Cluster-based industrialization in China allowed thousands of small, specialized firms to coordinate production through informal networks. This dispersed production model circumvented constraints on access to capital by allowing firms to specialize in individual production steps and pool resources. Key to this model was the role of local governments in providing public goods like infrastructure, marketplaces, and training to support firm clustering and growth. The cashmere sweater cluster of Puyuan, China became one of the "world factories" through this approach, with family workshops and merchants coordinating across the town.
This document provides information about Inditex, the largest fashion group in the world. It owns several popular fashion chains including Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, and Zara Home. Inditex has over 3,800 stores globally and follows a unique vertically integrated business model that allows it to rapidly design, produce, and distribute fashion to stores. The group prioritizes flexibility and an ability to quickly adapt to fashion trends and customer demands.
Made in India products supplier general-catalog 2011: textile products from India, Indian exports, shipment to US, products of India. Short supplier catalog contain Indian textile products, i.e. ready-to-wear garments, made-ups and ethnic Indian home decor items, including embroidered bedding of traditional Indian craft work.
This document provides a guide to improving cotton knit products by making informed decisions at each stage of manufacturing. It discusses fiber selection, yarn spinning systems, fabric construction, preparation, dyeing, and finishing processes. The quality of the final garment is directly affected by these decisions. Understanding how each step influences subsequent stages can help reduce costs, deliver higher quality products with fewer returns, and develop value-added products. The guide analyzes options at each stage and their effects on time, cost, and fabric characteristics. Consultation with experts is recommended to tailor the process to specific needs.
The document discusses job satisfaction among correctional facility staff. It defines job satisfaction and explains its importance in reducing employee turnover. A study was conducted surveying correctional staff at a maximum security private prison. The results showed that age, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment directly influence employees' intent to leave their jobs. Factors like gender, role conflict, input into decisions, and fairness also indirectly affected turnover. Maintaining job satisfaction is important for employee retention and organizational performance.
A Detailed Analysis of Cotton Textile Industry at Bardhaman Cluster of West B...theijes
West Bengal had a great heritage of cotton textile industry from the very ancient period of time. This work was traditionally done by rural artisans, they reflected their hope, aspiration, and their life style through their design , the brilliant mix of colours which is admired all over the world. Bardhaman cluster is recognised as one of the heritage cluster of West Bengal among twenty renowned cluster all over the country and well known for Nakshipar Tangail saree and Jamdani saree weaving. Integrated Cluster Development Scheme has launched by Ministry of Textile in 2005-06, the main aim of this project is to make our age old traditional handloom industry globally competitive and protect this sector from the threats of power loom. Therefore this paper is concerned with the several features of Bardhaman cluster under Integrated Cluster Development Scheme and also make a SWOT analysis to highlight the strength and opportunities and recover the weakness and threat by innovative marketing strategies
The document discusses opportunities and challenges for achieving nutrition security in low and middle income countries. It finds that while stunting in children under 5 has decreased from 44% to 29% between 1990 and 2010, 171 million children are still stunted. Overweight in children is also increasing steadily. There has been slow progress in reducing micronutrient deficiencies and low birth weight. Undernutrition and overnutrition can coexist in the same country, individual, and even household. Improving nutrition is important as malnutrition impacts cognitive development, economic productivity, and overall societal and economic costs. To accelerate progress in nutrition, countries need to focus on prevention during the first 1000 days of life from conception to 24 months, invest in nutrition-specific and nutrition
This document summarizes a presentation on an IFPRI food policy report about achieving food security and poverty reduction in the Arab world. The presentation focused on measuring food security in the Arab region and policies and investments to improve food security. Key points included that over 30% of the population in some Arab countries are at risk of food insecurity, and that economic growth needs to be more pro-poor, including in agriculture, to effectively reduce poverty and hunger. The report suggests country-specific strategies are needed and should focus on job creation for poor households or encouraging agricultural exports and imports as needed.
IFAD invests in Arab countries to improve food security through managing natural resources like water and land, increasing agriculture productivity, promoting rural finance including savings groups and microfinance, upgrading value chains, and creating economic opportunities. Key investments include improved water management, soil conservation, raising crop yields, rural roads, and strengthening community organizations. Results show benefits like increased irrigated land, livestock water access, and training programs for income generation. Partners include other development organizations and governments.
This document provides information about Inditex, the largest fashion group in the world. It owns several popular fashion chains including Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, and Zara Home. Inditex has over 3,800 stores globally and follows a unique vertically integrated business model that allows it to rapidly design, produce, and distribute fashion to stores. The group prioritizes flexibility and an ability to quickly adapt to fashion trends and customer demands.
Made in India products supplier general-catalog 2011: textile products from India, Indian exports, shipment to US, products of India. Short supplier catalog contain Indian textile products, i.e. ready-to-wear garments, made-ups and ethnic Indian home decor items, including embroidered bedding of traditional Indian craft work.
This document provides a guide to improving cotton knit products by making informed decisions at each stage of manufacturing. It discusses fiber selection, yarn spinning systems, fabric construction, preparation, dyeing, and finishing processes. The quality of the final garment is directly affected by these decisions. Understanding how each step influences subsequent stages can help reduce costs, deliver higher quality products with fewer returns, and develop value-added products. The guide analyzes options at each stage and their effects on time, cost, and fabric characteristics. Consultation with experts is recommended to tailor the process to specific needs.
The document discusses job satisfaction among correctional facility staff. It defines job satisfaction and explains its importance in reducing employee turnover. A study was conducted surveying correctional staff at a maximum security private prison. The results showed that age, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment directly influence employees' intent to leave their jobs. Factors like gender, role conflict, input into decisions, and fairness also indirectly affected turnover. Maintaining job satisfaction is important for employee retention and organizational performance.
A Detailed Analysis of Cotton Textile Industry at Bardhaman Cluster of West B...theijes
West Bengal had a great heritage of cotton textile industry from the very ancient period of time. This work was traditionally done by rural artisans, they reflected their hope, aspiration, and their life style through their design , the brilliant mix of colours which is admired all over the world. Bardhaman cluster is recognised as one of the heritage cluster of West Bengal among twenty renowned cluster all over the country and well known for Nakshipar Tangail saree and Jamdani saree weaving. Integrated Cluster Development Scheme has launched by Ministry of Textile in 2005-06, the main aim of this project is to make our age old traditional handloom industry globally competitive and protect this sector from the threats of power loom. Therefore this paper is concerned with the several features of Bardhaman cluster under Integrated Cluster Development Scheme and also make a SWOT analysis to highlight the strength and opportunities and recover the weakness and threat by innovative marketing strategies
The document discusses opportunities and challenges for achieving nutrition security in low and middle income countries. It finds that while stunting in children under 5 has decreased from 44% to 29% between 1990 and 2010, 171 million children are still stunted. Overweight in children is also increasing steadily. There has been slow progress in reducing micronutrient deficiencies and low birth weight. Undernutrition and overnutrition can coexist in the same country, individual, and even household. Improving nutrition is important as malnutrition impacts cognitive development, economic productivity, and overall societal and economic costs. To accelerate progress in nutrition, countries need to focus on prevention during the first 1000 days of life from conception to 24 months, invest in nutrition-specific and nutrition
This document summarizes a presentation on an IFPRI food policy report about achieving food security and poverty reduction in the Arab world. The presentation focused on measuring food security in the Arab region and policies and investments to improve food security. Key points included that over 30% of the population in some Arab countries are at risk of food insecurity, and that economic growth needs to be more pro-poor, including in agriculture, to effectively reduce poverty and hunger. The report suggests country-specific strategies are needed and should focus on job creation for poor households or encouraging agricultural exports and imports as needed.
IFAD invests in Arab countries to improve food security through managing natural resources like water and land, increasing agriculture productivity, promoting rural finance including savings groups and microfinance, upgrading value chains, and creating economic opportunities. Key investments include improved water management, soil conservation, raising crop yields, rural roads, and strengthening community organizations. Results show benefits like increased irrigated land, livestock water access, and training programs for income generation. Partners include other development organizations and governments.
mini project.pphjkgjhgfjk8yfhgjnhfjhfchjgfhjftxsaibalajiyadav4
This document discusses 3D printing clothes and the textile industry. It provides an overview of 3D printing advantages for the fashion industry, including greater design freedom and ability to create complex garments. The document also covers textile manufacturing processes for both natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses cotton, wool, silk and synthetic materials like polyester. It provides details on India's large and important textile industry, its history and role as a major global exporter.
Textile industry is one of the few basic industries, which is characterised as a necessary component of human life. One may classify it as a more glamorous industry, but whatever it is, it provides with the basic requirement called clothes. Spinning is the process of converting cotton or manmade fibre into yarn to be used for weaving and knitting. Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Finishing refers to the processes that convert the woven or knitted cloth into a usable material. Printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs.
The textile industry occupies an important position in the total volume of merchandise trade across countries. Developing countries account for little over two-third of world exports in textiles and clothing. It is the second largest employer after agriculture, providing employment to over 45 million people directly and 60 million people indirectly. The future for the textile industry looks promising, buoyed by both strong domestic consumption as well as export demand.
See more at: http://goo.gl/DZrWkP
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Business guidance for textile industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan for Opening a Textile Manufacturing, Cotton spinning Business, Dyeing Of Textile Materials, Finishing (textiles), Great Opportunity for Startup, How to Run a Successful Textile Print Business, How to set up my own textile business, How to Start a Business in Textile Sector, How to Start a Small Business in Textile, How to start a successful Textile industry, How to start a textile design business, How to start a textile industry, How to Start a Textile Spinning and Weaving Business, How to start a weaving business, How to start textile business, How to Start Textile Finishing and Printing Industry in India, How to start textile manufacturing business in India, How to start textile shop, How to Start Textile Spinning and Weaving Industry in India, How to start textile spinning business, Introduction of Textile Finishing Process, Knitted fabric, Knitting and knit fabrics, Knitting Technology, Most Profitable Textile Finishing and Printing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Textile Spinning and Weaving Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Textile Finishing and Printing industry, New small scale ideas in Textile Spinning and Weaving industry, Opening a Textile Mill Business in India, Printing on textiles, Process of making cotton fabric, Profitable Small Scale textile manufacturing, Setting up and opening your Textile Finishing and Printing Business, Setting up and opening your Textile Spinning and Weaving Business, Small scale Commercial Textile industry, Small Scale Textile Finishing and Printing Projects, Small scale Textile production line,
The document discusses Pakistan's textile industry. It notes that textiles account for 24% of GDP and are a major export industry, though Pakistan's share of the global textile market is less than 1%. The industry employs over 40% of the manufacturing workforce. Key challenges include improving quality, value addition, technology, and power costs compared to competitors. The government is taking steps to support the industry through initiatives focused on sustainability, compliance, job creation, and value-added products.
The document provides a summary of Navneet Kr. Yadav and Vinay Prajapati's internship report from their internship at Bharat Vijay Mills (BVM) in Kalol, India. It acknowledges those who supported and guided them during their internship. It then provides an overview of BVM, including details about the company's history, products, infrastructure, processes from fiber to fabric, and organizational hierarchy. The document describes the various departments within BVM such as spinning, weaving, dyeing and processing.
The textile industry is a major contributor to Pakistan's economy, accounting for 24% of GDP and employing over 40% of the manufacturing sector workforce. It faces challenges including low productivity, limited product innovation, and high costs of power and taxes. The government is taking steps to support the industry such as developing skills training and improving compliance with labor and environmental standards to boost the quality and competitiveness of Pakistani textiles on the global market.
This document provides a summary of the textile industry manufacturing process. It discusses the key steps involved, including fiber preparation, spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing, finishing, cutting, and sewing. It also outlines some of the primary and secondary activities as well as support activities involved at different stages of production. Finally, it provides an overview of the textile industry in Gujarat, India, highlighting some popular textile crafts from the region like bandhej, matani, and patola silk.
“A Detail Study of the Cotton Cloth Production by Power Loom in the Easter…Meraj Ashraf
***Objectives of the Research Report:-
• To study the current position and situation of the business.
• To find out the strengths and weaknesses of the cotton cloth business in Eastern UP.
• To identify the key opportunities and threats in the cotton business.
• To find out the problems faced by the employees and employees of the business.
• To explain and study the Marketing Mix (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) of the business.
• To explain the possible ways to eradicate weaknesses and problems in the form of ‘Suggestions and Recommendations’.
***SWOT Analysis:-
***Marketing Mix for the Cotton Cloth:
1) ITC has over 5,000 distributors in India that distribute its PCP (personal care products) like shampoos. In major cities like Mumbai, the city is divided into regions with 6-8 distributors each.
2) The distribution channel process involves ITC producing and shipping products to distributors who sell to retailers for a fixed margin. Retailers then sell to consumers, keeping some margin. Damaged goods move back up the chain for replacement, not reimbursement.
3) ITC's distribution strategies include maintaining exclusivity with distributors, using a single sales team and IT system for efficient monitoring, and tailoring products and margins to urban vs. rural areas.
India has presence across the entire textile and apparel value chain, from input suppliers like farmers who grow natural fibers, to petrochemical companies who produce synthetic fibers, to industrial cotton ginning and small-scale spinning, weavers, textile manufacturers, and exporters. The value chain involves farmers, petrochemical suppliers, cotton and yarn producers, weavers, textile treatment companies, manufacturers, exporters, agents and shippers all adding value to the materials as they move from raw materials to finished products.
Lean Process & Merchandising ManagementSundasKhan23
Research on efficient merchandising management process based on lean six sigma. Document includes different rules of six sigma and their effective and practical use on daily workplace for greater results.
The document discusses innovation in the weaving sector in India. It notes that while using innovative fibers and yarns is important, innovating designs and technology is more so to achieve quality fabrics. However, the weaving sector in India lacks awareness of new technologies and trends due to a culture of copying designs. It suggests that weaving mills and the powerloom sector integrate innovative designs and technologies through CAD/CAM to develop the sector. Collaboration across the industry is needed to restrict copying and establish intellectual property rights to encourage innovation.
Mother Earth is a social enterprise that aims to connect rural Indian artisans to domestic and global markets in order to alleviate poverty. It incubates artisan-owned business groups that produce handicrafts and provides support such as market access, design inputs, and working capital loans. Mother Earth has its own retail stores, partnerships with major retailers, and an export business. It projects that by empowering artisans' cooperatives over 5 years, it can directly impact the incomes of 20,000 artisans and indirectly impact 30,000 more, aggregating $10 million in increased artisan incomes. The model is a hybrid social enterprise approach that aims to sustainably develop artisan communities through fair trade.
Shahi Exports Pvt. Ltd is a leading apparel manufacturer in India established in 1974. It has expanded significantly over 30 years from 250 associates to producing 3 million pieces per month. The presentation analyzed Shahi's organizational structure, production process, strengths as a well-established low-cost producer, and opportunities to improve efficiency and utilize investment opportunities. Suggestions included implementing an electronic Kanban system and reducing absenteeism to improve productivity.
The global textile and apparel industry was worth USD 1,467.5 billion in 2005, with apparel and accessories accounting for USD 1,098.6 billion (74.9% of industry value) and textiles worth USD 214.7 billion (14.6% of value). India contributes significantly to global textile production and exports, including being the world's second largest cotton producer, having the highest loomage, and accounting for 25% of global cotton yarn trade. However, the industry also faces challenges such as fragmentation, technological obsolescence, and competition.
This document discusses Alibaba Group and provides strategies for successful sourcing on Alibaba platforms. It begins with an overview of Alibaba Group, which was founded in 1999 and now has over 20,000 employees and offices worldwide. It then discusses the vision for Alibaba to make business easy anywhere. The rest of the document provides tips for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to source internationally using Alibaba platforms, including using tools for product search, supplier evaluation, ordering samples, and placing bulk orders. It highlights features of Alibaba.com and AliExpress.com like escrow services that help protect buyers.
This document discusses cotton demand and supply in Bangladesh. It provides background on the growth of Bangladesh's textile industry from 1.1 million spindles in 1947 to 11.05 million spindles currently. Bangladesh is now the second largest cotton importer and its demand is driven by the growth of the RMG sector, which accounts for over 80% of exports. The document analyzes cotton import trends, consumption by major countries, and vision for continued growth in Bangladesh's textile industry to increase its GDP contribution and establish itself as a leader in global fashion. It also provides a SWOT analysis and recommendations to further support the industry.
The document discusses the organized vs unorganized retail sectors in India. It notes that the organized sector makes up only 3% of the market currently, but is growing at 35% compared to 6% for the unorganized sector. The organized sector faces challenges like poor supply chain management during aggressive expansion. Meanwhile, the unorganized sector relies on labor intensive technologies and lacks government support. It also provides an overview of the retail industry in India, major players, formats, and trends in consumer spending.
1) The Indian textile industry struggled for many years due to export quotas imposed by other countries and outdated machinery, but it has started improving recently due to government initiatives.
2) The government is focusing on rural development and streamlining subsidy programs, which will increase domestic demand for textiles.
3) Removing import duties on viscose staple fiber could reduce costs for the textile industry and boost exports, but the sole domestic producer opposes this as it benefits from the duties.
The document provides an overview of the global textile and apparel industry, including its history and key statistics. It discusses the shift in growth towards developing countries due to the end of quotas in 2005. India's large and growing textile industry is highlighted, with major players like Raymond and Bombay Dyeing mentioned. Key factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions are identified. The various stakeholders in the industry are mapped out.
Food Security in the Arab World Conference - Beirut, Lebanon | Summary Review...IFPRI
This document summarizes the key topics discussed at the Food Secure Arab World conference in February 2012. It identifies that food insecurity has become a high priority in Arab countries due to recent crises. The conference addressed emerging issues around food, water and jobs. It outlined 9 key messages around managing transitions, fostering growth, improving trade, developing agriculture and partnerships to achieve food security in the Arab world.
This document outlines a roadmap for improving food security in the Arab world through policy and research. It discusses how food insecurity contributed to the Arab Awakening and that the issue is likely more severe than official data suggests. The document recommends a collaborative regional approach, improving data transparency, understanding policy processes, and supporting country-led development through partnerships between governments, organizations, and researchers. Smart strategic partnerships across all levels are especially needed to conceptualize and implement effective policies and initiatives.
mini project.pphjkgjhgfjk8yfhgjnhfjhfchjgfhjftxsaibalajiyadav4
This document discusses 3D printing clothes and the textile industry. It provides an overview of 3D printing advantages for the fashion industry, including greater design freedom and ability to create complex garments. The document also covers textile manufacturing processes for both natural and synthetic fibers. It discusses cotton, wool, silk and synthetic materials like polyester. It provides details on India's large and important textile industry, its history and role as a major global exporter.
Textile industry is one of the few basic industries, which is characterised as a necessary component of human life. One may classify it as a more glamorous industry, but whatever it is, it provides with the basic requirement called clothes. Spinning is the process of converting cotton or manmade fibre into yarn to be used for weaving and knitting. Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Finishing refers to the processes that convert the woven or knitted cloth into a usable material. Printing is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs.
The textile industry occupies an important position in the total volume of merchandise trade across countries. Developing countries account for little over two-third of world exports in textiles and clothing. It is the second largest employer after agriculture, providing employment to over 45 million people directly and 60 million people indirectly. The future for the textile industry looks promising, buoyed by both strong domestic consumption as well as export demand.
See more at: http://goo.gl/DZrWkP
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Business guidance for textile industry, Business guidance to clients, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan for Opening a Textile Manufacturing, Cotton spinning Business, Dyeing Of Textile Materials, Finishing (textiles), Great Opportunity for Startup, How to Run a Successful Textile Print Business, How to set up my own textile business, How to Start a Business in Textile Sector, How to Start a Small Business in Textile, How to start a successful Textile industry, How to start a textile design business, How to start a textile industry, How to Start a Textile Spinning and Weaving Business, How to start a weaving business, How to start textile business, How to Start Textile Finishing and Printing Industry in India, How to start textile manufacturing business in India, How to start textile shop, How to Start Textile Spinning and Weaving Industry in India, How to start textile spinning business, Introduction of Textile Finishing Process, Knitted fabric, Knitting and knit fabrics, Knitting Technology, Most Profitable Textile Finishing and Printing Business Ideas, Most Profitable Textile Spinning and Weaving Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Textile Finishing and Printing industry, New small scale ideas in Textile Spinning and Weaving industry, Opening a Textile Mill Business in India, Printing on textiles, Process of making cotton fabric, Profitable Small Scale textile manufacturing, Setting up and opening your Textile Finishing and Printing Business, Setting up and opening your Textile Spinning and Weaving Business, Small scale Commercial Textile industry, Small Scale Textile Finishing and Printing Projects, Small scale Textile production line,
The document discusses Pakistan's textile industry. It notes that textiles account for 24% of GDP and are a major export industry, though Pakistan's share of the global textile market is less than 1%. The industry employs over 40% of the manufacturing workforce. Key challenges include improving quality, value addition, technology, and power costs compared to competitors. The government is taking steps to support the industry through initiatives focused on sustainability, compliance, job creation, and value-added products.
The document provides a summary of Navneet Kr. Yadav and Vinay Prajapati's internship report from their internship at Bharat Vijay Mills (BVM) in Kalol, India. It acknowledges those who supported and guided them during their internship. It then provides an overview of BVM, including details about the company's history, products, infrastructure, processes from fiber to fabric, and organizational hierarchy. The document describes the various departments within BVM such as spinning, weaving, dyeing and processing.
The textile industry is a major contributor to Pakistan's economy, accounting for 24% of GDP and employing over 40% of the manufacturing sector workforce. It faces challenges including low productivity, limited product innovation, and high costs of power and taxes. The government is taking steps to support the industry such as developing skills training and improving compliance with labor and environmental standards to boost the quality and competitiveness of Pakistani textiles on the global market.
This document provides a summary of the textile industry manufacturing process. It discusses the key steps involved, including fiber preparation, spinning, weaving, dyeing, printing, finishing, cutting, and sewing. It also outlines some of the primary and secondary activities as well as support activities involved at different stages of production. Finally, it provides an overview of the textile industry in Gujarat, India, highlighting some popular textile crafts from the region like bandhej, matani, and patola silk.
“A Detail Study of the Cotton Cloth Production by Power Loom in the Easter…Meraj Ashraf
***Objectives of the Research Report:-
• To study the current position and situation of the business.
• To find out the strengths and weaknesses of the cotton cloth business in Eastern UP.
• To identify the key opportunities and threats in the cotton business.
• To find out the problems faced by the employees and employees of the business.
• To explain and study the Marketing Mix (Product, Price, Place and Promotion) of the business.
• To explain the possible ways to eradicate weaknesses and problems in the form of ‘Suggestions and Recommendations’.
***SWOT Analysis:-
***Marketing Mix for the Cotton Cloth:
1) ITC has over 5,000 distributors in India that distribute its PCP (personal care products) like shampoos. In major cities like Mumbai, the city is divided into regions with 6-8 distributors each.
2) The distribution channel process involves ITC producing and shipping products to distributors who sell to retailers for a fixed margin. Retailers then sell to consumers, keeping some margin. Damaged goods move back up the chain for replacement, not reimbursement.
3) ITC's distribution strategies include maintaining exclusivity with distributors, using a single sales team and IT system for efficient monitoring, and tailoring products and margins to urban vs. rural areas.
India has presence across the entire textile and apparel value chain, from input suppliers like farmers who grow natural fibers, to petrochemical companies who produce synthetic fibers, to industrial cotton ginning and small-scale spinning, weavers, textile manufacturers, and exporters. The value chain involves farmers, petrochemical suppliers, cotton and yarn producers, weavers, textile treatment companies, manufacturers, exporters, agents and shippers all adding value to the materials as they move from raw materials to finished products.
Lean Process & Merchandising ManagementSundasKhan23
Research on efficient merchandising management process based on lean six sigma. Document includes different rules of six sigma and their effective and practical use on daily workplace for greater results.
The document discusses innovation in the weaving sector in India. It notes that while using innovative fibers and yarns is important, innovating designs and technology is more so to achieve quality fabrics. However, the weaving sector in India lacks awareness of new technologies and trends due to a culture of copying designs. It suggests that weaving mills and the powerloom sector integrate innovative designs and technologies through CAD/CAM to develop the sector. Collaboration across the industry is needed to restrict copying and establish intellectual property rights to encourage innovation.
Mother Earth is a social enterprise that aims to connect rural Indian artisans to domestic and global markets in order to alleviate poverty. It incubates artisan-owned business groups that produce handicrafts and provides support such as market access, design inputs, and working capital loans. Mother Earth has its own retail stores, partnerships with major retailers, and an export business. It projects that by empowering artisans' cooperatives over 5 years, it can directly impact the incomes of 20,000 artisans and indirectly impact 30,000 more, aggregating $10 million in increased artisan incomes. The model is a hybrid social enterprise approach that aims to sustainably develop artisan communities through fair trade.
Shahi Exports Pvt. Ltd is a leading apparel manufacturer in India established in 1974. It has expanded significantly over 30 years from 250 associates to producing 3 million pieces per month. The presentation analyzed Shahi's organizational structure, production process, strengths as a well-established low-cost producer, and opportunities to improve efficiency and utilize investment opportunities. Suggestions included implementing an electronic Kanban system and reducing absenteeism to improve productivity.
The global textile and apparel industry was worth USD 1,467.5 billion in 2005, with apparel and accessories accounting for USD 1,098.6 billion (74.9% of industry value) and textiles worth USD 214.7 billion (14.6% of value). India contributes significantly to global textile production and exports, including being the world's second largest cotton producer, having the highest loomage, and accounting for 25% of global cotton yarn trade. However, the industry also faces challenges such as fragmentation, technological obsolescence, and competition.
This document discusses Alibaba Group and provides strategies for successful sourcing on Alibaba platforms. It begins with an overview of Alibaba Group, which was founded in 1999 and now has over 20,000 employees and offices worldwide. It then discusses the vision for Alibaba to make business easy anywhere. The rest of the document provides tips for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to source internationally using Alibaba platforms, including using tools for product search, supplier evaluation, ordering samples, and placing bulk orders. It highlights features of Alibaba.com and AliExpress.com like escrow services that help protect buyers.
This document discusses cotton demand and supply in Bangladesh. It provides background on the growth of Bangladesh's textile industry from 1.1 million spindles in 1947 to 11.05 million spindles currently. Bangladesh is now the second largest cotton importer and its demand is driven by the growth of the RMG sector, which accounts for over 80% of exports. The document analyzes cotton import trends, consumption by major countries, and vision for continued growth in Bangladesh's textile industry to increase its GDP contribution and establish itself as a leader in global fashion. It also provides a SWOT analysis and recommendations to further support the industry.
The document discusses the organized vs unorganized retail sectors in India. It notes that the organized sector makes up only 3% of the market currently, but is growing at 35% compared to 6% for the unorganized sector. The organized sector faces challenges like poor supply chain management during aggressive expansion. Meanwhile, the unorganized sector relies on labor intensive technologies and lacks government support. It also provides an overview of the retail industry in India, major players, formats, and trends in consumer spending.
1) The Indian textile industry struggled for many years due to export quotas imposed by other countries and outdated machinery, but it has started improving recently due to government initiatives.
2) The government is focusing on rural development and streamlining subsidy programs, which will increase domestic demand for textiles.
3) Removing import duties on viscose staple fiber could reduce costs for the textile industry and boost exports, but the sole domestic producer opposes this as it benefits from the duties.
The document provides an overview of the global textile and apparel industry, including its history and key statistics. It discusses the shift in growth towards developing countries due to the end of quotas in 2005. India's large and growing textile industry is highlighted, with major players like Raymond and Bombay Dyeing mentioned. Key factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions are identified. The various stakeholders in the industry are mapped out.
Food Security in the Arab World Conference - Beirut, Lebanon | Summary Review...IFPRI
This document summarizes the key topics discussed at the Food Secure Arab World conference in February 2012. It identifies that food insecurity has become a high priority in Arab countries due to recent crises. The conference addressed emerging issues around food, water and jobs. It outlined 9 key messages around managing transitions, fostering growth, improving trade, developing agriculture and partnerships to achieve food security in the Arab world.
This document outlines a roadmap for improving food security in the Arab world through policy and research. It discusses how food insecurity contributed to the Arab Awakening and that the issue is likely more severe than official data suggests. The document recommends a collaborative regional approach, improving data transparency, understanding policy processes, and supporting country-led development through partnerships between governments, organizations, and researchers. Smart strategic partnerships across all levels are especially needed to conceptualize and implement effective policies and initiatives.
The document discusses development indicators for Arab countries, Turkey, and Iran. It aims to provide an overview of the state of food security, poverty, and other social indicators. The objectives are to reduce rural poverty, increase food security and health, improve sustainability of natural resources, and enhance women's opportunities and participation. Several indicators are highlighted, including GDP per capita, rural and urban poverty rates, levels of food insecurity, access to improved water sources, water stress, ratios of girls to boys in school, and women's employment in non-agricultural sectors. The conclusion is that poverty, income inequality, and social indicators are likely higher than official numbers suggest, requiring a multi-sectoral approach and prioritized funding.
The document outlines a priority-setting process for CRP2 funding in a specific region. It involves regional experts scoring 10 subthemes of CRP2 based on their contribution to 4 objectives: increasing food security/nutrition/health; reducing rural poverty; improving sustainability of natural resources; and enhancing opportunities/participation of women. Scores are weighted and combined to determine priority levels for each subtheme to guide CRP2 implementation and funding in the region. The goal is to reflect the most important priorities for that region. The principles are participation, transparency, standardized measurement, and simplicity.
This document provides an overview of the CGIAR Research Program 2 (CRP2) which aims to strengthen food security and incomes for rural poor through identifying policies, institutions, and markets. The CRP2 will conduct integrated research across three themes: effective policies and strategic investments; inclusive governance and institutions; and linking small producers to markets. It will use innovative research approaches and form partnerships to conduct strategic research and influence policy changes to ultimately reduce rural poverty and improve food security. The CRP2 budget is $126 million over three years sourced from CGIAR Fund and other donors.
This document outlines the research themes and subthemes for CRP2. There are 3 themes: 1) Effective policies and strategic investments, 2) Inclusive governance and institutions, and 3) Linking small producers to markets. Each theme contains 2-4 subthemes that define goals, activities, and key features for research. The purpose is to allow participants to vote on the relative importance of the 10 subthemes.
This document discusses the need for effective early warning and food security information systems in the Arab region. It notes that timely vulnerability analysis and policy-relevant information is needed to help countries better manage food insecurity threats and crises. While some factors leading to recent food price increases could have been identified, most national data in the region is outdated or inaccessible. Strengthening monitoring capacities across markets, trade, agriculture and socioeconomic indicators would help policymakers make more evidence-based decisions to improve food security. Key areas for enhanced monitoring are identified.
Global food requirements are projected to increase significantly by 2050 due to population growth and increasing incomes. There are several strategies for ensuring global food security, including optimizing global trade, expanding agricultural production through foreign direct investment, developing metropolitan agriculture near cities, and closing yield gaps to unlock greater production in rural areas. No single approach will be sufficient, and food security requires managing risks through a variety of complementary pathways.
This document discusses three main issues related to food security in the Arab region:
1) Population growth and urbanization are putting pressure on limited land and water resources, exacerbating food import dependency and vulnerability to price volatility.
2) Climate change impacts threaten to reduce domestic food production further while social cohesion is at risk from rising food insecurity.
3) Governments need to rethink development strategies to boost agriculture, reduce poverty, and ensure long-term economic growth and food security in the face of these challenges.
Michael Johnson from the International Food Policy Research Institute spoke at a conference in Beirut, Lebanon on collaborating to inform future food security strategies. He discussed (1) how sharing data and research across countries can strengthen policies and growth, (2) the benefits of knowledge spillover between nations facing similar challenges, and (3) generating public goods like reports and tools to improve food security outcomes through regional cooperation.
This document discusses enhancing food security in Arab countries through increased crop and livestock productivity using science and technology. It outlines challenges like water scarcity, degradation, and climate change facing the region. Sources of increased food production are discussed, including intensification, increasing arable land and cropping intensity. The document then describes applications of science and technology for sustainable intensification and coping with climate change implications. It proposes a CGIAR research program and concludes that partnerships applying improved technologies can enhance regional food security.
This document discusses food security and sustainable development issues to be addressed at the Rio+20 Conference. It provides context on challenges to food security in the Arab region including limited natural resources and effects of climate change and desertification. It summarizes international commitments around food security, such as from the Rome Declaration and CSD-17. The document proposes that Rio+20 address new issues like climate adaptation and establish sustainable development goals around food including increasing agricultural efficiency and reducing land degradation. It argues a green economy approach can help balance environmental, social and economic dimensions of sustainable land management and food security.
This document discusses lessons learned from country experiences managing trade, grain reserves, and food security. It analyzes how public stocks, international trade, and private sector imports can work complementarily to stabilize domestic food markets using examples from Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Zambia. While public stocks aim to ensure food security, oversized reserves can disrupt markets and incur high storage and opportunity costs. Investing in agricultural productivity through research is an alternative that can boost supplies, incomes, and security.
1) Arab countries are highly dependent on wheat imports and vulnerable to price and supply risks in international markets.
2) Investments in wheat import supply chains are needed to reduce costs and inefficiencies, which could save billions annually and increase strategic grain reserves.
3) Improving regional cooperation and adopting best practices from successful supply chains can help address bottlenecks, lower costs, and enhance food security across Arab nations.
The document discusses nutrition challenges in the Arab world using Lebanon as a case study. It summarizes that (1) nutrition security is key to food security; (2) the Arab world faces a triple burden of malnutrition including deficiencies, excess, and disease; and (3) studies in Lebanon found pockets of severe food insecurity associated with poor nutrition outcomes like stunting.
This document discusses gender and food security in Arab countries. It begins by outlining women's varied roles and status across different sectors in the Arab world. It then examines how cultural and religious factors can both support and hinder gender equity. The document introduces the concept of the "food value chain" to illustrate women's contributions across agriculture, processing, retail, and more. It argues that supporting women's roles in these areas can boost food security, nutrition, health and well-being. The document concludes by proposing policy measures and further research to better recognize and optimize women's impact on food security through integrated, multisectoral approaches.
The document discusses the costs of conflict on development and food security. It finds that civil wars reduce GDP growth by about 0.6% per year of conflict, while interstate wars have less impact. Conflict weakens institutions, reduces trade and investment, and harms social development indicators like education and health. Post-conflict countries face challenges providing services due to weak governance and fragmented aid approaches that risk aid dependence. Military spending in post-conflict nations may crowd out social spending.
Session 4 a kenneth strzepek, sherman robinson and brent boehlertIFPRI
This document summarizes the potential economic impacts on Egypt from increased development and water usage upstream in the Nile River Basin. It finds that:
1) In early decades, Egypt may experience up to 3 years of 2.5% reduced energy production and 2 years of 1.5% reduced GDP from lower water flows.
2) However, the impacts decrease over time as Egypt's economy diversifies away from dependence on Nile water.
3) Regional cooperation to share hydropower benefits and coordinate water management during drought could help mitigate Egypt's economic losses.
1) The document examines whether there is an "Arab exceptionalism" when it comes to explaining conflicts, finding that economic growth alone does not sufficiently explain conflicts in Arab countries. 2) Food insecurity, as measured by child stunting, child mortality, and composite food security indexes, is significantly correlated with increased conflict risk in Arab countries. 3) Dependence on food imports and vulnerability to international food price fluctuations helps explain higher food insecurity and conflict risk in Arab net food importing countries.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
2. How Come Has China Become the “World Factories”
in Just a Few Decades?
• State banks rarely provided credit to private
entrepreneurs at the onset of reform.
• The contribution of the domestic private sector to the
overall growth is 72% according to the Industrial
Census in 1995 and Economic Census in 2004.
• A little over 70% of the private sector growth is
attributable to the birth and the growth of new private
firms.
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 2
3. Conventional Thinking on Industrial Development
• Assume production technology is not divisible. Thereby,
it is important to pool disparate savings to finance large
lump-sum investment for factory building and
machinery.
• Many argue that a well-developed financial system is a
key prerequisite for industrial development.
• However, financial development itself is a great
challenge.
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 3
4. Two Paths of the Industrialization
Big VI Firms Industrial society
Financial constraints
Agricultural SMES, Clustering
society
Financial constraints
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 4
5. Clusters of completely un-integrated firms as “world factories”
• Each small firm is narrowly specialized in one process of production
• A group of coordinated firms complete a product
• Thousands of small firms are concentrated in a ‘specialized’ town
• These towns become ‘world factories’ of socks, neckties, buttons,
umbrellas, sweaters, etc. – most challenging
• Datang Town produced 6 billion pairs of socks per year
• Shengzhou Town made 40% of the world's neckties
• Qiaotou town made more than 70% of the buttons for clothes made in China
• Songxia town produced 350 million umbrellas every year
• Puyuan Town made over 500 million cashmere sweaters; 60% of China’s market
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
7. The Location of Puyuan
Zhejiang Province
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 7
8. History of Puyuan Cashmere Sweater Cluster
500 million pieces.
4,000 firms & workshops
6,000 merchants
60,000 workers
More than ten billion yuan sales
The largest
distributing centre
of cashmere
sweaters in China.
Ten million pieces
Local government
constructed the
A collectively
first marketplace local population had
owned enterprise
began to produce jumped from less
cashmere sweaters than 30 thousand in
1992 to more than
130 thousand in
2005
1976 1988 1994 2007 year
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 8
9. Two business model in Puyuan Cluster
Sweater Shops (VPCS)
New Style
Packing Selling
Designing
Computer
Aided
Designing Assembling Dyeing &
Weaving Buttoning Ironing Printing
Finishing
Yarn
Purchasing The Putting-out System
New Style Integrated Producing Factories
Designing Packing Selling
Computer
Aided
Designing Weaving Assembling Buttoning Ironing Printing
Yarn Dyeing &
Purchasing Finishing
The Vertically-integrated System
Ruan and Zhang, EDCC(2009)
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 9
11. Sweater Merchants as the Leading Entrepreneur
Coordinating production processes among the workshops
within each group:
• Has shops in the town’s designated sweater marketplaces
• Provide designs and receive orders
• Purchase raw materials and deliver them to the subcontracting weaving
workshops; then semi-finished products are sent to the subcontracting
dyeing factories; then to printing and ironing workshops; then …
• Finally package in the sweater merchant’s shop, which also serves as
quality inspection
• The final products are transported to the Puyuan logistics center
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 11
12. The Putting-out System
Ironing Workshops
Weaving
Printing Workshops Workshops
Raw material CAD
Less than 2 miles Workshops
market
Yarn
dealer
National Road
Buttoning Sweater market
Workshop Sweater shops
Dyeing &
Finishing
Factory
Assembling
Workshops
Other Logistics Overse
company
Cities as
Markets Markets
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
16. Does Dispersed Production Mode
Incur Higher Transaction Cost?
• Not necessarily for three reasons.
• When producers stay in a geographically proximate region,
information flow is much easier. Words about bad behavior
spreads fast.
• The opportunity cost of committing dishonest behavior is high
because of the nature of asset specificity in a cluster (the asset,
skills and network are not portable to other places).
• Since they locate nearby to each other, they know each other
well. Repeated transactions help form trust.
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17. The entrepreneurial firms are closely coordinated but no written
contracts between them
Sample receipt
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 17
18. The Average Investment for Different Step of Production
9.00
Investment required by different types
8.00
7.00
6.00
Ln(initial investment)
5.00
Integrated Factory in Inner Mongolia
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Logistics Dyeing Integrated Finishing Sweater Yarn Printing Family Ironing Three-
-1.00 company factories firms factories shops dealers workshops weaving workshops wheeler
workshops drivers
-2.00
Types of division
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 18
19. Role of the Government in the Cluster
• Common features of clusters: goods markets, intermediate material
markets, logistic center, quality control and inspection center and
other infrastructure (roads, electricity, security, and so on).
• The presence of these markets and other essential public goods in a
cluster enables individual producers to keep the scale of production
small and specialize in fewer tasks.
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 19
20. Crises and Provision of Public Goods
Local governments facilitate the growth of cluster by providing
necessary public goods in response to various crises:
• Roadside sweater stands blocked traffic:
• Built cashmere sweater marketplaces (with roof) through private-public partnership to
formalize the informal business
• Fights among different private logistic centers and transport companies:
• Set up a unified logistic center by re-organizing dozens of private logistics and transport
companies and auctioning out the rights of transport routes
• Increasing crimes as a result of more merchants and migrant workers:
• Increased street security patrol to ensure a safe environment
• A large fraud by a woman trader using fake name:
• Established information system to link hotels with police stations to check fake Ids to
chase out cheaters
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 20
21. Crises and Provision of Public Goods
• Reputation crises due to low quality product:
• Enacted decrees on the quality requirement of cashmere products;
• Set up quality inspection centers and quality control offices;
• Established an industrial park to attract cashmere firms with brand names to
Puyuan from all over the nation by preferable land, tax, and credit policies
• Short of skilled labors and inadequate trainings:
• Built technical training centers/schools to train employees at the township
level
• Land shortage:
• Replaced the scattered farmers’ residential houses with town houses. Using
the saved land to build factories and industrial park (in which famers hold
shares).
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 21
22. Why Do Local Governments Have the Incentives to
Promote Cluster Development?
• Inter-county competition is a key feature of Chinese
economy (Steven Cheung’s lecture in the last meeting).
Local government officials’ performance is based on
GDP growth, fiscal revenue growth and other economic
indicators.
• In contrast, in many other developing countries, local
governments play little role in fostering local economic
development.
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE Page 22
23. Coordinated Entrepreneurial Clusters
• The basic operating unit in Puyuan: family owned workshops (3,900) and
trading shops (6,000)
• Every workshop is specialized in one task:
• Designing, weaving, finishing, dyeing, printing, ironing, packaging, etc.
• A virtual firm: a group of specialized workshops closely worked together
coordinated by a lead entrepreneur
• Sweater merchants as virtue production coordinators
• Design and produce cashmere sweaters from yarns
• A virtual conglomerate: thousands of workshops clustered together sharing
infrastructures
• The town government provides many important public goods and services,
fostering the clustering development
INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE