Sharing RFID training materials which i developed for assignment in my MSc for software systems , in Heriott Watt University

1. RFID Applications
Presentation
1
• Introduction
• components
• Layers
Presentation
2
• Regulations
• Standards
• Protocols
Presentation
3
• RFID Software
Developer
• Middleware
• Labs
March/2014
Presentation
4
• RIFIDI
Emulator LAB
Mouhanad Alkhaldi | Postgraduate Taught Part Time - Information Technology (SS), MSc |ma1049@hw.ac.uk

2. RFID Applications
Regulations
Standards
Protocols
March/2014
It is not intended in this course to reach every detail in the standards or protocols or regulations.
The purpose is to give the student a head start , and guide him through the concepts.
Mouhanad Alkhaldi | Postgraduate Taught Part Time - Information Technology (SS), MSc |ma1049@hw.ac.uk

3. Index
4. Electromagnetic Spectrum
5. Spectrum Regulations
6. Spectrum Regulations - Example from UAE
7. RFID standards
8. Industry based Standard bodies
9. ISO RFID Standards
10. ISO RFID Standards (Continued)
11. ISO Standards Contactless Smart Cards
12. ISO Air Interface Standards 18000 series RFID
13. Relation between ISO 18000 standards
14. GS1 - EPCglobal
15. EPC Standards evolution
16. EPCglobal Tag Classes
17. EPCglobal Protocol framework
18. EPCglobal Protocol framework – simplified diagram
19. Identify Objects -Tag specific Standards
20. Identify Objects - Air Interface Protocols
21. Capture output - RFID Readers Protocols
22. Data Exchange Protocols
23. Identify Objects - TDS – Tag Data Standard
24. TDS : URI grammar
25. TDS : URI grammar (C)
26. Application level events (ALE)
27. ALE 7 Schemas
28. ALE Sample Schema - XSD
29. ALE Sample Schema -WSDL
30. ALE service consumer Quick lab
31. ALE service consumer Quick lab
32. ALE Sample Schema – UML (ECReports)
33. Data Exchange Protocols EPCIS: EPC Information
Services
34. EPCIS Within and Across Enterprises
35. Readers Protocols - LLRP
36. Readers Protocols - LLRP (C)
37. Good Reads
38. References (52+53+54+55)

4. Icon Meaning
Reader Related topic
Air Interface Related Tag Related Topic
Good Reads
Data Exchange related
Lab

5. Electromagnetic Spectrum

6. Spectrum Regulations
• Because RFID systems generate and radiate electromagnetic waves, they
are legally classified as radio systems
• Every country has it’s own spectrum regulations.
• Many follows pre-defined standards like
– FCC: Federal Communications Commission
– ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
• UHF RFID Sample national Regulation Examples :
– UAE is 868-875.4 MHz .
– UK 865-868 MHz for RFID .
– China standard (920~925MHz)
– American standard (902~928MHz),
– European standard (865~868MHz) , 840MHz~960MHz working
frequency

7. Spectrum Regulations
Example from UAE
To zoom in: http://www.tra.gov.ae/download.php?filename=spectrum_affairs/national_allocation_chart_english.pdf

8. RFID standards
Main standard bodies
• EPCglobal – Electronic Product Code organization
• Auto-id labs
• ISO - International Standards Organizations
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
IEC - International Electro-technical Commission
JTC 1 - Joint Technical Committee
• ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
• National Standards Organizations
FCC – Federal Communication Commission
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
BSI - British Standards Institute

9. RFID standards
Industry based Standard bodies
Industry Standards Organizations
• AIAG - Automotive Industry Action Group
• ATA - American Trucking Associations
• AAR - American Railroads
• GS1 VICS Item Level RFID Initiative (VILRI) oversees standards
around item-level tagging and the use of RFID technology
throughout the retail supply chain

10. ISO RFID Standards
RFID Standard Details
ISO 10536 ISO RFID standard for close coupled cards
ISO 11784 ISO RFID standard that defines the way in which data is structured on an RFID tag.
ISO 11785 ISO RFID standard that defines the air interface protocol.
ISO 14443
ISO RFID standard that provides the definitions for air interface protocol for RFID tags used
in proximity systems - aimed for use with payment systems
ISO 15459 Unique identifiers for transport units (used in supply chain management)
ISO 15693 ISO RFID standard for use with what are termed vicinity cards
ISO 15961
ISO RFID standard for Item Management (includes application interface (part 1), registration
of RFID data constructs (part 2), and RFID data constructs (part 3).
ISO 15962
ISO RFID standard for item management - data encoding rules and logical memory
functions.
ISO 16963 ISO RFID standard for item management - unique identifier of RF tag.
Some of the main RFID standards

11. ISO RFID Standards (Continued)
RFID Standard Details
ISO 18000 ISO RFID standard for the air interface for RFID frequencies around the globe
ISO 18001 RFID for item management - application requirements profiles.
ISO 18046 RFID tag and interrogator performance test methods.
ISO 18047
The ISO RFID standard that defines the testing including conformance testing of RFID tags
and readers. This is split into several parts that mirror the parts for ISO 18000.
ISO 24710
Information technology, automatic identification and data capture techniques - RFID for
item management - Elementary tag license plate functionality for ISO 18000 air interface.
ISO 24729
RFID implementation guidelines - part : RFID enabled labels; part 2: recyclability of RF
tags; part 3: RFID interrogator / antenna installation.
ISO 24730
RFID real time locating system: Part 1: Application Programming Interface (API); Part 2: 2.4
GHz; Part 3: 433 MHz; Part 4: Global Locating Systems
ISO 24752 System management protocol for automatic identification and data capture using RFID
ISO 24753 Air interface commands for battery assist and sensor functionality
ISO 24769 Real Time Locating System (RTLS) device conformance test methods
ISO 24770 Real Time Locating System (RTLS) device performance test methods
Some of the main RFID standards

12. ISO Standards Contactless Smart Cards
ISO/IEC 10536 Close-coupling 0–1 cm
ISO/IEC 14443 Proximity-coupling 0–10 cm
ISO/IEC 15693 Vicinity-coupling 0–1m
Available standards for contactless smart cards Standard Card type Approximate range

13. ISO Air Interface Standards
18000 series RFID
ISO 18000 Standard Details of the particular ISO 18000 series standard
ISO 18000-V1 Generic parameters for air interfaces for globally accepted frequencies
ISO 18000-V2 Air interface for 135 KHz
ISO 18000-V3 Air interface for 13.56 MHz
ISO 18000-V4 Air interface for 2.45 GHz
ISO 18000-V5 Air interface for 5.8 GHz
ISO 18000-V6 (EPC) Air interface for 860 MHz to 930 MHz
ISO 18000-V7 Air interface at 433.92 MHz

14. Relation between ISO 18000 standards

15. GS1 - EPCglobal
• GS1 is an international not-for-profit association with Member
Organizations in over 100 countries.
• an organization of industry leaders devoted to the development of
standards for the Electronic Product Code (EPC) and Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) technologies.
• GS1 is dedicated to the design and implementation of global standards
and solutions to improve the efficiency and visibility of supply and
demand chains globally and across sectors. The GS1 system of standards is
the most widely used supply chain standards system in the world.
• GS1 EPCglobal is a suite of RFID standards and services for increased
visibility and efficiency throughout the supply chain and higher quality
information flow between companies and their key trading partners.
• GS1 EPCglobal is leading the development of industry-driven standards for
the Electronic Product Code™ (EPC) to support the use of Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) in today's fast-moving, information rich, trading
networks.

16. EPC Standards evolution

17. EPCglobal Tag Classes
Class 0 UHFl read-only, preprogrammed passive tag
Class 1 UHF or HF; write once, read many (WORM)
Class 2 Passive read-write tags that can be written to at any point in the supply chain
Class 3
Read-write with onboard sensors capable of recording parameters like
temperature, pressure, and motion; can be semi-passive or active
Class 4
Read-write active tags with integrated transmitters; can communicate with other
tags and readers
Class 5
Similar to Class 4 tags but with additional functionality; can provide power to
other tags and communicate with devices other than readers

18. EPCglobal Current Protocol framework

19. EPCglobal Current Protocol framework
Simplified Diagram

20. Identify Objects
Tag specific Standards
TDS – Tag Data Standard
Defines EPC/RFID tag data, including the encoding of GS1 Keys in
EPC memory, as well as their encoding in the context of EPCIS
TDT – Tag Data Translation
EPC Tag Data Translation standard is concerned with a machine-readable
version of the EPC Tag Data Standards specification

21. Identify Objects
Air Interface Protocols
• UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard "Gen2v2“
– defines the physical and logical requirements for an RFID system of
interrogators and passive tags, operating in the 860 MHz - 960 MHz UHF
range. (we will not include further info in this presentation)
• EPC RFID Protocols EPC Class-1 HF RFID Air Interface Protocol
– defines the physical and logical requirements for a passive-backscatter,
Interrogator-talks-first (ITF), RFID system operating in at 13.56 MHz
frequency.
– The system comprises Interrogators (also known as Readers), and Tags
(also known as Labels).
– This standard uses signaling (ASK) that is backwards compatible to ISO
15693. Also included is an optional signaling method (PJM).
– (we will not include further info in this presentation)

22. Capture output
RFID Readers Protocols
LLRP – Low Level Reader Protocol
Specifies an interface between RFID Readers and Clients. The interface
protocol is called low-level because it provides control of RFID air
protocol operation timing and access to air protocol command
parameters.
DCI - Discovery configuration & initialization
Specifies an interface between RFID Readers and Access Controllers
and the network on which they operate
RM - Reader Management
Used by management software to monitor the operating status and
health of EPCglobal compliant RFID Readers

23. Data Exchange Protocols
ALE – Application Level Events
specifies an interface through which clients may obtain filtered, consolidated Electronic
Product Code™ (EPC) data from a variety of sources
EPCIS - EPC Information service
specification that defines Version 1.0 of EPC Information Services (EPCIS). The goal of EPCIS
is to enable disparate applications to leverage Electronic Product Code (EPC) data via EPC-related
data sharing, both within and across enterprises. Ultimately, this sharing is aimed at
enabling participants in the EPCglobal Network to gain a shared view of the disposition of
EPC-bearing objects within a relevant business context.
CBV - Core Business Vocabulary
Business Vocabulary Standard is to specifies various vocabulary elements and their values
for use in conjunction with the EPCIS standard, which defines mechanisms to exchange
information both within and across company boundaries. The vocabulary identifiers and
definitions in this standard will ensure that all parties who exchange EPCIS data using the
Core Business Vocabulary will have a common understanding of the semantic meaning of
that data.
ONS - Object Name Service
specifies how the Domain Name System is used to locate authoritative metadata and
services associated with the SGTIN portion of a given Electronic Product Code™ (EPC). Its
target audience is developers that will implement Object Name Service (ONS) resolution
systems for applications

24. Identify Objects
TDS – Tag Data Standard
TDS
• Defines EPC/RFID tag data,
including the encoding of GS1 Keys
in EPC memory, as well as their
encoding in the context of EPCIS
TDS: Tag URI
• Guarantees worldwide uniqueness
of the EPC across all types of physical
objects and applications.
• The formal grammar for the EPC URI
is as follows:
– SGTIN-URI | SSCC-URI | SGLN-URI |
GRAI-URI | GIAI-URI | SRN-URI |
GDTI-URI | GID-URI | DOD-URI |
ADI-URI | CPI-URI
URI example : urn:epc:id:sgtin:0614141.112345.400

25. TDS : URI grammar
EPC
Scheme
Schema
Description
Typical Use General syntax Example
sgtin Serialized Global
Trade Item
Number
Trade item urn:epc:id:sgtin:CompanyPrefix.Ite
mReference.SerialNumber
urn:epc:id:sgtin:0614
141.112345.400
sscc Serial Shipping
Container Code
Logistics unit urn:epc:id:sscc:CompanyPrefix.Seria
lReference
urn:epc:id:sscc:0614
141.1234567890
sgln Global Location
Number With or
Without
Extension
Location2 urn:epc:id:sgln:CompanyPrefix.Loca
tionReference.Extension
urn:epc:id:sgln:0614
141.12345.400
grai Global
Returnable Asset
Identifier
Returnable asset urn:epc:id:grai:CompanyPrefix.Asset
Type.SerialNumber
urn:epc:id:grai:06141
41.12345.400
giai Global Individual
Asset Identifier
Fixed asset urn:epc:id:giai:CompanyPrefix.Indivi
dulAssetReference
urn:epc:id:giai:06141
41.12345400

26. TDS : URI grammar (Continued)
EPC
Schem
e
Schema Description Typical Use General syntax Example
gdti Global Document
Type Identifier
Document urn:epc:id:gdti:CompanyPrefix.Docu
mentType.SerialNumber
urn:epc:id:gdti:06141
41.12345.400
gsrn Global Service
Relation Number
Service relation
(e.g., loyalty card)
urn:epc:id:gsrn:CompanyPrefix.Servi
ceReference
urn:epc:id:gsrn:0614
141.1234567890
gid General Identifier Unspecified urn:epc:id:gid:ManagerNumber.Obj
ectClass.SerialNumber
urn:epc:id:gid:95100
000.12345.400
usdod US Department of
Defense Identifier
US Dept of Defense
supply chain
urn:epc:id:usdod:CAGEOrDODAAC.S
erialNumber
urn:epc:id:usdod:2S1
94.12345678901
Adi Aerospace and
Defense Identifier
Aerospace and
Defense sector for
unique identification
of aircraft and other
parts and items
urn:epc:id:adi:CAGEOrDODAAC.Orig
inalPartNumber.Serial
urn:epc:id:adi:W81X
9C.3KL984PX1.2WM
A52
Cpi Component / Part
Identifier
Technical industries
(e.g. automotive
sector) for unique
identification of parts
and
Components
urn:epc:id:cpi:CompanyPrefix.Comp
onentPartReference.Serial
urn:epc:id:cpi:06141
41.123ABC.12345678
9

27. • Application Level Events (ALE) is a standard created by EPCGlobal, Inc., The
ALE specification is a software specification indicating required
functionality and behavior, as well as a common API expressed through
XML Schema Definition (XSD) and Web Services Description Language
(WSDL).
• It is a standard introduced by EPC global.
• The role of the ALE interface is to provide independence between:
– the infrastructure components that acquire the raw EPC data
– the architectural component(s) that filter & count that data
– and the applications that use the data.
This allows changes in one without requiring changes in the other, offering
significant benefits to both the technology provider and the end-user.
•
Data Exchange Protocols
ALE - Application Level Events

28. ALE Schemas
Because an implementation may not implement all five ALE APIs, the schemas are
divided into separate files, one per API
Schema Imported Schemas Top-level Elements ALE Standard Section
EPCglobal - - 3.3 EPCglobal Base Schema
ale-common EPCglobal
3.4 Schema for Datatypes Common to
the Reading API and 387 Writing API
ale
EPCglobal
ale-common ECSpec ECReports 3.5 ALE Reading API Schema
alecc
EPCglobal
ale-common
CCSpec
CCParameterList
CCReports
EPCCacheSpec
EPCPatternList
AssocTableSpec
AssocTableEntryList
RNGSpec 3.6 ALE Writing API Schema
aletm EPCglobal TMSpec 3.7 ALE Tag Memory API Schema
alelr EPCglobal LRSpec LRProperty 3.8 ALE Logical Reader API Schema
aleac EPCglobal
ACPermission
ACRole
ACClientIdentity 3.9 ALE Access Control API Schema

29. ALE Sample Schema - XSD
http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/ale/ale_1_1-schemas-20071202/EPCglobal-ale-1_1-ale.xsd

30. ALE Sample Schema - WSDL
http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/ale/ale_1_1-schemas-20071202/EPCglobal-ale-1_1-ale.wsdl

31. ALE service consumer
- Quick lab -
• reference ALE web service in a visual studio console project ,
• same sample can be with eclips and javabeans
1- create console application
2- add reference to http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/ale/ale_1_1-schemas-
20071202/EPCglobal-ale-1_1-ale.wsdl

32. ALE service consumer
- Quick lab -
Now you can work with the ALE classes, start your ALE protocol
implementation,
To implement the protocol you have to read the protocol
documentation , and apply the messages in the right sequence.

33. ALE Sample Schema – UML
(ECReports)
A sample schema from ALE – representing the
ECReports class.
To be familiar with the full schema , and
implement it , you will need to read the full
protocol documentation
http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/ale/ale

34. Data Exchange Protocols
EPCIS: EPC Information Services
EPCIS: is an EPCglobal standard for sharing EPC related information
between trading partners. EPCIS provides important new capabilities to
improve efficiency, security, and visibility in the global supply chain, and
complements lower level EPCglobal tag, reader, and middleware
standards.
EPCIS V. 1.0 Standard Machine-readble Artifacts

35. EPCIS
Within and Across Enterprises

36. Readers Protocols - LLRP
Low Level Reader Protocol
• The LLRP interface protocol is called low-level because it
provides control of RFID air protocol operation timing and
access to air protocol command parameters.
• The design of this interface recognizes that in some RFID
systems, there is a requirement for explicit knowledge of
RFID air protocols and the ability to control Readers that
implement RFID air protocol communications
• LLRP is specifically concerned with providing the formats and
procedures of communications between a Client and a
Reader

37. Readers Protocols - LLRP
Low Level Reader Protocol (Continued)
A typical LLRP sequence between an application software
client and a reader involves the following processes:
• client polling the reader for its capabilities
• setting the reader configuration
• sending reader operation commands.
– Reader Operation Specifications (ROSpecs)
– Antenna Inventory Specifications (AISpec)
• sending the reader Access specifications (AccessSpec)
• obtaining reports back from the reader

38. Good Reads
1. http://www.gs1.org/docs/GS1_System_of_Standards.pdf
2. http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/llrp
3. http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/ale
4. http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/epcis
5. Global RFID – the value of the EPCglobal Network for
Supply Chain Management
– Case studies : manufacturing and supply chain

39. Good Reads
Extend your RFID knowledge
Read about RFID collision issues , and anti collision algorithms
• A Geometric Distribution Reader Anti-Collision Protocol for RFID Dense Reader
Environments
M. Victoria Bueno-Delgado, Member, IEEE, Renato Ferrero, Filippo Gandino, Member, IEEE,
Pablo Pavon-Marino, Member, IEEE, and Maurizio Rebaudengo, Member, IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, VOL. 10, NO. 2, APRIL
2013
• Assigned Tree Slotted Aloha RFID Tag Anti-Collision Protocols
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 12, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2013
5493
Lijuan Zhang, Jin Zhang, and Xiaohu Tang, Member, IEEE
• Binary Tree Slotted ALOHA for Passive RFID Tag Anticollision
Haifeng Wu, Yu Zeng, Jihua Feng, and Yu Gu
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, VOL. 24, NO. 1, JANUARY
2013
• AN ALOHA-BASED IMPROVED ANTI-COLLISION ALGORITHM FOR RFID SYSTEMS
YEJUN HE AND XIAOYE WANG, SHENZHEN UNIVERSITY

40. Good Reads
Extend your RFID knowledge
Read about RFID Security
• RFID Security and Privacy
Concepts, Protocols, and Architectures
Dirk Henrici

41. References
Teaching RFID Information Systems Security
Thompson, D.R.; Jia Di; Daugherty, M.K., "Teaching RFID Information Systems
Security," Education, IEEE Transactions on , vol.57, no.1, pp.42,47, Feb. 2014
doi: 10.1109/TE.2013.2264289
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6524969&isnumber=6729118
RFID Handbook 3rd edition (2010)
Klaus Finkenzeller Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany
http://www.rfidhandbook.de
Labs info and sources
• https://support.impinj.com/entries/30534123-How-do-I-create-RFID-applications-with-Java-
• http://sourceforge.net/projects/rifidi/?source=recommended
• http://www.llrp.org/
• http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/products/biztalk/default.aspx
• http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd352570.aspx
• https://code.google.com/p/fosstrak/

42. References
GS1
• GS1.Org
• http://www.ean-int.org forwards you to : http://www.gs1.org
• http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/tdt/
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/tds
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/ale
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/epcis
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/cbv
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/ons
– http://www.gs1.org/docs/GS1_System_of_Standards.pdf
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/llrp
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/dci
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/rm
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/uhfc1g2
– http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal/hf
– http://www.gs1.org/epcglobal/standards

43. References
• http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/radio-frequency-identification-rfid/iso-epcglobal-iec-standards.
php
• http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/radio/rfid
• http://www.iec.ch
• http://www.autoidlabs.org/
• http://epc-rfid.info/Rfid_Tags
• http://www.rfidineurope.eu/SR
• https://www.impinj.com/guide-to-rfid/rfid-standards.aspx
• http://www.autoidlabs.org/uploads/media/AUTOIDLABS-WP-SWNET-011.pdf
• http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/radio-frequency-identification-rfid/iso-epcglobal-iec-standards.
php
• http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?1335/3
• http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=45332

44. References
Images
• http://www.gs1.org/
• http://www.gs1.org/gsmp/kc/epcglobal
• https://www.impinj.com/guide-to-rfid/rfid-standards.aspx
• http://www.iec.ch/
• http://www.iso.org
• http://www.iso.org/iso/jtc1_home.html
• http://www.etsi.org/
• http://www.fcc.gov/
• http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/122/images/electromagnetic-spectrum.jpg
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Protocol_and_Software_layering.svg/220px-
Protocol_and_Software_layering.svg.png
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lexcycle_Stanza_icon.png
• http://www.tra.gov.ae/spectrum-policies-regulations.php
• http://www.tra.gov.ae/download.php?filename=spectrum_affairs/national_allocation_chart_english.pdf
• http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/education/k-
12/curricula/sm3/documents/SM3_ElectromagneticSpectrum.pdf
Some pictures & ideas from
RFID for dummies 2005 : http://www.dummies.com/
Patrick J. Sweeney II

45. Thank You