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This document discusses enhancing food security in Arab countries through increased crop and livestock productivity using science and technology. It outlines challenges like water scarcity, degradation, and climate change facing the region. Sources of increased food production are discussed, including intensification, increasing arable land and cropping intensity. The document then describes applications of science and technology for sustainable intensification and coping with climate change implications. It proposes a CGIAR research program and concludes that partnerships applying improved technologies can enhance regional food security.

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Food Secure Arab World: Enhancing Crop and Livestock Productivity through Science and Technology International Conference on Food Secure Arab World: A Road Map for Policy and Research IFPRI-ESCWA, Beirut Lebanon, 6-7 February 2012 Mahmoud El Solh, Ph.D. Director General International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) CGIAR
Outline  Challenges facing enhancing food security in Arab countries/dry areas;  Sources of increase in food production;  Applications of science and technology to enhancing crop and livestock productivity towards Food Security;  Looking Ahead: CGIAR Research Program for Integrated and Sustainable Production Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas (CRP1.1);  Conclusion.
Challenges Facing Food Security in the Arab World
Arab World: Dryland Fragile Eco-systems  Physical water scarcity m -10 Decrease of the Souss  Rapid natural -20 aquifer level in Morocco resource -30 degradation and -40 desertification -50  Groundwater -60 depletion -70 -80  Drought 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006  Salinity  Climate change
Implications of Climate Change - Changes in precipitation and drought; - Extreme temperatures; - Changes in climatic zones; - Shorter growing season; - Emerging diseases and insect pests.
Relative change of mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099 Relative change of mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099, scenario A1b, average of 21 GCMs (compiled by GIS Unit ICARDA, based on partial maps in Christensen et al., 2007)
Climate change affects not only food production ... ... it affects all four dimensions of food security Availability Loss in food production Direct natural resource degradation & More abiotic and biotic Stresses Access Infrastructure damage, asset losses Loss of income and employment opportunities Stability Increased livelihood risks, pressure on food prices Higher dependency on food imports and food aid Increased variability in abiotic and biotic stresses Source: FAO Policy Learning Programme Utilization Human health risks, nutrition Module 2: Specific Policy Issues – Climate Change Session 2.1
Further Challenges to Food Security in the Developing Countries  Inadequate agricultural policies for sustainable agricultural development  Insufficient investment in agricultural research and development
Politically volatile region: Importance of economic and political stability
The Food Insecurity Trap Interrelationships between key challenges in the Arab World Land degradation, water scarcity, loss of biodiversity Climate Change: Desperation leads to Drought, heat, over-exploitation of natural resources salinity Food Insecurity: poverty, hunger and malnutrition Insufficient Population growth institutional support Lack of employment opportunities Lack of Improved Migration technologies Socio-political upheavals CGIAR
Dependency on food imports in the Arab World * (Cereal Exports – Imports) / Food available for human consumption (kcal)
The Arab Region is the largest grain importer (2010 million metric tons) Global Trade Net cereal imports (in million MT), by region, 2010 Former Soviet Union +16.1 +91.2 +17.5 -58.8 North America Europe -65.8 Asia -18.0 Arab +6.3 Countries Ocenia Latin America and Sub-Saharan +18.6 the Caribbian Africa + Net Exports - Net Imports Sources: adapted from USDA 2011
Arab Countries with High Cereal Import Dependency and Large Fiscal Deficits are Most Vulnerable at the Macro Level (2007 Fiscal Balances—percentage of GDP, 2005 Cereal Balances —metric) tons)* Source: Authors. Adapted from FAO, 2008b; IMF, 2008; World Bank, 2008b. Note: Cereal import dependency is measured by net cereal imports/total cereal consumption. * 2007 fiscal balances were drawn from the IMF. The most recent FAOSTAT data on cereal balances is for 2005.
Food Insecurity in Developing Regions of the World Cereals imports of developing regions 1970-2030 Historical Development Projections 240 East Asia South Asia 190 million tonnes Near East/North Africa Latin America 140 S.S.Africa 90 40 -10 1970 1980 1990 2000 2015 2030 Source: FAO, 2002 World Agriculture: towards 2015/30, http://www.fao.org/es/ESD/gstudies.htm
Implications of the Food Crisis in the Arab World: Countries moving from self-reliance to self sufficiency
Pathways towards Food Security in the Arab World Resilient production systems Sustainable use of Coping with natural resources: Climate Change Enhancing WUE Implications Food Security & Better Livelihoods Improved Human resource technologies development Better employment Diversification opportunities Pro-poor policy and and access to markets institutional options Peace and social stability
Sources of increase in food production Agriculture intensification Increase 70 % in arable land 10% 20% Cropping intensity
Country Topology To increase food security in the developing world, two parameters are used to explore the trade off between production intensification and the potential for land expansion of rainfed cultivated area at the country level (Fischer and Shah, 2010) 1. Yield gap: the amount that actual yields, from either irrigated or rainfed areas, fall short of potential yields under optimum management; 2. Relative Land Availability: ratio of non-forested, non- cultivated suitable land area for rainfed production relative to what is actually cultivated.
Country Classification on based on Yield Gap and the Potential for Land Cultivation (Fischer and Shah, 2010) Type 1: Little land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 2: Suitable land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 3: Little land available for expansion, high yield gap Type 4: Suitable land available for expansion, high yield gap.
Yield Gaps and Relative Land Availability for Different Countries of the World Type 1 : Little land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 2 Suitable land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 3 Little land available for expansion, high yield gap Type 4 Suitable land available for expansion, high yield gap
Potential availability of land for rainfed cultivation in different regions (1000 ha)
Bridging Yield Gap: Sustainable Agricultural Intensification  Agricultural intensification would bridge the yield gap and is very important in all developing countries to enhance food Security.  However, it is a serious threat to the environment and natural resources (biodiversity, water, land, and soil) unless it is practiced in a sustainable manner particularly in dry areas……..  Thus, to bridge the yield gap the trend should and will be towards .…. Sustainable Agricultural Intensification of Production Systems and consequently towards Agricultural Modernization
Major Yield Gap Issues  Efficiency of Technology Transfer  Use of recommended: Sowing date, seed rate, fertilizer amount, rotation, use of proper farm machinery, disease and pest management practices  Proper targeting of Varieties / Production zones  Timely Availability of Inputs  Quality Seed  Fertilizers  Water  Government intervention and Policies: (Inputs and Marketing issues)
Bridging Yield Gap: S & T and Agricultural Modernization  Science –based technological change is the key force for causing agriculture to undergo a transition from traditional to modernizing condition to enhance Food Security;  We can not feed the Arab World with traditional agriculture;  However, the challenge in the dry areas in general and the Arab world in particular is how to produce more with less and adopt/adapt advances in science and technology.
Major Intervention Areas to Bridge Yield Gap, Enhancing Water and Agricultural Productivity towards Food Security Natural resource Crop & livestock management and genetic improvement inputs Integration at farm and field levels Socio-economic & policy, and institutional support
ICARDA’s Experience in the Application of S & T in Enhancing Food Security Under Water Scarcity
ICARDA as a CGIAR Center
ICARDA’s Research Programs Biodiversity and Crop Integrated Water Genetic Improvement and Land Management Sustainable Intensification Social, Economic of Production and Policy Research Systems
ICARDA’s geographic mandate
Enhancing Food Security in the Arab World Through Crop Genetic Improvement
ICARDA Gene Bank Holdings (up to 2010) Crop Accessions Barley 24,975 Wheat 34,227 Wild cereals 7,671 Food legumes 33,313 Wild Food legumes 857 Forage legumes 28,469 Forage and range spp. 5,744 Total 135,256 Mostly landraces and unique set of wild relatives
Geographic coverage of the conserved plant genetic resources at ICARDA # # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # #### # # # # # # ## # # # ## # ## ## # ## # # ## ## # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## #### # ## ##### # ### ## # # ## # # ###### # # #### # # # ### ### # ## # ## ## # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # ### # # # ## # ## # # # # ## ### ## # # ###### ## ## # # ## ## ## # # ## # # # # # ## # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # ## ### # ## ## ## # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # ### # # # ## # # # ## # # # ########### # ## # # # ## # # # # # ### # # ## ### # ### # # ## ## ## # # # # # # # ## ### # # ## # # ### #### ### # # # ### ## #### # # ## # # # # ## ## ## ###### ## ##### # # ###### # # ## ## # # # # ####### # ##### ## # ######## # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # # ## ####### ############ # ######### # ## ### ############# ### ## # # ###### # ### # ## ### # # # # ## #### ### # # ## ########## ############ # # ## #### ## #### # # # # ####### # ## 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# # # # # ## # # # # ## ## # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # # # # ## # # # # ## # ## # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ICARDA's holdings
Conventional Plant Breeding
Biotechnology Tools  Genomics  Marker Assisted Selection  Double Haploids  Embryo Rescue  Tissue Culture  DNA Fingerprinting  Genetic Engineering
Crop Improvement: Varieties Released using ICARDA Germplasm Worldwide, 1977 to 2010 1977 - 2010 Last 2 years Developing Industrialized All Crop Countries Countries Countries Barley 175 31 6 Durum Wheat 102 14 1 Bread Wheat 224 6 9 Chickpea 108 31 9 Faba Bean 51 6 1 Lentil 96 16 9 Forages 30 2 2 Peas 9 0 0 Sub-Total 761 120 Total 881 37 NET ESTIMATED BENEFIT = about US $850 m / year
Varieties Released  High yield potential  Agronomic traits: e.g. earliness, canopy architecture  Tolerance to abiotic stresses: - Drought - Heat - Cold - Salinity  Resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses - Diseases - Insect pests - Parasitic weeds
Distribution of cereal and food & forage legume Varieties Released international nurseries and germplasm
Example of the role of S & T in enhancing food security: Synthetic wheat, tolerance to excessive drought Parent Variety Yield % recurrent t/ha parent Cham 6*2/SW2 1.6 147 Cham 6*2/SW2 1.5 138 Cham-6 1.10 100 Attila-7 1.3 - Yield of “synthetic derivatives” compared to parents under drought stress. (Tel Hadya 2008 -- 211 mm)
Yields (kg/ha) of promising durum wheat genotypes under rainfed (RF) and supplemental irrigation (SI) 12000 Mean (kg/ha) 11 t/ha Max(kg/ha) 10000 8000 6/t/ha 6000 3.7t/ha 4000 2000 0 Rf (321 mm) Rf+SI (321+70 mm) RF (321 mm) RF+SI (321+70 mm) RF+SI (524+70mm) Fvrbl+SI (524+70 mm) RF = Rainfed; SI = Supplemental Irrigation
Wheat in Syria: Achieving Self Sufficiency 9 9 Area Needed Actual Area . Actual Production Precipitation Linear (Area Trend) Linear (Production Trend) 8 8 7 7 Production (million tons) Precipitation (mm) /100 Wheat area (million ha) 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0
Project Example: Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Increasing the Productivity of Wheat-Based Production System Goal Contribute to achieving food security and agricultural sector growth in the Arab Countries under the challenging scenarios of:  Climate change  Global economic crisis (food prices)  Increasing population
Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Project (cont’d) Project Financing Scheme:  Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD): US$ 2,000,000  Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED): US$ 2,000,000  Islamic Development Bank (IDB): US$ 1000,000  OPEC Fund International Development (OFID): US$ 150,000 Countries involved: (At this stage)  Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Syria, Sudan, Tunisia.  Algeria and Iraq (through OFID grant)  Other Arab Countries can be added at later stages (Yemen…) Duration of Phase:  Three years: 2011- 2013
Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Project (cont’d) Integration among different disciplines and partners  Scientists/Researchers  Farmers’ participation (planning, field days, farmers fields schools)  Extensions Staff  Policy Makers
Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries: Egypt, 2010 - 2011 season Average grain yield (ton/ha) of improved wheat cultivars in and out of demonstration plots Average of 91 farmers’ demonstrations in Sharkia governorate: Wheat productivity increase on the average: 1.20 t/ha or 18% with 25% saving in water consumption No. Cultivar Grain Yield (ton/ha) Increase In Out of ton/ha % demonstration demonstration 1 Sids 12 8.83 -- -- -- 2 Misr 2 8.71 -- -- -- 3 Misr 1 8.57 -- -- -- 4 Sakha 94 8.00 6.70 1.30 19.4 5 Gemmiza 9 7.98 6.98 1.00 14.3 6 Giza 168 7.87 6.67 1.20 18.0 7 Sakha 93 7.54 6.25 1.29 20.6 8 Gemmiza 10 -- 5.75 -- -- Mean 8.21 6.47 1.20 18.1
Large scale demonstration fields in irrigated conditions: at Kairouan, Tunisia, 2010-2011 Average grain yield (q/ha) of improved wheat cultivars 20% to 40% increase over farmers’ varieties Yield (tons/ha) 5.95 6.39 5.84 4.57
Large scale Wheat Demonstrations at El Bab, Syria 2010-2011 Effect of improved wheat varieties and supplemental irrigation on grain yield in El Bab, Syria: 10-20% in rainfed areas; 15-40 % in irrigated areas Rainfed (220 mm of rain) Variety Productivity (kg/ha) Increase over check Bohouth 4 1024 11% Cham 6 1128 22% Mean 1076 local check (Cham 8) 920 Rainfed (170 mm of rain) + one supplemental irrigation Variety Productivity (kg/ha) Increase over check Bohouth 4 1644 16% Cham 6 2005 41% Mean 1824 local check (Cham 8) 1420
New Winter Sowing Technology to boost Chickpea Yield in West Asia & North Africa Winter sown Traditional Spring sown
Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries through Plant protection & Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Resistance/Tolerance to Hessian Fly in Wheat: An Outcome of Morocco/ICARDA Collaboration Hessian Fly Resistant Variety Hessian fly causes economic damage in North Africa and North Kazakhstan Resistance lines
Breeding for Disease Resistance: Heavy yellow rust infestation in West Asia in 2010 50
Yellow Rust Resistance in Wheat Susceptible Resistant Susceptible Ready for multi-location testing and fast-track seed multiplication for distribution to affected countries
Enhancing Food Security in the Arab World Improving Crop Productivity
Water Research: Scales and drivers to conserve and optimize water productivity  At the basin level:  Competition among uses (Environ., Agric., Domestic.)  Conflicts between countries  Equity issues  At the national level:  Food security  Reduce imports  Socio-politics  At the farm level:  Maximizing economic return  Nutrition in subsistence farming  At the field level:  Maximizing WUE, productivity & income
Benchmark Sites for Integrated Water & Land Management Supported by AFESD, IFAD and OFID
Implementation in Three Agro-Ecologies Rainfed Areas Irrigated Areas Marginal Lands
Research Outputs & Technologies in Water Management Enhancing Crop productivity through better Water Management:  Changing Irrigation Systems (including pressured system) and Modifying Cropping Patterns;  Supplemental Irrigation (Systems and management);  Macro- and Micro-Water Catchments (Vallerani and other types);  Deficit Irrigation as a water management strategy for the water scarce areas;  Broad-bed planting system  Watershed management.
Enhancing Food Security in Arab Countries Integrated Crop/Rangelands/Livestock Production Systems in Marginal Lands
Integrated Approach for Small Ruminants Systems Research: Value Chain Socioeconomic environment • Function and products Policy • Gender aspects environment Natural Cropland • Collective actions Livestock Resource Rangeland Production • Policies & regulations Base Animal Genetic System • & animal health issues Organization of Resources farmers • Feed production and use • System productivity and Markets resilience from arable land • • Market • Ecology and productivity Efficient management, breeding and health opportunities of rangelands • • Consumer demands • Characterization and Efficiency of feeding system • sustainable use of genetic • Product quality (food safety) Value chain analysis resources • • Market integration • Effects of climate change Value addition
Small Ruminants System Research Goal: Improve food security and livelihoods through market-oriented small ruminant production and processing activities that generate income and employment Research Components:  Rangeland Ecology & Management  Forage Systems Research  Feeding Systems  Genetic Resources Characterization  Breeding programs  Value Addition  Market Research  Crop-Range-Livestock Integration
Development of Integrated Crop/Rangelands/Livestock Production Systems in Marginal Lands (IFAD/AFESD Project) Successful Technologies By-products - feed blocks On-farm feed production Flock management Barley production Cactus & fodder shrubs Natural pastures & rangeland management
Examples of Rangeland Improvement Multi-Purposes Pastoral Species Alley-Cropping Land Scarification Fodder Reserves Seed Germination & Establishment Biodiversity Conservation of Threatened Pastoral Species
Cactus Research: A Crop to Meet the Challenges of Climate Change in Dry Areas of the Arab World Multipurpose species: Fruit, Agri-food, Forage, Red dye, Cosmetic and Medicinal uses Agaves and cacti with their high biomass productivity and WUE should be considered for the terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in under-exploited arid and semi-arid regions. Opuntia ficus indica can generate a carbon sequestration of 20 T DM (equivalent to 30 T CO2/ha/year) under sub-optimal growing conditions… P.S. Nobel
Indigenous breeds of small ruminants are highly adaptable to changes in the environment
Characterization of Indigenous Breeds of Livestock: Adaptation of Sheep and Goat Breeds  ICARDA completed a series on sheep and goat breeds in characterization in West Asia and North Africa published in 2005; and Central Asia in 2008.  Describes production systems, breed phenotypic characteristics, traits and performance  Indicates threats to diversity in indigenous breeds of livestock (sheep and goats).
Successful Technologies in Farmers Fields  Feed blocks using crop residues and agro- industrial by-products  Improved rams  Early weaning  Improved barley cultivars  Rotations of barley with forage legumes
Value addition: Improved milking and yoghurt & cheese processing Steps in research:  Assess local knowledge and identify problems with researchable solution  Identify available technologies or develop suitable technology  Integrate the proposed solution with the local knowledge Example: Yoghurt processing in Syria Problem: High acidity and weak texture Solution:  Yogurt with high viscosity that does not collapse during transport  Market price was 5 Syrian Lira more per kg than the yogurt produced by farmers
Looking Ahead: CGIAR Research Program – CRP 1.1 Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas Lead by ICARDA
CRP 1.1: Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas  Two main target systems: • most vulnerable dryland systems (low rainfall areas) • systems with the greatest potential for impact (favorable conditions: high rainfall areas and irrigated areas)  Objectives: • Enhancing sustainable productivity growth and intensified production systems at the farm and landscape levels • More resilient dryland agro-ecosystems that can cope with climate variation and change • Less vulnerable and improved rural livelihoods • Agricultural innovations systems that improve the impact of research and development investments to improve food security and livelihoods.
CRP 1.1: Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas Partners in the Program - 9 CGIAR Centers: ICARDA, Bioversity International, CIAT, CIP, ICRAF, ICRISAT, ILRI, IWMI, WorldFish - Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program - National research programs from > 40 countries - Regional Associations: • AARINENA, APAARI, CACAARI, FARA, FORAGRO • ASARECA, CORAF/WECARD, CILSS/INSAH - The World Vegetable Center - CIRAD France; USDA/ARS:CISRO - FAO, IFAD
Target Regions, Benchmark Areas & Action Sites Target Regions Partners defined five Target Regions where dryland agriculture faces serious challenges (from west to east): • West African Sahel and dry savannas • East and Southern Africa • North Africa and West Asia ( including all Arab Countries) • Central Asia • South Asia Benchmark Areas, Action Sites and Satellite Sites Selected by CRP partners in the Regional Design Working Meeting (Nairobi, Kenya, June 2011) based on detailed mapping of target areas
CRP1.1 Target impacts Target impacts address the System Level Outcomes (SLOs) for agricultural research of the CGIAR Strategy and Research Framework (SRF), specifically: Reducing Rural Poverty; Increasing Food Security; Improving Nutrition and Health; Sustainable Management of Natural Resources. More specifically:  Higher more stable incomes; improved security of rural assets  Improved crop and livestock productivity; reduced variability in dryland systems productivity  Improved nutrition, especially amongst women and children  Environmental degradation reduced, and productive quality of environmental resources improved and maintained.
Conclusion: What can make the difference to enhance Arab Food Security?  Enabling policy environment and political support;  Investment in S & T and Research;  Investment in agricultural development  Sustainable intensification of production systems;  Extension & effective technology transfer mechanisms;  Capacity development & institutional support;  Innovative Partnership & Networking.
Thank You

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Session 2 mahmoud_solh_v2

  • 1.
    Food Secure ArabWorld: Enhancing Crop and Livestock Productivity through Science and Technology International Conference on Food Secure Arab World: A Road Map for Policy and Research IFPRI-ESCWA, Beirut Lebanon, 6-7 February 2012 Mahmoud El Solh, Ph.D. Director General International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) CGIAR
  • 2.
    Outline  Challenges facing enhancing food security in Arab countries/dry areas;  Sources of increase in food production;  Applications of science and technology to enhancing crop and livestock productivity towards Food Security;  Looking Ahead: CGIAR Research Program for Integrated and Sustainable Production Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas (CRP1.1);  Conclusion.
  • 3.
    Challenges Facing FoodSecurity in the Arab World
  • 4.
    Arab World: DrylandFragile Eco-systems  Physical water scarcity m -10 Decrease of the Souss  Rapid natural -20 aquifer level in Morocco resource -30 degradation and -40 desertification -50  Groundwater -60 depletion -70 -80  Drought 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006  Salinity  Climate change
  • 5.
    Implications of ClimateChange - Changes in precipitation and drought; - Extreme temperatures; - Changes in climatic zones; - Shorter growing season; - Emerging diseases and insect pests.
  • 6.
    Relative change ofmean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099 Relative change of mean annual precipitation 1980/1999 to 2080/2099, scenario A1b, average of 21 GCMs (compiled by GIS Unit ICARDA, based on partial maps in Christensen et al., 2007)
  • 7.
    Climate change affectsnot only food production ... ... it affects all four dimensions of food security Availability Loss in food production Direct natural resource degradation & More abiotic and biotic Stresses Access Infrastructure damage, asset losses Loss of income and employment opportunities Stability Increased livelihood risks, pressure on food prices Higher dependency on food imports and food aid Increased variability in abiotic and biotic stresses Source: FAO Policy Learning Programme Utilization Human health risks, nutrition Module 2: Specific Policy Issues – Climate Change Session 2.1
  • 8.
    Further Challenges toFood Security in the Developing Countries  Inadequate agricultural policies for sustainable agricultural development  Insufficient investment in agricultural research and development
  • 9.
    Politically volatile region: Importanceof economic and political stability
  • 10.
    The Food InsecurityTrap Interrelationships between key challenges in the Arab World Land degradation, water scarcity, loss of biodiversity Climate Change: Desperation leads to Drought, heat, over-exploitation of natural resources salinity Food Insecurity: poverty, hunger and malnutrition Insufficient Population growth institutional support Lack of employment opportunities Lack of Improved Migration technologies Socio-political upheavals CGIAR
  • 11.
    Dependency on foodimports in the Arab World * (Cereal Exports – Imports) / Food available for human consumption (kcal)
  • 12.
    The Arab Regionis the largest grain importer (2010 million metric tons) Global Trade Net cereal imports (in million MT), by region, 2010 Former Soviet Union +16.1 +91.2 +17.5 -58.8 North America Europe -65.8 Asia -18.0 Arab +6.3 Countries Ocenia Latin America and Sub-Saharan +18.6 the Caribbian Africa + Net Exports - Net Imports Sources: adapted from USDA 2011
  • 13.
    Arab Countries withHigh Cereal Import Dependency and Large Fiscal Deficits are Most Vulnerable at the Macro Level (2007 Fiscal Balances—percentage of GDP, 2005 Cereal Balances —metric) tons)* Source: Authors. Adapted from FAO, 2008b; IMF, 2008; World Bank, 2008b. Note: Cereal import dependency is measured by net cereal imports/total cereal consumption. * 2007 fiscal balances were drawn from the IMF. The most recent FAOSTAT data on cereal balances is for 2005.
  • 14.
    Food Insecurity inDeveloping Regions of the World Cereals imports of developing regions 1970-2030 Historical Development Projections 240 East Asia South Asia 190 million tonnes Near East/North Africa Latin America 140 S.S.Africa 90 40 -10 1970 1980 1990 2000 2015 2030 Source: FAO, 2002 World Agriculture: towards 2015/30, http://www.fao.org/es/ESD/gstudies.htm
  • 15.
    Implications of theFood Crisis in the Arab World: Countries moving from self-reliance to self sufficiency
  • 16.
    Pathways towards FoodSecurity in the Arab World Resilient production systems Sustainable use of Coping with natural resources: Climate Change Enhancing WUE Implications Food Security & Better Livelihoods Improved Human resource technologies development Better employment Diversification opportunities Pro-poor policy and and access to markets institutional options Peace and social stability
  • 17.
    Sources of increasein food production Agriculture intensification Increase 70 % in arable land 10% 20% Cropping intensity
  • 18.
    Country Topology To increasefood security in the developing world, two parameters are used to explore the trade off between production intensification and the potential for land expansion of rainfed cultivated area at the country level (Fischer and Shah, 2010) 1. Yield gap: the amount that actual yields, from either irrigated or rainfed areas, fall short of potential yields under optimum management; 2. Relative Land Availability: ratio of non-forested, non- cultivated suitable land area for rainfed production relative to what is actually cultivated.
  • 19.
    Country Classification onbased on Yield Gap and the Potential for Land Cultivation (Fischer and Shah, 2010) Type 1: Little land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 2: Suitable land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 3: Little land available for expansion, high yield gap Type 4: Suitable land available for expansion, high yield gap.
  • 20.
    Yield Gaps andRelative Land Availability for Different Countries of the World Type 1 : Little land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 2 Suitable land available for expansion, low yield gap Type 3 Little land available for expansion, high yield gap Type 4 Suitable land available for expansion, high yield gap
  • 21.
    Potential availability ofland for rainfed cultivation in different regions (1000 ha)
  • 22.
    Bridging Yield Gap: Sustainable Agricultural Intensification  Agricultural intensification would bridge the yield gap and is very important in all developing countries to enhance food Security.  However, it is a serious threat to the environment and natural resources (biodiversity, water, land, and soil) unless it is practiced in a sustainable manner particularly in dry areas……..  Thus, to bridge the yield gap the trend should and will be towards .…. Sustainable Agricultural Intensification of Production Systems and consequently towards Agricultural Modernization
  • 23.
    Major Yield GapIssues  Efficiency of Technology Transfer  Use of recommended: Sowing date, seed rate, fertilizer amount, rotation, use of proper farm machinery, disease and pest management practices  Proper targeting of Varieties / Production zones  Timely Availability of Inputs  Quality Seed  Fertilizers  Water  Government intervention and Policies: (Inputs and Marketing issues)
  • 24.
    Bridging Yield Gap: S & T and Agricultural Modernization  Science –based technological change is the key force for causing agriculture to undergo a transition from traditional to modernizing condition to enhance Food Security;  We can not feed the Arab World with traditional agriculture;  However, the challenge in the dry areas in general and the Arab world in particular is how to produce more with less and adopt/adapt advances in science and technology.
  • 25.
    Major Intervention Areasto Bridge Yield Gap, Enhancing Water and Agricultural Productivity towards Food Security Natural resource Crop & livestock management and genetic improvement inputs Integration at farm and field levels Socio-economic & policy, and institutional support
  • 26.
    ICARDA’s Experience inthe Application of S & T in Enhancing Food Security Under Water Scarcity
  • 27.
    ICARDA as aCGIAR Center
  • 28.
    ICARDA’s Research Programs Biodiversityand Crop Integrated Water Genetic Improvement and Land Management Sustainable Intensification Social, Economic of Production and Policy Research Systems
  • 29.
  • 30.
    Enhancing Food Securityin the Arab World Through Crop Genetic Improvement
  • 31.
    ICARDA Gene BankHoldings (up to 2010) Crop Accessions Barley 24,975 Wheat 34,227 Wild cereals 7,671 Food legumes 33,313 Wild Food legumes 857 Forage legumes 28,469 Forage and range spp. 5,744 Total 135,256 Mostly landraces and unique set of wild relatives
  • 32.
    Geographic coverage ofthe conserved plant genetic resources at ICARDA # # ## # # # # ## # # # # # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # ## # # # #### # # # # # # ## # # # ## # ## ## # ## # # ## ## # # # # ## # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # ## #### # ## ##### # ### ## # # ## # # ###### # # #### # # # ### ### # ## # ## ## # # # # ## # # # ## # # # # # ### # # # ## # ## # # # # ## ### ## # # ###### ## ## # # ## ## ## # # ## # # # # # ## # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # ## ### # ## ## ## # # # # ### # # # # # # # # # ### # # # ## # # # ## # # # ########### # ## # # # ## # # # # # ### # # ## ### # ### # # ## ## ## # # # # # # # ## ### # # ## # # ### #### ### # # # ### ## #### # # ## # # # # ## ## ## ###### ## ##### # # ###### # # ## ## # # # # ####### # ##### ## # ######## # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # # ## ####### ############ # ######### # ## ### ############# ### ## # # ###### # ### # ## ### # # # # ## #### ### # # ## ########## ############ # # ## #### ## #### # # # # ####### # ## 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# # # # # ## # # # # ## ## # # # # ## # # # # # # ## # ## # ## # ## # ## # # # # ## # # # # ## # ## # # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # ICARDA's holdings
  • 33.
  • 34.
    Biotechnology Tools  Genomics Marker Assisted Selection  Double Haploids  Embryo Rescue  Tissue Culture  DNA Fingerprinting  Genetic Engineering
  • 35.
    Crop Improvement: VarietiesReleased using ICARDA Germplasm Worldwide, 1977 to 2010 1977 - 2010 Last 2 years Developing Industrialized All Crop Countries Countries Countries Barley 175 31 6 Durum Wheat 102 14 1 Bread Wheat 224 6 9 Chickpea 108 31 9 Faba Bean 51 6 1 Lentil 96 16 9 Forages 30 2 2 Peas 9 0 0 Sub-Total 761 120 Total 881 37 NET ESTIMATED BENEFIT = about US $850 m / year
  • 36.
    Varieties Released  Highyield potential  Agronomic traits: e.g. earliness, canopy architecture  Tolerance to abiotic stresses: - Drought - Heat - Cold - Salinity  Resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses - Diseases - Insect pests - Parasitic weeds
  • 37.
    Distribution of cerealand food & forage legume Varieties Released international nurseries and germplasm
  • 38.
    Example of therole of S & T in enhancing food security: Synthetic wheat, tolerance to excessive drought Parent Variety Yield % recurrent t/ha parent Cham 6*2/SW2 1.6 147 Cham 6*2/SW2 1.5 138 Cham-6 1.10 100 Attila-7 1.3 - Yield of “synthetic derivatives” compared to parents under drought stress. (Tel Hadya 2008 -- 211 mm)
  • 39.
    Yields (kg/ha) ofpromising durum wheat genotypes under rainfed (RF) and supplemental irrigation (SI) 12000 Mean (kg/ha) 11 t/ha Max(kg/ha) 10000 8000 6/t/ha 6000 3.7t/ha 4000 2000 0 Rf (321 mm) Rf+SI (321+70 mm) RF (321 mm) RF+SI (321+70 mm) RF+SI (524+70mm) Fvrbl+SI (524+70 mm) RF = Rainfed; SI = Supplemental Irrigation
  • 40.
    Wheat in Syria:Achieving Self Sufficiency 9 9 Area Needed Actual Area . Actual Production Precipitation Linear (Area Trend) Linear (Production Trend) 8 8 7 7 Production (million tons) Precipitation (mm) /100 Wheat area (million ha) 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0
  • 41.
    Project Example: EnhancingFood Security in Arab Countries Increasing the Productivity of Wheat-Based Production System Goal Contribute to achieving food security and agricultural sector growth in the Arab Countries under the challenging scenarios of:  Climate change  Global economic crisis (food prices)  Increasing population
  • 42.
    Enhancing Food Securityin Arab Countries Project (cont’d) Project Financing Scheme:  Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD): US$ 2,000,000  Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED): US$ 2,000,000  Islamic Development Bank (IDB): US$ 1000,000  OPEC Fund International Development (OFID): US$ 150,000 Countries involved: (At this stage)  Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Syria, Sudan, Tunisia.  Algeria and Iraq (through OFID grant)  Other Arab Countries can be added at later stages (Yemen…) Duration of Phase:  Three years: 2011- 2013
  • 43.
    Enhancing Food Securityin Arab Countries Project (cont’d) Integration among different disciplines and partners  Scientists/Researchers  Farmers’ participation (planning, field days, farmers fields schools)  Extensions Staff  Policy Makers
  • 44.
    Enhancing Food Securityin Arab Countries: Egypt, 2010 - 2011 season Average grain yield (ton/ha) of improved wheat cultivars in and out of demonstration plots Average of 91 farmers’ demonstrations in Sharkia governorate: Wheat productivity increase on the average: 1.20 t/ha or 18% with 25% saving in water consumption No. Cultivar Grain Yield (ton/ha) Increase In Out of ton/ha % demonstration demonstration 1 Sids 12 8.83 -- -- -- 2 Misr 2 8.71 -- -- -- 3 Misr 1 8.57 -- -- -- 4 Sakha 94 8.00 6.70 1.30 19.4 5 Gemmiza 9 7.98 6.98 1.00 14.3 6 Giza 168 7.87 6.67 1.20 18.0 7 Sakha 93 7.54 6.25 1.29 20.6 8 Gemmiza 10 -- 5.75 -- -- Mean 8.21 6.47 1.20 18.1
  • 45.
    Large scale demonstrationfields in irrigated conditions: at Kairouan, Tunisia, 2010-2011 Average grain yield (q/ha) of improved wheat cultivars 20% to 40% increase over farmers’ varieties Yield (tons/ha) 5.95 6.39 5.84 4.57
  • 46.
    Large scale WheatDemonstrations at El Bab, Syria 2010-2011 Effect of improved wheat varieties and supplemental irrigation on grain yield in El Bab, Syria: 10-20% in rainfed areas; 15-40 % in irrigated areas Rainfed (220 mm of rain) Variety Productivity (kg/ha) Increase over check Bohouth 4 1024 11% Cham 6 1128 22% Mean 1076 local check (Cham 8) 920 Rainfed (170 mm of rain) + one supplemental irrigation Variety Productivity (kg/ha) Increase over check Bohouth 4 1644 16% Cham 6 2005 41% Mean 1824 local check (Cham 8) 1420
  • 47.
    New Winter SowingTechnology to boost Chickpea Yield in West Asia & North Africa Winter sown Traditional Spring sown
  • 48.
    Enhancing Food Securityin Arab Countries through Plant protection & Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
  • 49.
    Resistance/Tolerance to HessianFly in Wheat: An Outcome of Morocco/ICARDA Collaboration Hessian Fly Resistant Variety Hessian fly causes economic damage in North Africa and North Kazakhstan Resistance lines
  • 50.
    Breeding for DiseaseResistance: Heavy yellow rust infestation in West Asia in 2010 50
  • 51.
    Yellow Rust Resistancein Wheat Susceptible Resistant Susceptible Ready for multi-location testing and fast-track seed multiplication for distribution to affected countries
  • 52.
    Enhancing Food Securityin the Arab World Improving Crop Productivity
  • 53.
    Water Research: Scalesand drivers to conserve and optimize water productivity  At the basin level:  Competition among uses (Environ., Agric., Domestic.)  Conflicts between countries  Equity issues  At the national level:  Food security  Reduce imports  Socio-politics  At the farm level:  Maximizing economic return  Nutrition in subsistence farming  At the field level:  Maximizing WUE, productivity & income
  • 54.
    Benchmark Sites for Integrated Water & Land Management Supported by AFESD, IFAD and OFID
  • 55.
    Implementation in ThreeAgro-Ecologies Rainfed Areas Irrigated Areas Marginal Lands
  • 56.
    Research Outputs &Technologies in Water Management Enhancing Crop productivity through better Water Management:  Changing Irrigation Systems (including pressured system) and Modifying Cropping Patterns;  Supplemental Irrigation (Systems and management);  Macro- and Micro-Water Catchments (Vallerani and other types);  Deficit Irrigation as a water management strategy for the water scarce areas;  Broad-bed planting system  Watershed management.
  • 57.
    Enhancing Food Securityin Arab Countries Integrated Crop/Rangelands/Livestock Production Systems in Marginal Lands
  • 58.
    Integrated Approach forSmall Ruminants Systems Research: Value Chain Socioeconomic environment • Function and products Policy • Gender aspects environment Natural Cropland • Collective actions Livestock Resource Rangeland Production • Policies & regulations Base Animal Genetic System • & animal health issues Organization of Resources farmers • Feed production and use • System productivity and Markets resilience from arable land • • Market • Ecology and productivity Efficient management, breeding and health opportunities of rangelands • • Consumer demands • Characterization and Efficiency of feeding system • sustainable use of genetic • Product quality (food safety) Value chain analysis resources • • Market integration • Effects of climate change Value addition
  • 59.
    Small Ruminants SystemResearch Goal: Improve food security and livelihoods through market-oriented small ruminant production and processing activities that generate income and employment Research Components:  Rangeland Ecology & Management  Forage Systems Research  Feeding Systems  Genetic Resources Characterization  Breeding programs  Value Addition  Market Research  Crop-Range-Livestock Integration
  • 60.
    Development of IntegratedCrop/Rangelands/Livestock Production Systems in Marginal Lands (IFAD/AFESD Project) Successful Technologies By-products - feed blocks On-farm feed production Flock management Barley production Cactus & fodder shrubs Natural pastures & rangeland management
  • 61.
    Examples of RangelandImprovement Multi-Purposes Pastoral Species Alley-Cropping Land Scarification Fodder Reserves Seed Germination & Establishment Biodiversity Conservation of Threatened Pastoral Species
  • 62.
    Cactus Research: ACrop to Meet the Challenges of Climate Change in Dry Areas of the Arab World Multipurpose species: Fruit, Agri-food, Forage, Red dye, Cosmetic and Medicinal uses Agaves and cacti with their high biomass productivity and WUE should be considered for the terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in under-exploited arid and semi-arid regions. Opuntia ficus indica can generate a carbon sequestration of 20 T DM (equivalent to 30 T CO2/ha/year) under sub-optimal growing conditions… P.S. Nobel
  • 63.
    Indigenous breeds of small ruminants are highly adaptable to changes in the environment
  • 64.
    Characterization of IndigenousBreeds of Livestock: Adaptation of Sheep and Goat Breeds  ICARDA completed a series on sheep and goat breeds in characterization in West Asia and North Africa published in 2005; and Central Asia in 2008.  Describes production systems, breed phenotypic characteristics, traits and performance  Indicates threats to diversity in indigenous breeds of livestock (sheep and goats).
  • 65.
    Successful Technologies inFarmers Fields  Feed blocks using crop residues and agro- industrial by-products  Improved rams  Early weaning  Improved barley cultivars  Rotations of barley with forage legumes
  • 66.
    Value addition: Improved milking and yoghurt & cheese processing Steps in research:  Assess local knowledge and identify problems with researchable solution  Identify available technologies or develop suitable technology  Integrate the proposed solution with the local knowledge Example: Yoghurt processing in Syria Problem: High acidity and weak texture Solution:  Yogurt with high viscosity that does not collapse during transport  Market price was 5 Syrian Lira more per kg than the yogurt produced by farmers
  • 67.
    Looking Ahead: CGIARResearch Program – CRP 1.1 Integrated and Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas Lead by ICARDA
  • 68.
    CRP 1.1: Integratedand Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas  Two main target systems: • most vulnerable dryland systems (low rainfall areas) • systems with the greatest potential for impact (favorable conditions: high rainfall areas and irrigated areas)  Objectives: • Enhancing sustainable productivity growth and intensified production systems at the farm and landscape levels • More resilient dryland agro-ecosystems that can cope with climate variation and change • Less vulnerable and improved rural livelihoods • Agricultural innovations systems that improve the impact of research and development investments to improve food security and livelihoods.
  • 69.
    CRP 1.1: Integratedand Sustainable Agricultural Systems for Improved Food Security and Livelihoods in Dry Areas Partners in the Program - 9 CGIAR Centers: ICARDA, Bioversity International, CIAT, CIP, ICRAF, ICRISAT, ILRI, IWMI, WorldFish - Sub-Saharan Africa Challenge Program - National research programs from > 40 countries - Regional Associations: • AARINENA, APAARI, CACAARI, FARA, FORAGRO • ASARECA, CORAF/WECARD, CILSS/INSAH - The World Vegetable Center - CIRAD France; USDA/ARS:CISRO - FAO, IFAD
  • 70.
    Target Regions, BenchmarkAreas & Action Sites Target Regions Partners defined five Target Regions where dryland agriculture faces serious challenges (from west to east): • West African Sahel and dry savannas • East and Southern Africa • North Africa and West Asia ( including all Arab Countries) • Central Asia • South Asia Benchmark Areas, Action Sites and Satellite Sites Selected by CRP partners in the Regional Design Working Meeting (Nairobi, Kenya, June 2011) based on detailed mapping of target areas
  • 71.
    CRP1.1 Target impacts Targetimpacts address the System Level Outcomes (SLOs) for agricultural research of the CGIAR Strategy and Research Framework (SRF), specifically: Reducing Rural Poverty; Increasing Food Security; Improving Nutrition and Health; Sustainable Management of Natural Resources. More specifically:  Higher more stable incomes; improved security of rural assets  Improved crop and livestock productivity; reduced variability in dryland systems productivity  Improved nutrition, especially amongst women and children  Environmental degradation reduced, and productive quality of environmental resources improved and maintained.
  • 72.
    Conclusion: What canmake the difference to enhance Arab Food Security?  Enabling policy environment and political support;  Investment in S & T and Research;  Investment in agricultural development  Sustainable intensification of production systems;  Extension & effective technology transfer mechanisms;  Capacity development & institutional support;  Innovative Partnership & Networking.
  • 73.