Serial connectors, Protocols , USB (universal serial bus)

The document describes the AMBA 3 APB protocol. It has an unpipelined design to reduce complexity and power consumption. Transfers take at least two cycles with the first being a setup phase and second an access phase controlled by the PENABLE signal. Slaves can extend transfers using the PREADY signal. Errors are indicated by PSLVERR. The protocol defines read and write transfers with or without wait states.

IP PCIe

SILKAN

The document describes an AXI_PCIEX1 module that acts as a PCI Express to AXI bridge, allowing a system with an embedded AXI bus to connect to an external PCI Express bus. The module is compliant with DO-254 guidance for critical applications and has a low gate count and latency. It supports PCIe 1.0 at 2.5 Gbps on one lane and interfaces with AXI4 at 32 bits. The module is optimized for reliability and error reporting. DMAP provides Verilog RTL, verification testbenches, and all required certification documentation.

SOC Verification using SystemVerilog

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UVM Methodology Tutorial

UVM is a standardized methodology for verifying complex IP and SOC in the semiconductor industry. UVM is an Accellera standard and developed with support from multiple vendors Aldec, Cadence, Mentor, and Synopsys. UVM 1.0 was released on 28 Feb 2011 which is widely accepted by verification Engineer across the world. UVM has evolved and undergone a series of minor releases, which introduced new features. UVM provides the standard structure for creating test-bench and UVCs. The following features are provided by UVM • Separation of tests from test bench • Transaction-level communication (TLM) • Sequences • Factory and configuration • Message reporting • End-of-test mechanism • Register layer

Session 8 assertion_based_verification_and_interfaces

Nirav Desai

The document discusses assertion based verification and interfaces in SystemVerilog. It describes immediate assertions which execute in zero simulation time and can be placed within always blocks. Concurrent assertions check properties over time and are evaluated at clock edges. The document also introduces interfaces in SystemVerilog which allow defining communication ports between modules in a single place, reducing repetitive port definitions. Interfaces can include protocol checking and signals can be shared between interface instances.

axi protocol

The AXI protocol specification describes an advanced bus architecture with burst-based transactions using separate address/control and data phases over independent channels. It supports features like out-of-order transaction completion, exclusive access for atomic operations, cache coherency, and a low power interface. The AXI protocol is commonly used in System-on-Chip designs for high performance embedded processors and peripherals.

Serial Peripheral Interface(SPI)

Dhaval Kaneria

The SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous serial communication protocol used for communication between devices. It uses a master-slave architecture with a single master device initiating data transfer. Key features include using separate clock and data lines, operating in full duplex mode, and allowing multiple slave devices through individual chip selects. It provides a lower pin count solution than parallel buses at the cost of slower communication speeds.

Basics of Functional Verification - Arrow Devices

APB protocol v1.0

USB Universal Serial Bus

Varun Kambrath

The document summarizes the USB standard and enumeration process. It discusses that USB was developed in the 1990s by major tech companies as a standard cable and protocol for connecting devices. The 12 step enumeration process is then outlined, beginning with a device attaching to a port, the hub detecting it, the host learning about it and assigning an address, retrieving descriptors to identify the device and load appropriate drivers, and ultimately selecting a configuration so communication can begin.

Microcontroller part 4

Keroles karam khalil

Here are the key steps for how SPI works: 1. The master device initiates the data transfer by selecting a slave device using the chip select (CS) line. This brings the slave device online. 2. The master outputs the clock signal (SCLK) which is used by both the master and slave devices to synchronize the data transfer. 3. The master sends data on the MOSI (master out, slave in) line which the slave receives on its SDI pin in sync with the clock. 4. In parallel, the slave sends data on the MISO (master in, slave out) line which the master receives on its SDO pin, also in sync with the clock.

eCOG1X 16-bit Microcontrollers

The document introduces the eCOG1X 16-bit microcontroller from Cyan Technology. It has a 70MHz 16-bit CPU, 512KB flash memory, 24KB SRAM, Ethernet MAC, USB 2.0 interface, dual serial ports, LCD controller, ADC, DAC, and additional peripherals. The document provides an overview of the device's block diagram and key features of its CPU, memory management unit, and peripherals including serial communication protocols, LCD control, smart card interfaces, and analog functions.

Electronics Microcontrollers for IoT applications

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microprocessors

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The document provides an overview of microprocessors and the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit designs to modern 32-bit and 64-bit designs. It then describes the key components and architecture of the Intel 8085, an early 8-bit microprocessor, including its 40-pin interface, address bus, data bus, registers, arithmetic logic unit, and interrupt controls. Finally, it provides a functional block diagram of the 8085, highlighting its main components like the ALU, registers, instruction decoder, and interrupt controls.

Nios2 and ip core

anishgoel

This document discusses IP cores and softcore processors. It defines IP cores as reusable logic or data blocks used in FPGAs or ASICs. IP cores can be soft cores defined in HDL code or netlists, firm cores that are partially configurable, or hard cores that are fixed implementations. Softcore processors are microprocessors defined in HDL that can be synthesized for FPGAs. The document then describes the Nios II softcore processor in detail, including its RISC architecture, configurable pipeline, instruction set, and peripheral interfaces like UART, timer, SPI, and Ethernet.

ARDUINO AND ITS PIN CONFIGURATION

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Shoftcore Processors

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This document provides an introduction to IP cores and softcore processors. It defines IP cores as reusable logic or data blocks used in FPGAs or ASICs. There are three types of IP cores - hard cores, firm cores, and soft cores. Soft cores exist as a netlist or HDL code, providing the most flexibility. The document then describes the Nios II softcore processor in detail, including its RISC architecture, configurable pipeline and data path, instruction set, and ability to interface with common peripherals like UART, timer, SPI, and memory.

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This document provides an overview of digital VLSI design and FPGA implementation training. The objective of the training is to provide exposure to VLSI engineering concepts and design methodologies relevant to industry needs. The training covers VLSI fundamentals, digital design, VHDL, FPGA implementation, and includes hands-on labs. Students will learn to design digital circuits using VHDL and will simulate and implement designs on FPGAs. After completing the training, students will be able to design any digital circuit using VHDL.

SPI AND I2C.pptx

lakshmiact

SPI and I2C are common communication protocols used to connect devices in embedded systems. SPI uses a master-slave configuration with four lines for synchronous full-duplex communication between a master and slave devices. I2C also uses a master-slave configuration and supports multiple slave devices on the same bus, each with a unique address selected by the master for communication. While SPI supports higher data transfer speeds, I2C is commonly used for sensors and other low to moderate bandwidth devices that need to share a bus. The choice between SPI and I2C depends on the specific application needs and factors like speed and number of devices.

Overview Study on PIC32MX3XX / 4XX 32-Bit Controller

This document provides an overview of the features and peripherals of the PIC32MX3XX/4XX 32-bit microcontroller from Microchip Technology. It describes the MCU's core architecture, memory organization, interrupt controller, DMA, I/O ports, analog and digital peripherals, and programming and development support tools. Programming and debugging is supported through MPLAB IDE and debuggers like MPLAB ICE and REAL ICE. The MCU offers a 32-bit MIPS core, large memory, a flexible interrupt controller, USB, SPI, UART, PWM and other standard peripherals.

PIC introduction + mapping

OsaMa Hasan

The document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers. It discusses that PIC stands for Programmable Intelligent Computer and is a microcontroller with built-in memory, RAM, and modules like EEPROM and timers. PICs are popular due to their low cost, availability of development tools, small instruction set, and small size. The document outlines the different PIC architectures, families, speeds, and memory sizes. It provides details on the registers, peripherals like flash memory, RAM, EEPROM, I/O ports, and USART serial communication.

SPI.pptx

lakshmiact

SPI and I2C are common communication protocols used to connect devices in embedded systems. SPI uses a master-slave configuration with four lines - clock, MOSI, MISO, and chip select - to enable full-duplex communication between a single master and multiple slaves. I2C also uses a master-slave model but supports multiple devices on the same bus, each with a unique address, making it suitable when multiple devices need to share a bus. The choice between SPI and I2C depends on factors like data rate needs, number of devices, and application requirements.

2014 ii c08t-sbc pic para ecg

Aland Bravo Vecorena

This document discusses Microchip PIC microcontrollers and their use in an electrocardiogram (ECG) device. It covers the internal architecture of PIC microcontrollers including memory organization, registers, oscillators, and analog-to-digital converters. Diagrams and examples are provided to explain how PIC microcontrollers function and can be programmed to acquire, process, and transmit ECG signal data.

PIC Introduction and explained in detailed

Ankita Tiwari

The document provides an introduction to the PIC microcontroller. It discusses what a microcontroller is, compares microcontrollers to general purpose microprocessors, and briefly outlines the history of the PIC microcontroller. It then describes features of the PIC16F84 microcontroller including its clock generator, reset function, ports, central processing unit, and memory organization including flash memory, RAM, and ROM. It also covers the timer and prescalar functions.

UNIT 1 MSP430.docx

Dharani Chinna

The document discusses the Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller family. It provides details on the MSP430 architecture and features, including various models like the MSP430x2x, MSP430x4x, and MSP430x5x. It compares the differences between RISC and CISC architectures. It also includes the functional block diagram and features of the MSP430F2013 microcontroller, such as its low-power modes, timers, analog-to-digital converter, and input/output ports.

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Cybersecurity

This document discusses types of cybersecurity attacks and how to avoid them. It begins by defining cybersecurity and explaining that cyberattacks can be financially, politically, or terroristically motivated. It then outlines and describes seven common types of cyberattacks: denial-of-service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, password attacks, phishing attacks, eavesdropping attacks, birthday attacks, and malware attacks. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of user awareness and vigilance in cybersecurity protection.

Foreigners Authentication Based on Multi-Biometric System for Iraq

Buses and protocol

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Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) improves on WDM by using narrowband lasers and packing more wavelengths into an optical fiber. A DWDM system uses a multiplexer to combine multiple wavelengths and a demultiplexer to separate them. It allows many parallel data transmissions over a single fiber to significantly increase bandwidth. Key components are transmitters, receivers, optical amplifiers, and wavelength selective multiplexers and demultiplexers. DWDM systems employ either wavelength routing or broadcast-and-select techniques to transmit signals between nodes.

wireless sensor network

Arithmatic pipline

1) Arithmetic pipelines divide arithmetic operations like multiplication and floating point addition into multiple stages to perform the operations concurrently and increase computational speed. 2) Vector and array processors use multiple processing elements that can perform the same operation on multiple data items simultaneously, further increasing speed. 3) Pipelining helps throughput by allowing new tasks to begin before previous ones finish, but does not reduce the latency of individual tasks. The pipeline rate is limited by its slowest stage.

GSM & CDMA & OFDM

This document discusses the four generations of cellular phone technology. 1G used analog signals and had poor voice quality. 2G introduced digital modulation and standards like GSM, improving audio quality but unable to support complex data. 3G used CDMA and allowed limited data services like texting but had high bandwidth and licensing costs. 4G technologies like LTE provide higher bandwidth for applications like video streaming, faster speeds, and location services through technologies like OFDM, but have challenges including synchronization and sensitivity to frequency offset.

Security vulnerability

Internet technology and software are inherently vulnerable due to flaws, weaknesses, and gaps in their design, implementation, and security protocols. Thousands of vulnerabilities exist in both software and hardware that can be exploited by hackers if not properly addressed. Common sources of vulnerabilities include design flaws, poor security management, incorrect implementation, vulnerabilities in operating systems, applications, protocols, and ports. Ensuring systems are properly configured, passwords are strong, and users are educated can help reduce vulnerabilities, but due to the complexity of software it is impossible to have fully secure systems.

Malicion software

This document discusses several types of malicious software: 1. Viruses replicate themselves and spread from computer to computer like a biological virus. Trojan horses disguise themselves as legitimate programs but install malware and sometimes wipe hard drives. 2. Spyware steals user information like email addresses and credit card numbers covertly without the user's knowledge by eating up computer resources. 3. Adware displays excessive pop-up ads that hinder performance similar to spyware but notify the user. They can potentially install more malware by tricking users to click ads. 4. Bots are automated processes that interact with networks in a botnet to infect other devices like zombies and spread the infection. Phishing involves posing as a legitimate

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This document provides an overview of analog signal communication systems. It discusses how baseband signals need to be modulated to higher frequencies suitable for transmission over a channel. It introduces multiplexing as a way to send multiple signals simultaneously. It describes the main types of analog modulation: amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It compares AM and FM and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It also provides a brief overview of noise in communication systems and how it can degrade performance.

Data base security and injection

Database security involves protecting a database from both intentional and accidental threats. There are three main aspects of database security: secrecy, ensuring only authorized users can access data; integrity, ensuring data is not altered improperly; and availability, ensuring authorized users can access data when needed. One major threat is input injection attacks, such as SQL injection, where malicious SQL commands are injected into database queries, compromising security. Countermeasures include authorization, authentication, backups, encryption, and RAID technology to protect data and ensure continuous access.

Adaptive filter