Sesi 2 sejarah pariwisata

DEDY WIJAYANTO
3/17/2020 DEDY WIJAYANTO 1

Tujuan Pembelajaran
• Early beginning (Asal-usul pariwisata)
• Early (and later) tourist attractions (Asal mula atraksi
wisata)
• The first travel agent (Agen perjalanan pertama)
• Early transportation (Asal mula transportasi)
• Accommodation (Akomodasi)
• Past, present and future trends in the travel industry
(Trend industri pariwisata: dulu, kini dan masa depan)

1. The Five Ages of Tourism
• The historical development of tourism has
been divided into five distinct ages or
periods:
– Pre-Industrial (prior to 1840)
– The railway age
– The automobile age
– The jet aircraft age
– The Cruise ship age

History of Tourism
• In the olden days there was already some travel, but the
volume was very small and entirely was purposeful (for
serious purposes: war, trade and pilgrimage) - Muslims to
Mecca and Christians to Jerusalem or Rome
• Travel for recreation is a recent invention
• In the medieval period (about 1000 AD to 1400 AD) most
population lived in agricultural communities; they were static
– rarely moved from their dwelling places

History of Tourism
• At that time, all human activity focused upon day-to-day
survival. People traveled to search for basic needs, like food,
water and shelter. Most of the time this meant difficult and
dangerous travel for the whole families or communities.
• People traveled by foot over paths, forests, fields. When they
discovered one new place, they developed foot paths, and
this made the place opened for others to come.

History of Tourism
• The Greeks first used horses to pull chariots round 1,700 BC.
• Related to the increasing of travel for trade, coins are
invented by people of Lydia in 680 BC.
• The Phoenicians, the first merchant sailors, built a ship to
carry their traders across the Mediterranean Sea.
• People visited shrines, burial grounds, sacred locations and
attractive places.

History of Tourism
• In the 18th century, with the beginning of the
industrial revolution, when industry started to
develop rapidly, the rich elite class alone enjoyed
travel and leisure, while the workers always stayed
with their works.
• As industrialization got underway and population
and wealth grew, tourism expanded. It was
stimulated by leisure time, money and interest
(the principal determinants of demand for leisure
travel)

History of Tourism
• The further tourism development was greatly
influenced by the improvements in transport which
ensured cheap and safe travel and reduction in
journey time.

Early Beginnings
• The invention of money (facilitating business transactions),
and the wheel by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia, Babylonia)
as well as the cruise conducted from Egypt and the concept
of guide created by the Egyptians, all occurred about 5000
years ago, mark the beginning of documented travel
beginnings.

Early Tourist Attractions
• Since the ancient times, sightseeing has always been
the major activity in tourism.
• Tourists in those times traveled by land or by sea to
far-away places to enjoy tourist attractions, which
mostly constitute temples and monuments which now,
a few of them, are listed as the great wonders of the
world

• The pyramids (the burial tombs) in Egypt were the
earliest outdoor great wonder in the world. They were
built by pharaohs beginning in 2700 BC, by using the
abundant stone in the Nile.

• The other wonders of the ancient world include:
– The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (now Iraq)
– The Tomb of Mausolus of Halicarnus (now
Turkey)
– The Statue of Zeus at Olympia in Greece
– The Colossus of Rhodesian in the Rhodes
Island, Greece
– The Great Lighthouse (Pharos) in Alexandria,
Egypt
– The Temple of Artemis (Temple of Diana at
Ephesus in Greece) – (now Turkey)

Games
• Beginning in 776 BC, citizens of the countries of the
Mediterranian Sea come together every 4 years to the
Olympic Games in Athens to honor Zeus through athetic
competition.
• Besides the Olympic Games there were other great
festivals such as Pythian Games, Isthmian Games and
Nemean Games.

Spas, Baths, Seaside Resorts
• Spas were first created by the Romans
• In the 18th century spas were much frequented by
members of high society.
• They were designed not only for their creative aspects but
also for social events.
• Spas were designed and organized to be not only as health
centers but also as social resorts where the rich enjoyed
entertainments, games, dancing and gambling.

Spas, Baths, Seaside Resorts
• Sea bathing were also popular. Visitors to these sea
resorts were still limited to those with considerable
means.
• They visited the sea resorts for their therapeutic
value. Besides sea resorts they also visited places
where mineral springs were known to exist.

Early Transportation
Early Roads
• In Persia (now Iran) first road were constructed
between 500 and 400 BC, to connect cities and
provinces to the capital. One of the roads was 1,500
miles long.
• In India well developed roads were constructed in
300 BC.
• The Romans started building elaborate roads in 150
BC, The Romans Roads comprised a network of
50,000 miles, extending from Scotland and Germany
in the north to Egypt and other countries along the
southern shores of the Mediterranian Sea.
• Julius Caesar travelled from Rhone in Germany to
Rome in eight days, while Tiberius travelled from
Tichinum to Drunus (about 200 miles) in 24 hours.

Early Roads
• The early roads were mainly used by the military,
government officials and caravans (merchants and
pilgrims).
• Later, roads were also used by tourists who journeyed
to see temples and monuments, like pyramids in
Egypt, and other tourist attractions.
• Wealthy citizens could travel over the roads by chariot,
even accompanied by a tour guide, called a vetturino,
who organized transportation, arranged for wayside
lodging and meals, and protected his clients from
bandits. (Foster, 1994 : 8)3/17/2020 DEDY WIJAYANTO 17

Early Roads
• In the latter years, the road system completed by
inns, stables for animals, and crude maps or
itineraries. Travel at that time was on foot, on
horseback, in carriages of varios types, or in a litter
– a covered or curtained couch carried by slaves or
servants.

• After the fall of Roman Empire between A.D 400 and A.D. 500 to
about A.D. 1000, the safety, services and comforts of travel
disappeared. During the middle ages, violence, disease were
widespread in Europe. This situation gave rise of epidemics in every
level of communities. Food supplies could no longer be produced to
support the inhabitants. In a desparate effort to survive, European
rulers turned their attention to the seas. Marco Polo and
Christophorus Columbus are two of the examples.
• During this time, the new ruler of Roman did not continue to develop
leisure activities. The Roman Catholic Church became a central force
of Europe. One type of traveling that was still exist at that time was
pilgrimages, which visited ‘holy’ or religious places / artifacts.
Early Travel

Early Travel
• The Renaissance was the enlightenment after the middle – dark –
ages. It was started from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century.
The Grand Tour of Europe emerged as a pattern of upper-class travel.
During the early years, this tour lasted as long as 40 months because
of the extensive amount of study involved.
• The young and rich people study abroad to learn new language or
particular type of literature. But at the end, the trip lasted for only
four months, more for pleasure than for an extended educational tour.
In this era, the people already used lodging and transportation
services.

Early Ships and Water Excursion
• The Phoenicians (Phoenix, now Lebanon) were the first
creators of the maritime power. They built ships and in
800 BC they had already built a network of trading posts
around the Mediterranean.
• They acted as middlemen for their neighbours, purveying
raw materials and finished goods from/ to Egypt, Nubia,
Sardinia, Sicily, the East and their homeland.

Early Ships and Water Excursion
• The Greeks followed the Phoenicians in becoming great sea
traders. They improved ships, accellerating the Mediterranean
trade and carrying passengers.
• With the invention of steamboats in the early 19th century,
steamboat excursions were established.
• By 1815 steamboats were playing the Avons and the Thames
carrying passengers on excursion trips from London.

Rail Travel
• Railways were first built in England in 1825 and began carrying
passengers from Liverpool to Manchester in 1830.
• The fare was only 1 penny per mile (=1.6 km) and the speed
was 18 miles (=29 km) per hour. It is cheaper and faster than
the stagecoach, therefore rail travel created a great demand.
• It was quickly and widely excepted even by those with low
income.

Rail Travel
• Railways expanded rapidly in Britain, in the rest of
Europe and in North America. Between 1826 and
1840 the first railroads were built in the United States.
• In 1841 Thomas Cook introduced the first railway
excursion trips in England.

Automobile and Motorcoach Travel
• In 1908 Henry Ford, US automobile manufacturer,
introduced his famous model T, marking the entry of
automobiles into the travel scene.
• It revolutionized travel in the country, creating a demand
for better roads. Shortly, it achieved dominance in the
travel industry. It is now the mode of travel for about 80%
of all trips.

Air Travel
• Airplane’s first flight took place in 1903 at Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina, US (by the Wright Brothers)
• Nearly 16 years later regular scheduled air service
began in Germany, conducted by the German airline,
now known as Deutsche Lufthansa, one of the major
international airlines.

Air Travel
• In the US, the first airplane’s regular flight was made by
Varner Airlines in 1926. Eleven days later Western Airlines
began service.
• Later, Varner merged with 3 other airlines to form United
Airlines. All these lines only provided scheduled airmail
services.
• At first, only one passenger was allowed to be carried in
addition to the mail, if the weight limitations permitted.

Air Travel
• The first international mail route was flown by Pan
American Airways from Florida to Havana in October
28, 1927.
• The trip took 1 hour 10 minutes,
• Pan Am flew the first passengers on the same route
one year later; the fair was $50 each way.
Arial

The First Travel Agents
• Using the word “tourism”, “tour” in English Dictionary in 1811.
• In 1822, Robert Smart of Bristol, England announced himself as the
first steamship agent. He book passengers on steamers to various
parts along Bristol Channel and to Dublin, Ireland.
• In 1841, Thomas Cook introduced the first package tours (train
excursion) from Leicester to Loughborough (England). He is
recognized as the first railway excurtion agent.
• Cook’s company grew rapidly; it provided escorted tours to the
Continent and later to the US and around the world.
• In 1873, he introduced circular notes, an early form of traveler’s
check.

The First Travel Agents
• Cook pioneered the supply of the “whole travel package”, covering
transport, accommodation and activity at a desired destination.
• He was the agent of principle suppliers of transport, accommodation
and attractions.
• He offered packaged group tours as well as individual inclusive tours.
• He published tour guidebooks that were highly valued.
• Thomas Cook continues to be one of the world’s largest travel
organizations.

The Early Days’ Accommodation
• By 2000 BC there were already inns and taverns in the
Middle East and the Orient (South East Asia, Central Asia).
• A considerable amount of trade had developed among
people in these regions.
• Many of them earned their living from trade.
• On their long distance business trips they needed places to
rest, eat and stay.

• In the 1800s in the US, many city residents who could not afford
private homes lived in hotels that were located near the places
where they worked or had businesses.
• Many hotels were occupied by permanent residents. They were no
apartments as we know them today.
• In those days, hotels were the finest and most splendid structure in
the cities. In big cities hotels featured such amenities as
barbershops, libraries, billiard rooms, hair salons, ticket offices,
florists, massage and even 24-hour dining service.

• The first literature in tourism business, “Guide du Hotels to France”,
by Michelui (1900) and “Guide to Hotels” by Automobile Association”
in England.
• Hotels became social centers, the setting for banquets, dances and
political events. They were, hence, dubbed “Palace of the Public”.
They became self-sufficient cities within cities.
• The first truly grand luxurious hotel in America was the Tremond
Hotel in Boston. It was opened in October 1829. It was the first hotel
to have: bellboys, front desk clerks, carpeted lobby and restaurant,
inside toilets, and washbowls and pitcher in rooms.
• It was 3 stories high and had 170 guest rooms.

• In Europe, hotels developed faster. Luxury hotels were found more in
Europe than in the US during the 19th century.
• There were Grand Hotel in Rome, the Ritz in Paris and the Savoy in London.
• In the US the first luxury hotel was Waldorf in New York City, built by the
end of the 19th century. It design and amenities copied those of the
European hotels.
• In the early 20th century a typical luxury hotel offered amenities such as
steam heat, electric call bells and bath and closet on every floor.
• In 1934, the Statler Hotel in Detroit had central air-conditioning for every
public room.

MODERN TOURISM
• The modern era started after the year 1919. World wars (I and II)
gave experience to the people to live in peace together in this
world, and the needs to know more about another nations. This
happened after American gave aid to Europe by “Marshal Plan”
Program after the war.
• In tourism, this situation was indicated by the use of the
automobile, ships and the airplane facilities for private traveling
after first world war (1914-1918). In this situation, modern mass
tourism had started.
• With the increasing of people traveled to other countries,
tourism started to be seriously developed. The first international
tourism organization named World Tourism Organization (WTO)
was formed in Paris in the year 1924.

MODERN TOURISM
Some characteristics in this era :
• The role of railway decreased. In the year of 1914, after the
Railway Company in English bankrupted, it was transferred as
government company. Some policies established at that time,
like the reduction of the non profit railroad lane, modernized
the technology using diesel fuel.
• Increasing in automobile and airplane as a transport facilities
for using in short to middle trip. It was proofed, that these
modes gave more fast, comfort and ease.

Cruise Ships
• The cruise market has increased dramatically in recent years
• About 9 million Americans cruise each year
• Rates vary from about $95–$850 per person per day
• Carnival Cruise Lines is the most financially successful—
netting about 20% of sales

INDONESIA’S TOURISM HISTORY
Tourism in Indonesia has started since colonial
domination of Dutch and Japanese up until now
after independence day of Indonesia.
A.Dutch Colonialization
Tourism activities already existed since 1910-1912 by the
formation of VTV (Vereeniging Touristen Verkeer). It was
an official tourist bureau, acted also as a tour operator
and travel agent.
As long as the increasing of travel trade to Europe, in the
year of 1926, one travel agent errected in Batavia, which
gave travel services, named Lissone Lindeman.

Some cities that had hotels :
Surabaya : Sarkies Hotel, Oranye Hotel
Batavia : Des Indes, der Nederlanden Hotel, Royal
Hotel, Rijswijk Hotel.
Semarang : du Pavilion Hotel.
Medan : de Boer Hotel and Astoria Hotel.
Makassar: Grand Hotel and Staat Hotel.
In the year 1927, transportation facilities that was available are air planes, ships,
and trains. Most of them effective in Java Island only. Promotion in this era
already existed,
like VTV published guide books to many places
in Indonesia for travel user.

Japan Colonization
All the tourism activities has stopped during the war in Japan
Colonization. Many of the infrastructure, like roads and bridges were
destructed because of the bomb. Hotels changed to be hospitals,
dormitories or the residences of the Japan officers.
After Independence Day
After the independence day of Indonesia, government started to form
an institution which arranged tourism matters. It was HONET (Hotel
National & Tourism) in 1949.

• Panitya Inter-Departmental Urusan Tourisme (1952) that
make efforts to open Indonesia as tourist destination point.
• Serikat Gabungan Hotel dan Tourisme Indonesia
(SERGAHTI) in 1953.
• PT. Natour Ltd. (National Hotels & Tourism Corp.), 1955.
• Yayasan Tourisme Indonesia, 1955
• Akademi Industri Pariwisata dan Akademi Perhotelan di
Bandung, since 1962.
• Lembaga Pariwisata Republik Indonesia (GATARI) in 1966,
while in 1969 it was changed to be Direktorat Jenderal
Pariwisata.

ORGANIZATION FORM IN HOSPITALIYT AND
TOURISM INDUSTRY
1. Suppliers : Lodging, Restaurant & Food Service,
Cruise Line, Car rental, Attraction & Events
2. Carriers : Airlines, Ferry Services, Kereta Api
3. Perantara Tourism Trade : Retail Travel Agents,
Tour Wholesalers & operators, Corporate Travel
Departements, Incentive Travel Planners,
Meeting/Convention Planners.
4. Destination Marketing Organization ( DMO )

ISTILAH DAN TERMINOLOGI
1. Appetizer, makanan pembuka yang berfungsi sebagai pembangkit selera makan,
mempunyai ciri khas rasa asam atau asin. menstimulasikan asam lambung hingga
timbul lapar dan nafsu makan.
2. Aperitif, minuman pembuka yang berfungsi sebagai pembangkit selera makan,
mempunyai ciri rasa asam, pahit atau agak manis. Yang termasuk dalam minuman
aperitif antara lain Campari, amer, picon, fernet, cubonet, port, sherry dan
vermouth.
3. Main Course, adalah hidangan utama yang isinya selalu berupa karbohidrat (nasi,
jagung, kentang dan Iain-lain), daging (ayam, sapi, kambing dan Iain-lain) dan
sayuran.
4. Dessert, hidangan penutup yang mempunyai ciri khas rasa manis.
5. Wine List, adalah daftar minuman yang berisi wine dan champagne.
6. Drink List, daftar minuman yang tidak hanya berisi wine, tetapi juga soft drink,
beer, cocktail dan minuman campuran lainnya.
7. Mocktails, campuran minuman yang terdiri dari dua jenis atau lebih yang
menyerupai cocktail tetapi tidak mengandung alkohol.

ISTILAH DAN TERMINOLOGI(cont)
8. Cocktails, campuran dua atau lebih minuman beralkohol.
9. Liquor, minuman berkadar alkohol lebih atau sama dengan 40% dan
mempunyai aroma khas dan tidak berciri rasa manis. Contoh whisky, vodka,
rum, gin dan brandy.
10. Liqueur, minuman berkadar alkohol lebih atau sama dengan 40% dan
mempunyai ciri khas rasa manis, contoh creme de menthe, pernod, kahlua,
drumbuie.
11. Straight, minuman beralkohol yang diminum langsung tanpa campuran apapun.
12. On The Rock, minuman beralkohol yang diminum dengan es batu.
13. Long Drink, campuran dua atau lebih minuman beralkohol, kemudian dicampur
lagi dengan juice atau soft drink.
14. Expresso, kopi kental dan pahit, biasanya dua kali takaran kopi biasa.
15. Americano, kopi expresso yang dicairkan lagi dengan air, tidak terlalu kuat.
16. Cappucino, kopi yang disajikan dengan cream (whipped cream) dan bubuk pala
(nutmeg) atau coklat.

Mojito Pina Colada Cosmopolitan

17. Decaffeinated, kopi yang sudah dikurangi kadar kafeinnya, tidak terlalu kuat.
18. Alfresco Dining, tempat makan yang berada di ruang terbuka (outdoors).
19. Buffet, makanan dari appetizer ke dessert yang disajikan di satu meja dan siap
disantap, dimana tiap orang dipersilahkan mengambil sendiri-sendiri sesuai
keinginan dan dapat mengambil lagi jika mau.
20. Canape, roti/biskuit dengan porsi kecil (satu kali suap) dengan macam-macam
isi yang dimakan sebagai kudapan dalam suatu perjamuan berdiri (standing
party).
21. Caviar, telur ikan (sturgeon) yang berharga mahal, terdiri dari 2 macam yaitu
hitam (abu-abu) dan merah yang dimakan sebagai kudapan.
22. Escargot, bahasa Perancis yang artinya bekicot.
23. Hors d'oeuvres, hidangan pembuka sama dengan appetizer.
24. Kosher Food, makanan yang disiapkan menurut cara-cara Yahudi dan tidak
bertentangan dengan ajaran agama Yahudi.

25. Halal Food, makanan yang disiapkan menurut cara-cara Islam dan tidak
bertentangan dengan ajaran agama Islam.
26. Maitre d'hotel, head waiter dalam suatu hotel, Maitre D' berarti yang mengepalai
service suatu bagian.
27. Petit, kecil, menandakan porsi suatu makanan yang kecil atau sedikit.
28. Sommelier, wine waiter, pelayan yang bertugas melayani permintaan wine dari
tamu, termasuk memberi saran dan menyajikan ke depan tamu.
29. Vegetarian Food, makanan yang khusus bagi orang-orang yang tidak makan
daging atau hewan.
30. Veal, daging sapi muda.
31. Toast, ada dua arti, bisa berarti bersulang, bisa berarti roti panggang.
32. Condiment, bumbu atau saus yang digunakan untuk menemani hidangan (saus
tomat, tabasco chilli sauce dan sebagainya).
33. Rare/bloody, tingkat kematangan daging (steak) yang berarti mentah.

35. Medium, tingkat kematangan daging (steak) yang berarti setengah matang.
36. Well done, tingkat kematangan daging (steak) yang berarti matang.
37. Wine, minuman beralkohol yang berasal dari buah anggur yang difermentasi.
38. Room service waiter, karyawan hotel yang melayani permintaan makanan/
minuman yang diantar ke kamar.
39. Room service, layanan antar makanan/minuman yang dipesan, diantar dan
disantap di kamar.
40. Place mate, alas piring makan yang terbuat dari kertas, plastik atau kayu/bambu,
digunakan selain sebagai alas makan juga promosi menu yang ada di restoran.
41. Pepper Grinder, alat penggerus merica yang ditempatkan di atas meja, untuk
mendapatkan merica yang lebih segar.
42. Course, bagian-bagian dari suatu proses makan.

QUESTIONS?

THANK YOU AND
HAVE A GOOD DAY

Sesi 2 sejarah pariwisata

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