
This document discusses opportunities for resilient agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It recommends focusing on building resilient markets, agriculture, and people. Specifically, it suggests reducing food price volatility, facilitating private investment, enabling climate-smart and sustainable intensification, scaling up nutrition programs, and empowering women and youth. Achieving agricultural growth with resilience could significantly improve food security and economic development across Africa.
Beyond hunger: Monitoring food insecurity in the SDG era
Beyond hunger: Monitoring food insecurity in the SDG eraInternational Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Carlo Cafiero
IFPRI-FAO conference, "Accelerating the End of Hunger and Malnutrition"
November 28–30, 2018
Bangkok, ThailandBoard workshop
1. The document discusses challenges facing the global food system such as drought, volatile food prices, and conflict, as well as opportunities for economic transformation in Africa through agricultural growth.
2. It emphasizes the need to focus on smallholder farmers in Africa, link agricultural growth to improved nutrition and health, and build resilience against shocks.
3. The outlook calls for building resilience of food systems and the poor, advancing integrated approaches to agriculture, nutrition, and related sectors, and fulfilling commitments to end hunger by 2025 through country-led processes.
Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria
The paper examines adult education practice in agriculture-led development strategy from pedagogical perspective. The paper believes that adult education has the potentialities for development but argues that there are missing elements in the adult education practice that are critical if sustained agricultural growth will be achieved. Instead of andragogy, transformative learning and liberatory method should be embraced. Also, instead of focusing on scientific knowledge systems alone, indigenous practices should be encouraged by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-positioning adult education for development to thrive in Nigeria . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 12 (Dec. 2020), 1-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i12.902 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902/853 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/902
Tackling Egypt’s rising food insecurity in times of transition
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1) Food security has deteriorated in Egypt since 2005 due to successive crises and shocks.
2) Food subsidies have played an important role in protecting the poor from these crises by accounting for nearly 20% of poor households' food expenditures and subsidized bread accounting for 71% of bread consumed by poor households.
3) Maintaining subsidies is becoming more difficult with rising budget deficits, so improving targeting efficiency and complementing subsidies with other programs could both save costs and improve food security outcomes.Chris Auricht - overview of population undernutrition
This document provides an overview of population undernutrition in eastern and southern Africa. It discusses the elements and consequences of maternal and child undernutrition, including stunting, wasting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies. Undernutrition increases the risk of infection, illness, death, and reduced cognitive and physical development. The document also examines indicators and measures of undernutrition, global and regional contexts, and the perspectives on undernutrition in eastern and southern African countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania.
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Beyond the Arab Srping: Improving Food Security and Resilience to Conflict
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https://www.jescae.com/index.php/gssr/article/view/440
https://www.jescae.com/index.php/gssr/article/view/440
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Food Security in the Arab World Conference - Beirut, Lebanon | Summary Review...
This document summarizes the key topics discussed at the Food Secure Arab World conference in February 2012. It identifies that food insecurity has become a high priority in Arab countries due to recent crises. The conference addressed emerging issues around food, water and jobs. It outlined 9 key messages around managing transitions, fostering growth, improving trade, developing agriculture and partnerships to achieve food security in the Arab world.
Shenggen closing remarks
This document outlines a roadmap for improving food security in the Arab world through policy and research. It discusses how food insecurity contributed to the Arab Awakening and that the issue is likely more severe than official data suggests. The document recommends a collaborative regional approach, improving data transparency, understanding policy processes, and supporting country-led development through partnerships between governments, organizations, and researchers. Smart strategic partnerships across all levels are especially needed to conceptualize and implement effective policies and initiatives.
Crp2 presentation 3
The document discusses development indicators for Arab countries, Turkey, and Iran. It aims to provide an overview of the state of food security, poverty, and other social indicators. The objectives are to reduce rural poverty, increase food security and health, improve sustainability of natural resources, and enhance women's opportunities and participation. Several indicators are highlighted, including GDP per capita, rural and urban poverty rates, levels of food insecurity, access to improved water sources, water stress, ratios of girls to boys in school, and women's employment in non-agricultural sectors. The conclusion is that poverty, income inequality, and social indicators are likely higher than official numbers suggest, requiring a multi-sectoral approach and prioritized funding.
Crp2 presentation 2
The document outlines a priority-setting process for CRP2 funding in a specific region. It involves regional experts scoring 10 subthemes of CRP2 based on their contribution to 4 objectives: increasing food security/nutrition/health; reducing rural poverty; improving sustainability of natural resources; and enhancing opportunities/participation of women. Scores are weighted and combined to determine priority levels for each subtheme to guide CRP2 implementation and funding in the region. The goal is to reflect the most important priorities for that region. The principles are participation, transparency, standardized measurement, and simplicity.
Crp2 presentation 1
This document provides an overview of the CGIAR Research Program 2 (CRP2) which aims to strengthen food security and incomes for rural poor through identifying policies, institutions, and markets. The CRP2 will conduct integrated research across three themes: effective policies and strategic investments; inclusive governance and institutions; and linking small producers to markets. It will use innovative research approaches and form partnerships to conduct strategic research and influence policy changes to ultimately reduce rural poverty and improve food security. The CRP2 budget is $126 million over three years sourced from CGIAR Fund and other donors.
Crp2 presentation 4
This document outlines the research themes and subthemes for CRP2. There are 3 themes: 1) Effective policies and strategic investments, 2) Inclusive governance and institutions, and 3) Linking small producers to markets. Each theme contains 2-4 subthemes that define goals, activities, and key features for research. The purpose is to allow participants to vote on the relative importance of the 10 subthemes.
5 b aw-dahir
This document discusses the need for effective early warning and food security information systems in the Arab region. It notes that timely vulnerability analysis and policy-relevant information is needed to help countries better manage food insecurity threats and crises. While some factors leading to recent food price increases could have been identified, most national data in the region is outdated or inaccessible. Strengthening monitoring capacities across markets, trade, agriculture and socioeconomic indicators would help policymakers make more evidence-based decisions to improve food security. Key areas for enhanced monitoring are identified.
5 a vanlatesteijn
Global food requirements are projected to increase significantly by 2050 due to population growth and increasing incomes. There are several strategies for ensuring global food security, including optimizing global trade, expanding agricultural production through foreign direct investment, developing metropolitan agriculture near cities, and closing yield gaps to unlock greater production in rural areas. No single approach will be sufficient, and food security requires managing risks through a variety of complementary pathways.
5 a dardari_muhadinovic
This document discusses three main issues related to food security in the Arab region:
1) Population growth and urbanization are putting pressure on limited land and water resources, exacerbating food import dependency and vulnerability to price volatility.
2) Climate change impacts threaten to reduce domestic food production further while social cohesion is at risk from rising food insecurity.
3) Governments need to rethink development strategies to boost agriculture, reduce poverty, and ensure long-term economic growth and food security in the face of these challenges.
5 b michaeljohnson
Michael Johnson from the International Food Policy Research Institute spoke at a conference in Beirut, Lebanon on collaborating to inform future food security strategies. He discussed (1) how sharing data and research across countries can strengthen policies and growth, (2) the benefits of knowledge spillover between nations facing similar challenges, and (3) generating public goods like reports and tools to improve food security outcomes through regional cooperation.
Session 2 mahmoud_solh_v2
This document discusses enhancing food security in Arab countries through increased crop and livestock productivity using science and technology. It outlines challenges like water scarcity, degradation, and climate change facing the region. Sources of increased food production are discussed, including intensification, increasing arable land and cropping intensity. The document then describes applications of science and technology for sustainable intensification and coping with climate change implications. It proposes a CGIAR research program and concludes that partnerships applying improved technologies can enhance regional food security.
Session 4 b riccardo mesiano
This document discusses food security and sustainable development issues to be addressed at the Rio+20 Conference. It provides context on challenges to food security in the Arab region including limited natural resources and effects of climate change and desertification. It summarizes international commitments around food security, such as from the Rome Declaration and CSD-17. The document proposes that Rio+20 address new issues like climate adaptation and establish sustainable development goals around food including increasing agricultural efficiency and reducing land degradation. It argues a green economy approach can help balance environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable land management and food security.
Session 4 b paul dorosh
This document discusses lessons learned from country experiences managing trade, grain reserves, and food security. It analyzes how public stocks, international trade, and private sector imports can work complementarily to stabilize domestic food markets using examples from Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Zambia. While public stocks aim to ensure food security, oversized reserves can disrupt markets and incur high storage and opportunity costs. Investing in agricultural productivity through research is an alternative that can boost supplies, incomes, and security.
Session 4 b maurice saade
1) Arab countries are highly dependent on wheat imports and vulnerable to price and supply risks in international markets.
2) Investments in wheat import supply chains are needed to reduce costs and inefficiencies, which could save billions annually and increase strategic grain reserves.
3) Improving regional cooperation and adopting best practices from successful supply chains can help address bottlenecks, lower costs, and enhance food security across Arab nations.
Session 3 b hala ghattas
The document discusses nutrition challenges in the Arab world using Lebanon as a case study. It summarizes that (1) nutrition security is key to food security; (2) the Arab world faces a triple burden of malnutrition including deficiencies, excess, and disease; and (3) studies in Lebanon found pockets of severe food insecurity associated with poor nutrition outcomes like stunting.
Session 3 b habiba hassan-wassef
This document discusses gender and food security in Arab countries. It begins by outlining women's varied roles and status across different sectors in the Arab world. It then examines how cultural and religious factors can both support and hinder gender equity. The document introduces the concept of the "food value chain" to illustrate women's contributions across agriculture, processing, retail, and more. It argues that supporting women's roles in these areas can boost food security, nutrition, health and well-being. The document concludes by proposing policy measures and further research to better recognize and optimize women's impact on food security through integrated, multisectoral approaches.
Session 4 a vito intini
The document discusses the costs of conflict on development and food security. It finds that civil wars reduce GDP growth by about 0.6% per year of conflict, while interstate wars have less impact. Conflict weakens institutions, reduces trade and investment, and harms social development indicators like education and health. Post-conflict countries face challenges providing services due to weak governance and fragmented aid approaches that risk aid dependence. Military spending in post-conflict nations may crowd out social spending.
Session 4 a kenneth strzepek, sherman robinson and brent boehlert
This document summarizes the potential economic impacts on Egypt from increased development and water usage upstream in the Nile River Basin. It finds that:
1) In early decades, Egypt may experience up to 3 years of 2.5% reduced energy production and 2 years of 1.5% reduced GDP from lower water flows.
2) However, the impacts decrease over time as Egypt's economy diversifies away from dependence on Nile water.
3) Regional cooperation to share hydropower benefits and coordinate water management during drought could help mitigate Egypt's economic losses.
Session 4 a jean francois maystadt
1) The document examines whether there is an "Arab exceptionalism" when it comes to explaining conflicts, finding that economic growth alone does not sufficiently explain conflicts in Arab countries. 2) Food insecurity, as measured by child stunting, child mortality, and composite food security indexes, is significantly correlated with increased conflict risk in Arab countries. 3) Dependence on food imports and vulnerability to international food price fluctuations helps explain higher food insecurity and conflict risk in Arab net food importing countries.
Session 3 a mohamed y. aw-dahir
This document summarizes a presentation on food security and nutrition in the southern Mediterranean region. It provides an overview of the food security situation, highlighting structural issues like food deficits, high unemployment, and declining natural resources. It also examines case studies from the occupied Palestinian territory, Egypt, and Tunisia to illustrate household-level food insecurity challenges. The summary concludes that poverty is a core challenge, unemployment is high, and social protection programs will be increasingly important for resilience in the vulnerable context. It also identifies policy options like natural resource management and reforming social safety nets.
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Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software Fuzzing
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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Session 1 clemens bresisinger
- 1. Launch of IFPRI Food Policy Report Beyond the Arab Awakening: Policies and Investments for Food Security and Poverty Reduction Presenter: Clemens Breisinger Co-authors: Olivier Ecker, Perrihan Al-Riffai and Bingxin Yu IFPRI-UN-ESCWA Conference “Food Secure Arab World” Beirut, February 6-7, 2012
- 2. • We thank IFAD for supporting this research and the many people who made the report possible • Available at www.ifpri.org in Arabic and English
- 3. In a data-scarce Arab world, the report suggests answers to three key questions based on rigorous economic analysis: 1. Poverty puzzle: did the social indicators really improve as suggested by official numbers? 2. Food security question: how can food security be measured and what is the state in the Arab World 3. Growth puzzle: which policies and investments are key for achieving a food secure Arab World without poverty? This presentation focuses on points 2 and 3 (policies)
- 4. Food security has a macro & micro dimension
- 5. Risk of food insecurity (at the micro level) Source: Breisinger et al. 2012. “Beyond the Arab Awakening.” IFPRI Food Policy Report 25.
- 6. Risk of food insecurity (at the macro level) Source: Breisinger et al. 2012. “Beyond the Arab Awakening.” IFPRI Food Policy Report 25.
- 7. Risk of food insecurity in Arab World (plus Iran and Turkey) Source: Breisinger et al. 2012. “Beyond the Arab Awakening.” IFPRI Food Policy Report 25.
- 8. Which policies and investments can improve food security? 1. ‘Child health production function’: ������������ = ������(������������ , ������������ , ������������ ) H = health status, I = health inputs, E = health environment factors, ψ = genetic health endowment of child k 2. Reduced-form child nutrition model: ������������ = ������(������������ , …) N = nutritional status, Y = household income => Income elasticity wrt. nutritional status: ������������������ ������������������ ������������������������������ ������������ = = , approx.: ������������������������������ = ������������ ������������������������������ ������������ ������������ ������������������������������ 3. Cross-country nutrition model (in first differences): ������������������������������ = ������������ ������������������������������ N = child nutrition situation, Y = national income of country i 4. Decomposition of growth by sectors: ������������������������������ = ������(������������������ ������������������ ������������������������������������ ) η = sector participation component, s = sector share component of sector x (Ag, non-Ag; Ag, Ma, In, Se value added) 5. Regression model (based on time series data): Δ������������������ = ������0 + ������Δ������������������������������ + ������������������������−1 + ������������������ + ������������������ N = prevalence of child undernutrition, Y = GDP per capita, t = time period, Z = trend effects
- 9. Economic growth has to become more pro- poor in Arab countries, also in agriculture Source: Breisinger et al. 2012. “Beyond the Arab Awakening.” IFPRI Food Policy Report 25. ***, **, * statistically significant at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.
- 10. One reason why agriculture is not as pro-poor in Arab countries is because it’s no longer the major source of income for the poor
- 11. Selected messages for a food secure Arab world without poverty • Risk of food insecurity is high in the Arab World, with large variation between countries and macro- and household level food insecurity • For countries with household level food insecurity, focus on supporting job creating growth for the poor • For countries with macro-level food insecurity, encourage exports to finance food imports and agriculture in countries with potential While these messages apply for many Arab countries, it is clear that strategies and investments have to be country- owned and adopted to the country and sub-national levels.