The document discusses infertility, defining it as failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It notes major causes are female factors in 60% of cases, male factors in 20%, and idiopathic in 15%. Evaluation of infertility involves history and physical exams of both partners, with initial testing including semen analysis and ovulation predictor kits. Further evaluation may include hormone levels, HSG, laparoscopy, and tests of sperm and egg quality. Treatments range from lifestyle changes to ovulation induction, IUI, IVF/ICSI depending on the identified cause. IVF has around a 40% success rate per cycle and provides options for those with no other treatment path to parenthood.
The document discusses infertility, defining it as 1 year of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. It describes how infertility is classified and evaluated in both males and females. Common causes of infertility are then outlined for both sexes, including factors related to ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, and immune or idiopathic issues. The prevalence of different causes is provided. Clinical evaluation steps and potential investigations for males and females are also summarized. Finally, treatment options are reviewed for resolving infertility in males and females.
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, diagnostic evaluation, and management. It notes that infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. The causes of infertility can be male factors related to sperm production or transport, female factors related to ovulation or egg/hormone problems, or combined factors in both partners. Diagnostic evaluation involves medical histories, physical exams, sperm analysis, hormone testing, imaging of reproductive organs, and other tests to identify treatable causes. Management depends on the underlying causes and may include lifestyle changes, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF, or alternatives to childbirth like adoption.
This document defines infertility and its causes. It discusses male and female factors of infertility in detail. For male factors, it covers pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes and evaluates male factor infertility through history, examination, semen analysis, and assessment of sperm function. For female factors, it discusses ovarian causes of anovulation including physiological and pathological causes. It also describes the treatment of ovulatory disorders, focusing on clomiphene citrate as a first-line induction of ovulation treatment.
This document summarizes the basic infertility workup. It discusses normal conception rates, factors that can cause infertility like cervical issues, uterine abnormalities, tubal damage, ovarian dysfunction, and male factor infertility. It also outlines the evaluation and treatment options for each factor, including assisted reproduction techniques like IUI, IVF, and ICSI.
Women's ovarian reserve decreases with age, resulting in infertility around age 40-50. Ovarian reserve reflects the number and quality of eggs and can be assessed through markers like FSH, estradiol, AMH, antral follicle count, and ovarian volume. AMH levels provide the best predictor of ovarian reserve as they fluctuate less than FSH and correlate with antral follicle counts. Both low (<0.5 ng/mL) and high (>2.5 ng/mL) AMH levels impact fertility and IVF outcomes. AMH testing is recommended for women over 30, those with risk factors for low reserve, or who are undergoing fertility treatments.
investigation of infertility with focus on genetic basis of infertilityPathKind Labs
Infertility if quite common. Understanding genetic basis of infertility can help in making the right decision on what diseases can be transmitted to the offspring and which IVF technique would be most helpful in overcoming infertility.
The document discusses infertility, defining it as failure to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It notes major causes are female factors in 60% of cases, male factors in 20%, and idiopathic in 15%. Evaluation of infertility involves history and physical exams of both partners, with initial testing including semen analysis and ovulation predictor kits. Further evaluation may include hormone levels, HSG, laparoscopy, and tests of sperm and egg quality. Treatments range from lifestyle changes to ovulation induction, IUI, IVF/ICSI depending on the identified cause. IVF has around a 40% success rate per cycle and provides options for those with no other treatment path to parenthood.
The document discusses infertility, defining it as 1 year of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. It describes how infertility is classified and evaluated in both males and females. Common causes of infertility are then outlined for both sexes, including factors related to ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, and immune or idiopathic issues. The prevalence of different causes is provided. Clinical evaluation steps and potential investigations for males and females are also summarized. Finally, treatment options are reviewed for resolving infertility in males and females.
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, diagnostic evaluation, and management. It notes that infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. The causes of infertility can be male factors related to sperm production or transport, female factors related to ovulation or egg/hormone problems, or combined factors in both partners. Diagnostic evaluation involves medical histories, physical exams, sperm analysis, hormone testing, imaging of reproductive organs, and other tests to identify treatable causes. Management depends on the underlying causes and may include lifestyle changes, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF, or alternatives to childbirth like adoption.
This document defines infertility and its causes. It discusses male and female factors of infertility in detail. For male factors, it covers pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes and evaluates male factor infertility through history, examination, semen analysis, and assessment of sperm function. For female factors, it discusses ovarian causes of anovulation including physiological and pathological causes. It also describes the treatment of ovulatory disorders, focusing on clomiphene citrate as a first-line induction of ovulation treatment.
This document summarizes the basic infertility workup. It discusses normal conception rates, factors that can cause infertility like cervical issues, uterine abnormalities, tubal damage, ovarian dysfunction, and male factor infertility. It also outlines the evaluation and treatment options for each factor, including assisted reproduction techniques like IUI, IVF, and ICSI.
Women's ovarian reserve decreases with age, resulting in infertility around age 40-50. Ovarian reserve reflects the number and quality of eggs and can be assessed through markers like FSH, estradiol, AMH, antral follicle count, and ovarian volume. AMH levels provide the best predictor of ovarian reserve as they fluctuate less than FSH and correlate with antral follicle counts. Both low (<0.5 ng/mL) and high (>2.5 ng/mL) AMH levels impact fertility and IVF outcomes. AMH testing is recommended for women over 30, those with risk factors for low reserve, or who are undergoing fertility treatments.
investigation of infertility with focus on genetic basis of infertilityPathKind Labs
Infertility if quite common. Understanding genetic basis of infertility can help in making the right decision on what diseases can be transmitted to the offspring and which IVF technique would be most helpful in overcoming infertility.
Active management of infertility - a guide for gynecologistsDr Aniruddha Malpani
This document discusses best practices for actively managing infertility. It outlines some common mistakes made in traditional approaches, such as taking a "wait and watch" approach and not fully investigating the causes of infertility. The document recommends seeing couples together, completing the full testing protocol within 2 months, and having a clear treatment plan that progresses to more aggressive options if needed. It provides guidance on effective testing strategies and interpreting test results to determine the appropriate course of treatment, with the goal of helping patients conceive. The document also discusses advanced fertility treatments like IVF and stresses the importance of a good patient-doctor relationship.
This document summarizes causes of infertility, including both female and male factors. It discusses various physical, hormonal, immunological, and developmental issues that can interfere with conception. Key female causes include endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovulation disorders, and early menopause. Male factors discussed include pretesticular issues like hypogonadism, testicular problems such as infection or trauma, and post-testicular obstruction or infection. A variety of genetic, lifestyle, and medical conditions can also impact fertility.
The document discusses infertility, its causes and treatments. It defines infertility as the inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sex. Approximately 10-15% of couples experience infertility, with female factors accounting for 60% of cases, male factors 30% and both male and female factors in 10% of cases. Common female causes include problems with ovulation, fallopian tubes or cervical factors. Common male causes include abnormal sperm production or function. Treatments aim to address the specific cause, and may include ovulation induction medications, surgery, assisted reproduction technologies like IUI or IVF.
Ovarian Reserve Testing in Infertility Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Sharda JainLifecare Centre
The Best Gametes
Give The Best Result
OVARIAN RESERVE
Plan fertility preservation
Fertility outcome
Response to ovarian stimulation
Predict pregnancy rate
Monitor fertility decline
Fertility after chemotherapy and cancer treatment
This document provides guidelines for the management of infertility. It discusses investigations such as semen analysis and tubal patency testing. It covers the diagnosis and management of issues like PCOS, male factor infertility, tubal disease, ovulation disorders, and endometriosis. The guidelines are based on evidence from meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and protocols from organizations like RCOG and ASRM. Both medical and surgical treatment options are considered.
medical management of infertility,think before surgery!!!!ShitalSavaliya1
Nowdays infertility is major issues world wide,It covers both male and female infertility causes,investigation and related treatments.it also includes recent options available at infertility centres.
This document discusses female infertility. It defines primary and secondary infertility and outlines the typical initial investigations for an infertile couple, including investigating male factors, testing for ovulation, and testing tubal patency using procedures like laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Some of the key causes of female infertility discussed include ovulatory disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome, tubal damage, endometriosis, and unexplained infertility.
Here are the key points about hCG:
- hCG is a hormone produced in pregnancy that helps maintain the corpus luteum to support early pregnancy.
- It is used to induce ovulation by mimicking LH and causing follicles to rupture and release eggs, increasing chances of pregnancy.
- Indications for use include anovulation, PCOS, and irregular periods.
- It is administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in dosages of 5,000 to 10,000 IU when monitoring shows a mature follicle after ovulation induction treatment.
- By mimicking the LH surge, it helps the mature follicle release its egg, supporting the process of induced ovulation. Its role is to help
Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured in 14080 human samples over 6 months using an ELISA method. AMH levels declined with increasing age and varied individually. AMH strongly correlates with antral follicle count and predicts ovarian response to fertility treatments. AMH assessment is valuable for evaluating ovarian reserve, infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and menopausal status. While age impacts ovarian reserve, AMH is a better marker as levels decline earlier than other indicators.
OVARIAN RESERVE DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT DR Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
Diminished ovarian reserve is the loss of normal reproductive potential in the ovaries due to a lower count or quality of remaining eggs. It can be caused by factors like advanced age, chemotherapy, genetics, and lifestyle. Ovarian reserve tests assess markers like antral follicle count, anti-Mullerian hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone to predict ovarian response. A combination of biochemical tests is effective for predicting diminished ovarian reserve. When test results indicate poor ovarian reserve, treatment options include protocols using gonadotropins, letrozole, or dehydroepiandrosterone to potentially increase live birth rates from in vitro fertilization.
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, evaluation, and management. It notes that infertility affects approximately 1 in 7 couples in the UK. Evaluation involves assessing both partners for potential medical causes through history, examination, tests, and procedures. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to surgery to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF, depending on the underlying cause. The majority of young couples without known issues will conceive naturally within 2 years.
Assessment and preparation of infertile couples before icsiAhmed Mowafy
This document provides information about infertility, its causes and treatments. It defines infertility as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sex. It discusses infertility as a disability according to the WHO. It also defines terms like subfertility, assisted reproductive technology (ART), in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and their procedures. The document discusses the evaluation process for infertility including history, examination, ovarian reserve testing and semen analysis. It provides details about the IVF/ICSI cycle steps and frequently asked questions about success rates, costs, bed rest after embryo transfer and religious aspects.
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, examinations, and treatment methods. It notes that infertility is defined as two years of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. The main causes of infertility are listed as female factors (40-55%), male factors (25-40%), and both male and female factors (10%). Examinations for infertility include history, physical exam, laboratory tests such as hormone levels and semen analysis, and imaging like ultrasounds and HSG. Treatment methods covered include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IUI, IVF-ET, and GIFT.
Diagnosis and management of basic infertilityArchana Tandon
This document provides guidance for general gynecologists on evaluating and managing basic infertility. It highlights that a thorough history and physical exam should be done before starting any workup. The workup should generally start after 6 months of trying unless certain risk factors are present. Key parts of the initial workup include a semen analysis, confirming ovulation with a mid-luteal progesterone test, and checking tubal patency with HSG or sonohysterography. Empirical clomiphene citrate therapy is not recommended. IUI is only appropriate if the gynecologist understands patient selection and timing of referral for more advanced treatments. Lifestyle changes should be the first approach for overweight PCOS patients.
Infertility has often been defined as failure to achieve pregnancy within 1 year of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive function has been shown to be sensitive to changes in the physical, psychosocial and chemical environments. Some factors that can affect fertility include being overweight or underweight, age, certain chemicals, viruses, bacteria, and stress.
all the informations taken from Sperrof 8th edition
all the informations are upto date
especially designed for MD MS student in Obstetrics and gynaecology doing their Residency
Integrated approach to infertility work upnermine amin
This document outlines an integrated approach to infertility workup. It discusses evaluating the male partner, ovarian function, tubal function, and the uterus. For the male partner, a history, examination, and semen analysis are recommended. Ovarian function is assessed through menstrual history, ultrasound, and hormone levels. Tubal function can be evaluated with HSG, laparoscopy, or hysteroscopy. The uterus is examined with imaging like HSG, ultrasound, or hysteroscopy and potentially endometrial biopsy. A complete workup considers factors from both the male and female partners.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It can be caused by problems with ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, or vagina in women or abnormal sperm production or function in men. Evaluation of both partners is important to identify treatable causes. Treatment options include medication to stimulate ovulation, surgery to repair damaged reproductive organs, and assisted reproductive technology. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and whether it can be successfully treated.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. It affects approximately 15% of reproductive couples. Both male and female factors contribute to infertility, with abnormal spermatogenesis and anatomic defects being the most common causes in men and women, respectively. A thorough evaluation includes history, physical exam, semen analysis, ovulation testing, and imaging to determine the underlying cause so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. Unexplained infertility accounts for 10-20% of cases.
Direct transformation methods can be used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without the use of Agrobacterium. Particle bombardment is a direct transformation method where DNA is coated onto gold or tungsten particles and propelled into plant cells using a gene gun. After bombardment, cells are regenerated into whole plants using tissue culture techniques. Selection techniques using marker genes are needed to identify transformed cells, as transformation efficiency is low. Reporter genes can also be used to identify transformed cells without selection.
This document provides an overview of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. It begins with an introduction to genetic transformation methods, including direct and indirect techniques. It then discusses Agrobacterium, including its classification, the history of using it for gene transformation, and features of its T-DNA and virulence genes. The document outlines the process of T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. Finally, it describes some common methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, such as infection through wounds, leaf disk, and co-cultivation techniques.
Active management of infertility - a guide for gynecologistsDr Aniruddha Malpani
This document discusses best practices for actively managing infertility. It outlines some common mistakes made in traditional approaches, such as taking a "wait and watch" approach and not fully investigating the causes of infertility. The document recommends seeing couples together, completing the full testing protocol within 2 months, and having a clear treatment plan that progresses to more aggressive options if needed. It provides guidance on effective testing strategies and interpreting test results to determine the appropriate course of treatment, with the goal of helping patients conceive. The document also discusses advanced fertility treatments like IVF and stresses the importance of a good patient-doctor relationship.
This document summarizes causes of infertility, including both female and male factors. It discusses various physical, hormonal, immunological, and developmental issues that can interfere with conception. Key female causes include endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovulation disorders, and early menopause. Male factors discussed include pretesticular issues like hypogonadism, testicular problems such as infection or trauma, and post-testicular obstruction or infection. A variety of genetic, lifestyle, and medical conditions can also impact fertility.
The document discusses infertility, its causes and treatments. It defines infertility as the inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected sex. Approximately 10-15% of couples experience infertility, with female factors accounting for 60% of cases, male factors 30% and both male and female factors in 10% of cases. Common female causes include problems with ovulation, fallopian tubes or cervical factors. Common male causes include abnormal sperm production or function. Treatments aim to address the specific cause, and may include ovulation induction medications, surgery, assisted reproduction technologies like IUI or IVF.
Ovarian Reserve Testing in Infertility Dr. Jyoti Agarwal Dr. Sharda JainLifecare Centre
The Best Gametes
Give The Best Result
OVARIAN RESERVE
Plan fertility preservation
Fertility outcome
Response to ovarian stimulation
Predict pregnancy rate
Monitor fertility decline
Fertility after chemotherapy and cancer treatment
This document provides guidelines for the management of infertility. It discusses investigations such as semen analysis and tubal patency testing. It covers the diagnosis and management of issues like PCOS, male factor infertility, tubal disease, ovulation disorders, and endometriosis. The guidelines are based on evidence from meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and protocols from organizations like RCOG and ASRM. Both medical and surgical treatment options are considered.
medical management of infertility,think before surgery!!!!ShitalSavaliya1
Nowdays infertility is major issues world wide,It covers both male and female infertility causes,investigation and related treatments.it also includes recent options available at infertility centres.
This document discusses female infertility. It defines primary and secondary infertility and outlines the typical initial investigations for an infertile couple, including investigating male factors, testing for ovulation, and testing tubal patency using procedures like laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Some of the key causes of female infertility discussed include ovulatory disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome, tubal damage, endometriosis, and unexplained infertility.
Here are the key points about hCG:
- hCG is a hormone produced in pregnancy that helps maintain the corpus luteum to support early pregnancy.
- It is used to induce ovulation by mimicking LH and causing follicles to rupture and release eggs, increasing chances of pregnancy.
- Indications for use include anovulation, PCOS, and irregular periods.
- It is administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in dosages of 5,000 to 10,000 IU when monitoring shows a mature follicle after ovulation induction treatment.
- By mimicking the LH surge, it helps the mature follicle release its egg, supporting the process of induced ovulation. Its role is to help
Serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured in 14080 human samples over 6 months using an ELISA method. AMH levels declined with increasing age and varied individually. AMH strongly correlates with antral follicle count and predicts ovarian response to fertility treatments. AMH assessment is valuable for evaluating ovarian reserve, infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, and menopausal status. While age impacts ovarian reserve, AMH is a better marker as levels decline earlier than other indicators.
OVARIAN RESERVE DIAGNOSIS & MANAGEMENT DR Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
Diminished ovarian reserve is the loss of normal reproductive potential in the ovaries due to a lower count or quality of remaining eggs. It can be caused by factors like advanced age, chemotherapy, genetics, and lifestyle. Ovarian reserve tests assess markers like antral follicle count, anti-Mullerian hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone to predict ovarian response. A combination of biochemical tests is effective for predicting diminished ovarian reserve. When test results indicate poor ovarian reserve, treatment options include protocols using gonadotropins, letrozole, or dehydroepiandrosterone to potentially increase live birth rates from in vitro fertilization.
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, evaluation, and management. It notes that infertility affects approximately 1 in 7 couples in the UK. Evaluation involves assessing both partners for potential medical causes through history, examination, tests, and procedures. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to surgery to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IVF, depending on the underlying cause. The majority of young couples without known issues will conceive naturally within 2 years.
Assessment and preparation of infertile couples before icsiAhmed Mowafy
This document provides information about infertility, its causes and treatments. It defines infertility as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sex. It discusses infertility as a disability according to the WHO. It also defines terms like subfertility, assisted reproductive technology (ART), in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and their procedures. The document discusses the evaluation process for infertility including history, examination, ovarian reserve testing and semen analysis. It provides details about the IVF/ICSI cycle steps and frequently asked questions about success rates, costs, bed rest after embryo transfer and religious aspects.
This document discusses infertility, including its definition, causes, examinations, and treatment methods. It notes that infertility is defined as two years of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy. The main causes of infertility are listed as female factors (40-55%), male factors (25-40%), and both male and female factors (10%). Examinations for infertility include history, physical exam, laboratory tests such as hormone levels and semen analysis, and imaging like ultrasounds and HSG. Treatment methods covered include ovulation induction, surgery, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like IUI, IVF-ET, and GIFT.
Diagnosis and management of basic infertilityArchana Tandon
This document provides guidance for general gynecologists on evaluating and managing basic infertility. It highlights that a thorough history and physical exam should be done before starting any workup. The workup should generally start after 6 months of trying unless certain risk factors are present. Key parts of the initial workup include a semen analysis, confirming ovulation with a mid-luteal progesterone test, and checking tubal patency with HSG or sonohysterography. Empirical clomiphene citrate therapy is not recommended. IUI is only appropriate if the gynecologist understands patient selection and timing of referral for more advanced treatments. Lifestyle changes should be the first approach for overweight PCOS patients.
Infertility has often been defined as failure to achieve pregnancy within 1 year of unprotected intercourse. Reproductive function has been shown to be sensitive to changes in the physical, psychosocial and chemical environments. Some factors that can affect fertility include being overweight or underweight, age, certain chemicals, viruses, bacteria, and stress.
all the informations taken from Sperrof 8th edition
all the informations are upto date
especially designed for MD MS student in Obstetrics and gynaecology doing their Residency
Integrated approach to infertility work upnermine amin
This document outlines an integrated approach to infertility workup. It discusses evaluating the male partner, ovarian function, tubal function, and the uterus. For the male partner, a history, examination, and semen analysis are recommended. Ovarian function is assessed through menstrual history, ultrasound, and hormone levels. Tubal function can be evaluated with HSG, laparoscopy, or hysteroscopy. The uterus is examined with imaging like HSG, ultrasound, or hysteroscopy and potentially endometrial biopsy. A complete workup considers factors from both the male and female partners.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. It can be caused by problems with ovulation, the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, or vagina in women or abnormal sperm production or function in men. Evaluation of both partners is important to identify treatable causes. Treatment options include medication to stimulate ovulation, surgery to repair damaged reproductive organs, and assisted reproductive technology. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and whether it can be successfully treated.
Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. It affects approximately 15% of reproductive couples. Both male and female factors contribute to infertility, with abnormal spermatogenesis and anatomic defects being the most common causes in men and women, respectively. A thorough evaluation includes history, physical exam, semen analysis, ovulation testing, and imaging to determine the underlying cause so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. Unexplained infertility accounts for 10-20% of cases.
Direct transformation methods can be used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells without the use of Agrobacterium. Particle bombardment is a direct transformation method where DNA is coated onto gold or tungsten particles and propelled into plant cells using a gene gun. After bombardment, cells are regenerated into whole plants using tissue culture techniques. Selection techniques using marker genes are needed to identify transformed cells, as transformation efficiency is low. Reporter genes can also be used to identify transformed cells without selection.
This document provides an overview of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. It begins with an introduction to genetic transformation methods, including direct and indirect techniques. It then discusses Agrobacterium, including its classification, the history of using it for gene transformation, and features of its T-DNA and virulence genes. The document outlines the process of T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. Finally, it describes some common methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, such as infection through wounds, leaf disk, and co-cultivation techniques.
This document provides an introduction to gene transfer techniques. It discusses:
1. The process of gene transfer, which moves a specific piece of DNA into a cell, and genetic transformation, which is the stable integration and expression of a foreign gene into an organism's genome.
2. The two main methods of gene transfer - vector-based methods using organisms like Agrobacterium tumefaciens and direct gene transfer methods like particle bombardment.
3. The steps involved in transformation which include identifying a desirable gene, designing the gene for insertion, inserting the gene into a target plant, and identifying transformed cells.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used to genetically modify dicot plants through its ability to transfer DNA to plant cells. It causes crown gall disease by transferring oncogenic T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into wounded plant cells. The T-DNA encodes genes that cause tumor formation and the production of opines, which the bacteria can use as nutrients. The binary vector system was developed to overcome challenges with manipulating large Ti plasmids, allowing foreign genes to be stably introduced between the T-DNA borders and transferred to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is now widely used to produce transgenic plants.
Its about how fruit ripening occurs and how we can manipulate ripening process by using biotechnology to delay ripening and to reduce postharvest losses
This document discusses various methods of genetic transfer, including natural genetic transfer between organisms as well as technological methods developed to manipulate genes. It describes how donor DNA can enter a recipient cell and recombine, producing genetically distinct offspring. Several gene transfer technologies are then outlined, including microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate precipitation, lipofection, and electroporation. The document explains the basic mechanisms and applications of each method while also noting their limitations for different purposes like gene therapy. In the conclusion, it emphasizes that gene transfer technologies now allow relatively easy and accurate introduction of genes into target cells to potentially cure diseases.
Wisconsin Fertility Institute: Injection Class 2009WisFertility
The document discusses the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF) in 3 steps: controlled ovarian stimulation using drugs like Lupron and injectables to grow multiple eggs, egg retrieval from the ovaries, and fertilization of the eggs with sperm in the lab. It then describes the steps of the IVF cycle in more detail, including medication administration, monitoring appointments, egg retrieval 35 hours after a trigger shot, fertilization techniques, embryo culture, and transfer back to the uterus. Finally, it discusses post-transfer care including progesterone support and pregnancy testing.
This document discusses transgenic plants and their production methods. It describes how transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering techniques to introduce foreign genes. The main plant transformation methods discussed are Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, gene guns, electroporation, and microinjection. Examples of commercial transgenic crops and their traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are provided. Both advantages like higher yields and reduced pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like potential health risks and creation of pesticide-resistant super bugs are summarized.
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that was discovered to transfer genes between itself and plants, enabling the development of genetic engineering methods for plants.
2) The most common transgenic traits in crops include herbicide and insect resistance, with field corn often containing Bt genes for insect resistance.
3) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for producing transgenic plants. It involves using disarmed Agrobacterium strains to transfer desired gene sequences into plant cells.
The document discusses different types of gene cloning vectors including plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and phagemids. Plasmid vectors like pBR322 contain selectable markers and a multiple cloning site. Bacteriophage vectors like lambda phage infect bacteria and can carry larger DNA inserts. Cosmid vectors combine properties of plasmids and phages to clone fragments up to 50kb. All of these vector types allow cloning and replication of foreign DNA fragments in host cells.
This document discusses various techniques for gene transfer, including natural methods like conjugation, transformation, and transduction, as well artificial methods like microinjection, biolistics, calcium phosphate and liposome mediated transfer, and electroporation. It provides details on how each method works, such as how conjugation involves transfer of DNA between bacteria via sex pili, and how electroporation uses electrical pulses to create pores in cell membranes to allow DNA entry. The document also summarizes screening and applications of transgenic techniques.
Mark Perloe, MD Atlanta, 404-843-2229 Learn about the factors that can adversely affect fertility and the tests that can help pinpoint problems. Fertility treatment options including IVF and other high tech options are presented.
This document discusses infertility evaluation and treatment. It begins by outlining factors to consider before trying to conceive and describing methods for timing intercourse. Common causes of infertility include problems with ovulation, male factor issues, and tubal or uterine abnormalities. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes to assisted reproductive technologies like intrauterine insemination, ovulation induction, and in vitro fertilization. While assisted reproduction can help many couples conceive, it may also lead to multiple births and there are still some unknown risks for children conceived through these methods.
- Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as 3 or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks.
- Genetic causes like chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause and account for around 70% of early miscarriages. Karyotyping of pregnancy tissue can identify chromosomal abnormalities.
- Advanced parental age increases the risk of genetic defects leading to miscarriage due to declining egg/sperm quality. Parental karyotyping may identify balanced translocations in 3-5% of couples.
- A thorough evaluation including genetic, endocrine, anatomical, immunological, and infectious factors can identify a cause in 60% of recurrent pregnancy loss cases.
1. The document discusses new concepts in infertility including updated WHO reference values for semen analysis, the use of ICSI for male factor infertility, and success rates varying based on the cause of infertility.
2. ICSI, where surgically retrieved sperm are injected into eggs, has become an established procedure for couples with male subfertility to have a biological child, with reassuring post-natal outcomes reported so far.
3. The success of IVF depends on the type of infertility, with male factor infertility seeing live birth rates around 40% and female factor infertility around 25%, higher than other causes of infertility.
Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Sharing Personal Experience (10 years) Lifecare Centre
Complete over view of the causes diagnosis management of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
it is a personal experience of treating recurrent miscarriages with excellent result
This study surveyed 370 women with infertility to examine the relationship between anxiety, depression, and the duration and cause of infertility. The results showed that 40.8% of women experienced depression and 86.8% experienced anxiety. Depression was related to the cause of infertility, duration, education level, and job. Anxiety was related to duration of infertility and education level. Anxiety and depression were most common after 4-6 years of infertility, and severe depression occurred most in those with infertility for 7-9 years. The conclusion is that psychological support and treatment is important for the mental health of these patients.
Controversy and consensus regarding management of recurrent pregnancy loss.pptxDrRokeyaBegum
This document discusses controversy and consensus regarding management of recurrent pregnancy loss. It provides definitions of miscarriage and recurrent pregnancy loss. It examines various potential causes of recurrent pregnancy loss including genetic, immunological, endocrine, anatomical, infectious, and male factors. For each factor, it discusses recommendations for investigation and management based on guidelines from various organizations. The document emphasizes taking a thorough history and investigating multiple potential causes through tests and scans to determine a tailored treatment plan aiming to prevent future miscarriages.
This document discusses chromosome screening and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). It notes that aneuploidy increases significantly with maternal age and is a major cause of IVF failure and miscarriage. While PGS aims to increase implantation and pregnancy rates by screening embryos for aneuploidies, studies have shown mixed results. The document outlines various problems and limitations with past PGS studies that limit conclusions that can be drawn. It also discusses the potential benefits of PGS for recurrent implantation failure, previous trisomic conceptions, and recurrent pregnancy loss. Future developments discussed include using comparative genomic hybridization to screen all chromosomes and screening at the blastocyst stage.
This document discusses chromosome screening and preimplantation genetic screening (PGS). It notes that aneuploidy increases significantly with maternal age and is a major cause of IVF failure and miscarriage. While PGS aims to select euploid embryos, some studies show it increases live birth rates while others do not. Limitations of traditional PGS methods are discussed, as are the potential benefits of comprehensive chromosome screening at the blastocyst stage using newer technologies like comparative genomic hybridization.
This document summarizes information about recurrent pregnancy loss from Dr. Narendra Gupta of Vivekanand Hospital and Fertility Center in Jaipur, India. It defines recurrent pregnancy loss as 3 or more consecutive spontaneous losses and discusses the psychological impact. It outlines the clinical approach, investigations, and etiological factors that should be considered in evaluating recurrent loss. These include anatomical, endocrine, infectious, immune, thrombophilic, genetic, and unexplained causes. Specific diagnostic tests and treatment approaches are described for several of these factors.
Introduction
Natural conception
Epidemiologic figures
Factors affect the natural conception rate
Causes of subfertility
Female causes of subfertility
ovulation
Ovarian problems
Marker of ovarian reserve
Tubal blockage
Endometrial factors
Uterine factors
Cervical factors
History and PE
Investigations
Treatment
Male subfertility
Hypothalamic-pituitary disease
Obesity
Primary hypogonadism
Sperm transport disorders
Defective ejaculation
History and PE
Investigations
Surgical sperm retrieval
Cryopreservation of gametes
This document discusses infertility, its causes and treatments including assisted reproductive technologies. It notes that infertility has risen 50% in India over recent decades with 46% of Indians aged 31-40 requiring medical help to conceive. Both male and female factors contribute nearly equally to infertility. After evaluating causes for each couple, treatments may include ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection or use of donor gametes. New assisted reproduction techniques have increased options but the best treatment depends on the individual infertility factors involved.
- Infertility is a problem through out and increasing rates noticed.
- The successful birth of a “Test Tube Baby”, Louise Brown occurred in 1978 in Oldham General Hospital, U.K.
- Roberts G. Edwards; the physiologist who developed the treatment was awarded the noble prize in Medicine in 2010.
The document discusses in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. It explains that IVF involves extracting a woman's eggs and fertilizing them with a man's sperm in a lab. The fertilized embryos are then implanted in the woman's uterus. The document outlines the IVF process, including ovulation induction, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. It also discusses evaluating couples for infertility treatment and assessing male fertility through semen analysis.
This document discusses recurrent pregnancy loss and provides guidelines for evaluation and management. It defines recurrent pregnancy loss as three or more consecutive spontaneous losses before 20 weeks gestation. The main causes discussed include genetic factors, immunological factors like antiphospholipid syndrome, anatomical uterine anomalies, infections, endocrine disorders like diabetes and thyroid disease, and hematological disorders. A thorough evaluation is recommended, including history, examination, testing for genetic and hematological abnormalities. Current treatment approaches discussed include surgical correction of uterine anomalies, anticoagulation for antiphospholipid syndrome, tight glycemic control for diabetes, and immunotherapy. The success rate after evaluation and treatment is improved compared to without intervention.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. In Vitro Fertilization:
the basics….
Molina B. Dayal, MD
Medical Director
Sher Institute for Reproductive Medicine, St. Louis
2. All Couples
1 in 8 Couples
Age 30-34
1 in 6 Couples
Age 35-39
1 in 4 Couples
Age 40-44
1 in 2 Couples
3. Inability to conceive after one year’s worth
of regular unprotected intercourse:
Can this be applied to everyone?
Age.
Ovulatory status.
Known tubal or male issues.
4. Infertility --- Basic Statistics
20-25% couples conceive/month in 1st
year
85% of couples will have conceived in one year
Those 15% who did not conceive will have a monthly
chance of conception of 2-3%/month
2-3%/month is achieved after just 6 months if the
woman is 35 years old or older
11. A few words about
Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)
12. Overall IUI Success Rates
15% for women under the age of 30,
12% for women ages 30 to 35,
7% to 8% for women ages 35 to 39
< 2% for women over the age of 40.
13. Clomid with IUI
Success rate dependent on age of female and
sperm quality of male
<35 years old ---- 10%
35-40 years old ---- 5%
>40 years old ---- <2%
Unfortunately, Clomid can have a negative impact
on uterine lining (therefore approx ½ chance of
success compared to overall chance with IUI)
14. Unexplained Infertility: Intrauterine
Insemination
Study Likelihood of Pregnancy
per Month
IUI vs. No treatment 4% vs. 3%
Clomid alone vs. No treatment 3% vs. 3%
Clomid + IUI vs. No treatment 8% vs. 3%
FSH inj + IUI vs No treatment 12% vs. 3%
17. IVF should be considered as the
FIRST line treatment if….
Male factor (abnormal semen analysis)
Tubal factor (blocked or diseased fallopian
tubes)
Advanced maternal age
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis/cGH
testing
18. IVF should be considered as the
FIRST line treatment if….
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (single
gene disorders/disease carrier states)
Protracted infertility
Immunologic Implantation Dysfunction
Need for gestational carrier
Fertility Preservation
19. What is IVF?
It is the fertilization of eggs with
sperm/generation of embryos outside the body
Multi-step process
Medications (“protocols”) for patients are
individualized to optimize outcome
29. Embryo Selection Dilemma
Issues related to the transfer of early cleavage stage (day 3)
embryos
- Which is normal?
Morphology scoring:
Cleavage rate.
Blastomere symmetry.
Degree of fragmentation.
30. Embryo Aneuploidy
≥40/normal appearance 67%
≥40/abnormal appearance 70%
Munne et al, Fertil Steril. 1995.
Chromosomal abnormality rates in embryos increase with maternal age
even if the embryos appear normal
Age/Embryo Type (on day 3):
Rate of Chromosome
Abnormalities:
31. Why a blastocyst transfer?
Depending on maternal age, the majority of
blastocysts are chromosomally normal.
More efficient (less risk of high order multiple
pregnancies).
More physiologic.
32. Why cGH?
While the majority of blastocysts are normal in
younger women, this does not hold entirely true
in older women.
Able to screen embryos, with high accuracy, for
chromosomal abnormalities (Down Syndrome,
etc) before an embryo transfer is performed.
34. Following Embryo Biopsy
Report generated indicating findings from genetic
analysis.
Patient and physician decide how many and which
embryos to transfer.
Normal embryos are transferred/stored for later
use while abnormal ones are disposed.
35. Additional Advantages of IVF
Assessment of ovarian reserve.
Assessment of fertilization.
Control number of embryos placed in
uterus.
Ability to freeze/store embryos for later
use.
36. Take Away Points
Seek evaluation from a fertility specialist after one year of
infertility (or sooner if the woman >35 years old, has
irregular cycles or there is a known male factor)
Consider fertility medications + IUI in cases of unexplained
infertility, limiting treatment to no more than 3 attempts
Consider IVF as first line treatment when ovarian reserve
is of concern, tubal disease/blockage and male factor are
present, multiple IUI’s have failed, if an immunologic
implantation issue is discovered, or you are interested in
cGH testing.