Service support technologies lecture go through go through the subjects RFID, RFID Generations, RFID business, Active versus passive tags.

1. IN140703 Service support
technologies 20.9.2016
Pirita Ihamäki Phd. Mc.S.
pirita.ihamaki@samk.fi
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

2. Content
• Basics of RFID
• RFID
• Functional Classification of RFID Tranponders
• RFID Generations
• Applications and Frequency Selection
• Commonly Used Frequency Band for RFID Systems
• How does an RFID system work?
• RFID business
• Active versus passive tags
• Active tags
• Passive tags
• Workshop
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

3. Basics of RFID
• RFID = Radiofrequency identification
• RFID systems use radio waves
• RFID systems have two main elements, which
are the device used to carry this information
and the equipment used to automatically
capture or retrieve the information.
• The devices that store and carry the
information are called trasponders or tags.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

4. RFID
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

5. Basics of RFID
• Industry commonly referred to RFID as tags
mainly due to their physical shape and the fact
that they are mostly used to tag pallets or cases
of goods, the name transponder reflects better
the function of these devices.
• The device that is used to capture and transfer
information is commonly called a reader, because
in earlier RFID systems they were only able to
read the information sen by the transponders.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

6. Functional Classification of
RFID Tranponders
• A functional classification of RFID
transponders is based on their electronic
product code (EPC) class.
• EPC is the application of specific type of RFID
technology within the consumer package
goods industry. Within this classification, RFID
transponders are divided into different classes
and generations.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

7. RFID Generations
• Generation 1., Class 0: Passive tags with read-
only functionality. These are also called write
one, read many (WORM) transponders. These
transponders are programmed at the factory
with their unique identification number. The
user is not able to change it or include
additional information.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

8. RFID Generations
• Generation 1., Class 0+: These are also WORM
transponders. They differ from Generation 1,
Class 0 transponders in that it is the user who
programs them. After they have been
programmed by the user, no further
programming or changing of data is allowed.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

9. RFID Generations
• Generation 1., Class1: These transponders were similar
to Generation 1 Class 0 or =+ transponders, but could
be read by interrogators from other companies.
Generation 1, Class 1 transponders have evolved into
the different transponders from Generation 2.
• Generation 1 transponders employ proprietary data
structures and can be read only by interrogators
manufactured by the same vendor.
• This means the elimination of duplicate reads within
the read range.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

10. RFID Generations
• Generation2, Class 1: These transponders are
WORM transponders. They are also
programmed at the factory, but they can be
read with equipment from different vendors,
support the higher rates, and have more noise
immunity than the Generation 1
transponders.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

11. RFID Generations
• Generation2, Class 2: These transponders are
rewritable transponders. They can be written
several times by the user using equipment
differently from the vendor’s equipment.
• Generation 2, Class 3: These transponders are
the semipassive or battery-assisted
transponders.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

12. RFID Generations
• Generation2, Class 4: This refers to active
transponders.
• Generation 2, Class 5: These transponders are
essentially interrogators. Transponders that
follow Generation , Class 5 must be able to do
power other transponders.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

13. Applications and Frequency
Selection
• RFID systems come in different flavors from the
point of view of the frequency they use.
Selecting the most adequate frequency is a
function of two variables: the technological
developments of systems at the different
operating frequencies – directly related to the
cost of systems – as well as the properties of
electromagnetic waves at those different
frequencies.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

14. Commonly Used Frequency
Band for RFID Systems
Frequency Band Frequency Range Tyoical Frequencies Used in
RFID Systems
Low Frequency (LF) 100kHz-500 kHz 125 kHz, 134,2 kHz
High FreQuency (HF) 10 MHz -15 MHz 13,56MHz
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 400 MHz-950mHz 866 Mhz Europe, 915 MHz
United States
Microwaves (ųW) 2.4 GHz-6.8 Ghz 2.45 Ghz, 3.0 Ghz
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

15. How does an RFID system
work?
• The RFID system uses a tag, which is a paper and
metallic label, composed of a microchip with a
coiled dipolar antenna.
• The label combination may be covered with a
plastic protective cover, which can be transparent
or not.
• The RFID label or tag is affixed onto a container or
package or onto an item, such as a book or CD.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

16. How does an RFID system
work?
• Today these RFID tags and bar codes are being used
together.
• When you get your luggage tag to the airport, check it
out carefully. Actually, the luggage tag will probably
have five copies of the bar code on the outside of the
luggage tag; if an RFID is also used, there will be one
passive RFID tag in the middle of that label.
• It may be a sandwich of two pieces of paper, with the
inside filling a passive RFID tag and the outside a
standard bar code.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

17. RFID business
• RFID business or experiment with this technology it is not
that costly.
• The price for a complete kit with a reader, antenna, and
sample tags runs from several hundred dollars.
• The RFID technology is more about data, the business
process, and systems thinking than it is about the
technology.
• Just purchasing the equipment is one small part of a
multiple set of solutions with RFID. The other part of the
solution set is to analyze and examine your business
process of the manufacturing or movements of goods.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

18. Active versus passive tags
• RFID tags are either active or passive.
• Active tags have a battery for a source of power to store
data or to transmit a radio signal with the data.
• As such, they perform similar to your portable radio and
can be read over a great distance, with a limit of over 100
feet (30 meters).
• Active tags are significantly more costly than passive tags.
• The active tag is usually encased in a hard shell for
protection, because these tags are used in rugged
environments.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

19. Active tags
• Active tags are used usually encased in a hard shell for
protection, because these tags are used in rugged
environments.
• These active tags are used for a variety of purposes,
such as tracking the time and temperature of fresh
Alaskan salmon. The tags are placed in a box an of
Salomon that is to be kept at a constant temperature
near freezing for the journey from the ship to a carried
of transportation systems: a barge, truck or airfreight.
• Other active tags might be attached to boxes of cargo
destined for a war zone for the military.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

20. Passive tags
• The passive tag needs to be closer to the reader
than the active tag. The passive tag has no
battery.
• Passive tag very attractive for containers of
products, but not necessarily on each individual
item on the container.
• One of the key areas in logistics where active tags
are being used is the shipping of cargo entering
marine ports.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

21. WORKSHOP

22. WorkShop
• The divided groups of 5 people.
• Design system concept of using RFID
technology.
• ”The flow of ideas from one field into another
often takes curious and ambivalent paths”.
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

23. Results
• Groups make presentations and present for
result for other groups.
• What kind of systems concepts of using RFID
you have designed?
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Unit Rauma

24. Thank you for your attention!