This document provides an overview of power system reliability. It discusses key topics such as:
1. Definitions of power system reliability including adequacy, security, and reliability measures.
2. Factors that influence reliability such as transmission planning, reliability perspectives from different stakeholders, and measuring reliability through various indices.
3. Optimizing reliability by balancing higher reliability through improved equipment and redundancy against increased capital and operating costs.
4. Causes of outages and the "bathtub curve" model of failure rates over the life of equipment.
5. The importance of conducting power supply quality surveys to understand reliability issues before new connections.
This chapter deals with the reliability analysis of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
Power system planning & operation [eceg 4410]Sifan Welisa
The document discusses power load forecasting and substation planning. It explains that accurate load forecasting is important for power system planning and operation. Several load forecasting methods are described, including those based on historical load data, economic factors, and standardized load curves. Load forecasts can be short, medium, or long-term. The document also discusses factors to consider in substation planning and design, such as location, equipment requirements, and configuration. Feasibility studies are important for assessing potential hydroelectric and substation projects.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
This document discusses power quality and related topics. It defines power quality as having a perfect power supply that is always available within tolerances and has a pure sinusoidal waveform. It describes various power quality problems like voltage sags and swells, harmonics, transients, and interruptions. It also discusses power quality measurement devices, terminology, standards, unbundled power quality services, monitoring, and the benefits of power quality. The goal is to improve the reliability and quality of electricity supply for users.
The document discusses guidelines for transmission system planning in India. It outlines that:
- The Central Electricity Authority is responsible for preparing transmission plans and coordinating planning agencies according to the Electricity Act 2003.
- The transmission system consists of the inter-state transmission system (ISTS) managed by the Central Transmission Utility and intra-state transmission systems (Inra-STS) managed by State Transmission Utilities.
- Transmission planning involves power flow studies, short circuit studies, and stability studies to ensure system security, reliability and that all parameters remain within limits under normal ('N-0') and contingency ('N-1' and 'N-1-1') conditions.
This presentation provides an overview of power quality, including definitions of power quality, common power quality disturbances like sags, swells, harmonics and interruptions. It discusses the increased sensitivity of modern electronic equipment to power quality issues. Real-time power quality monitoring systems are described that can identify issues, locate their sources, and help utilities and customers mitigate problems to reduce costs and equipment damage. The benefits of power quality monitoring include improved reliability, preventative maintenance, and identification of sensitive equipment needing protection.
Unit 5 Economic Load Dispatch and Unit CommitmentSANTOSH GADEKAR
This document provides information on economic load dispatch and unit commitment in power systems. It discusses the input-output and incremental cost characteristics of thermal and hydro power plants. It also describes the equal incremental cost method for economic load dispatch using Lagrange multipliers. A numerical example with two generating units is provided to illustrate solving for optimal dispatch considering varying load demand over different time periods.
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
This chapter deals with the reliability analysis of different power system parts which includes the generation, transmission and distribution systems. This slide is specifically prepared for ASTU 5th year power and control engineering students.
Power system planning & operation [eceg 4410]Sifan Welisa
The document discusses power load forecasting and substation planning. It explains that accurate load forecasting is important for power system planning and operation. Several load forecasting methods are described, including those based on historical load data, economic factors, and standardized load curves. Load forecasts can be short, medium, or long-term. The document also discusses factors to consider in substation planning and design, such as location, equipment requirements, and configuration. Feasibility studies are important for assessing potential hydroelectric and substation projects.
This document provides information about flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) including opportunities for FACTS, types of FACTS controllers, and their relative importance. It discusses how FACTS controllers can control parameters like line impedance, phase angle, and voltage injection to regulate power flow. The key types of FACTS controllers are series, shunt, and combined series-series or series-shunt configurations. Series controllers directly impact current and power flow, while shunt controllers control voltage. Combined controllers allow coordinated control and real power transfer between elements.
This document discusses power quality and related topics. It defines power quality as having a perfect power supply that is always available within tolerances and has a pure sinusoidal waveform. It describes various power quality problems like voltage sags and swells, harmonics, transients, and interruptions. It also discusses power quality measurement devices, terminology, standards, unbundled power quality services, monitoring, and the benefits of power quality. The goal is to improve the reliability and quality of electricity supply for users.
The document discusses guidelines for transmission system planning in India. It outlines that:
- The Central Electricity Authority is responsible for preparing transmission plans and coordinating planning agencies according to the Electricity Act 2003.
- The transmission system consists of the inter-state transmission system (ISTS) managed by the Central Transmission Utility and intra-state transmission systems (Inra-STS) managed by State Transmission Utilities.
- Transmission planning involves power flow studies, short circuit studies, and stability studies to ensure system security, reliability and that all parameters remain within limits under normal ('N-0') and contingency ('N-1' and 'N-1-1') conditions.
This presentation provides an overview of power quality, including definitions of power quality, common power quality disturbances like sags, swells, harmonics and interruptions. It discusses the increased sensitivity of modern electronic equipment to power quality issues. Real-time power quality monitoring systems are described that can identify issues, locate their sources, and help utilities and customers mitigate problems to reduce costs and equipment damage. The benefits of power quality monitoring include improved reliability, preventative maintenance, and identification of sensitive equipment needing protection.
Unit 5 Economic Load Dispatch and Unit CommitmentSANTOSH GADEKAR
This document provides information on economic load dispatch and unit commitment in power systems. It discusses the input-output and incremental cost characteristics of thermal and hydro power plants. It also describes the equal incremental cost method for economic load dispatch using Lagrange multipliers. A numerical example with two generating units is provided to illustrate solving for optimal dispatch considering varying load demand over different time periods.
This document is a final year project presentation on Static VAR Compensator (SVC). It discusses Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) which use power electronics to control power flow and increase transmission capacity. SVCs in particular provide fast reactive power support to control voltage and improve stability. Different types of SVC are described including series and shunt compensators using thyristor controlled capacitors and reactors. Mechanically Switched Capacitors are also discussed as a type of shunt compensator. The project layout and applications of SVC systems for transmission systems are outlined.
This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
Power system planning involves studies ranging from 1-10 years to determine generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure needs. Key aspects of transmission planning include load forecasting, generation expansion planning to meet load, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning to transmit power from generators to loads, and reactive power planning. Both static planning looking at single time periods and dynamic planning considering multiple time periods simultaneously are used. Transmission planning is interconnected with generation planning, as transmission systems deliver power from generators to loads.
The document discusses load forecasting techniques and scheduling procedures in India's power system. It provides an overview of load forecasting, including the factors that affect load and different forecasting methods like extrapolation and correlation. It also describes the responsibilities of different load dispatch centers in India for scheduling generation and load. The scheduling procedure involves various timelines for generators to declare availability, beneficiaries to submit requisitions, and final schedules to be issued.
The document discusses various aspects of power system reliability including adequacy, security, and stability. It defines adequacy as relating to having sufficient generation and transmission facilities to meet customer demand. Security pertains to how the system responds to disturbances like loss of generation or transmission. Stability refers to generators staying synchronized during disturbances. The document also discusses reliability assessment techniques like loss of load probability and expectation indices used to evaluate generation adequacy. Distribution reliability is assessed using indices that consider customer interruptions and outage times.
This document provides an overview of load forecasting in the power system planning process. It discusses the need for load forecasting to determine generation, transmission, and distribution capacity needs. Accurate load forecasting is important to avoid excess or insufficient investment. The document outlines different load classification categories and forecasting methodologies. It also examines factors like weather that impact load forecasting and concludes that regular adjustments are needed to forecasts to account for seasonal and other usage changes.
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) use GPS satellites to synchronize phasor measurement units (PMUs) located at critical nodes across the power system. PMUs measure voltage and current phasors multiple times per second with high precision. The synchronized phasor data provided to control centers gives operators real-time dynamic information about the power system to help maintain reliability.
The document discusses area of vulnerability (AoV) for predicting voltage sags. It defines AoV as the zone where a short circuit could cause a voltage dip or interruption based on electrical distance from the fault location. It describes methods to simulate faults using power flow and short circuit analysis to determine AoV and voltage sag magnitude and duration. The key steps involve creating models of the network, running load flow, and simulating single line-to-ground and three phase faults at different points to record voltage values and identify the AoV. Case studies and further analysis of AoV are needed to better understand vulnerabilities and develop preventative solutions.
- The document discusses equivalent circuit diagrams of string insulators used to support transmission lines. It presents 4 problems analyzing string insulator configurations.
- Problem 1 defines the equivalent circuit and variables. Problem 2 calculates ratios using the 8kV and 11kV potentials across units. Problem 3 finds the line to neutral voltage assuming a shunt capacitance ratio. Problem 4 calculates string efficiency when a guard ring increases the lowest unit's capacitance to the line.
Representation of power system componentsPrasanna Rao
This document discusses the representation of power system components in circuit models for analysis. It introduces the key components of a power system, including generators, transmission lines, and distribution systems. It then covers circuit models for representing synchronous machines, transformers, transmission lines, and static and dynamic loads. The rest of the document discusses additional modeling techniques like one-line diagrams, impedance diagrams, per-unit systems, and calculating base values for analysis.
The document provides an introduction to power system analysis. It discusses the components of a power system including generators, transformers, transmission lines and loads. It explains that power system analysis involves monitoring the system through load flow analysis, short circuit analysis and stability analysis in order to maintain the system safely and economically. It also discusses the need for power system analysis in planning and operating the system, and ensuring power demand is met through reliable generation and transmission of electricity.
This document discusses national and regional power system planning in India. It begins with an introduction to power system planning, including transmission versus distribution planning and long-term versus short-term planning. It then covers various aspects of planning such as generation planning, capacity resource planning, and transmission planning. The document outlines the five electricity regions in India and discusses the economic benefits of regional coordination in planning. It concludes with mentions of integrated resource planning and least cost utility planning strategies.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
This document discusses state estimation in power systems. It begins by defining state estimation as assigning values to unknown system state variables based on measurements according to some criteria. It then discusses that the most commonly used criterion is the weighted least squares method. It provides an example of using measurements to estimate voltage angles as state variables and calculate other power flows. Finally, it discusses the weighted least squares state estimation technique in detail including developing the measurement function matrix and solving the weighted least squares optimization.
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
Introduction of wide area mesurement syatemPanditNitesh
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS). WAMS uses Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) synchronized by GPS to monitor power grids. PMUs measure voltage and current phasors, while Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) collect and process data from multiple PMUs. The seminar discusses the components of WAMS including PMUs, PDCs, and communication protocols. It also reviews several implementations of WAMS and their applications in monitoring the electric grid.
Mantenimiento en los sistemas Eléctricos de distribución JOe Torres Palomino
1. The document discusses the importance of continuous electrical maintenance for companies to ensure facilities and equipment are operating safely and efficiently. It describes how maintenance activities help companies adapt to changes in electricity markets by meeting customer needs through globalization, competition, cost reduction, and quality service.
2. It provides details on CNEL EP, an Ecuadorian electricity corporation, and its annual preventative and predictive maintenance programs for its distribution networks and substations. This is done to identify and address issues before they impact the physical or electrical characteristics needed to provide continuous service.
3. Key parameters for evaluating service quality include reliability standards, safety, timely response to requests, accurate billing, restoration timelines, emergency response, customer information and service
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
Power system planning involves studies ranging from 1-10 years to determine generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure needs. Key aspects of transmission planning include load forecasting, generation expansion planning to meet load, substation expansion planning, network expansion planning to transmit power from generators to loads, and reactive power planning. Both static planning looking at single time periods and dynamic planning considering multiple time periods simultaneously are used. Transmission planning is interconnected with generation planning, as transmission systems deliver power from generators to loads.
The document discusses load forecasting techniques and scheduling procedures in India's power system. It provides an overview of load forecasting, including the factors that affect load and different forecasting methods like extrapolation and correlation. It also describes the responsibilities of different load dispatch centers in India for scheduling generation and load. The scheduling procedure involves various timelines for generators to declare availability, beneficiaries to submit requisitions, and final schedules to be issued.
The document discusses various aspects of power system reliability including adequacy, security, and stability. It defines adequacy as relating to having sufficient generation and transmission facilities to meet customer demand. Security pertains to how the system responds to disturbances like loss of generation or transmission. Stability refers to generators staying synchronized during disturbances. The document also discusses reliability assessment techniques like loss of load probability and expectation indices used to evaluate generation adequacy. Distribution reliability is assessed using indices that consider customer interruptions and outage times.
This document provides an overview of load forecasting in the power system planning process. It discusses the need for load forecasting to determine generation, transmission, and distribution capacity needs. Accurate load forecasting is important to avoid excess or insufficient investment. The document outlines different load classification categories and forecasting methodologies. It also examines factors like weather that impact load forecasting and concludes that regular adjustments are needed to forecasts to account for seasonal and other usage changes.
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
with the help of web based power quality monitoring system we can control and manage the data flow of electrical quantity and control the improve the quality of the power system in grid
Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) use GPS satellites to synchronize phasor measurement units (PMUs) located at critical nodes across the power system. PMUs measure voltage and current phasors multiple times per second with high precision. The synchronized phasor data provided to control centers gives operators real-time dynamic information about the power system to help maintain reliability.
The document discusses area of vulnerability (AoV) for predicting voltage sags. It defines AoV as the zone where a short circuit could cause a voltage dip or interruption based on electrical distance from the fault location. It describes methods to simulate faults using power flow and short circuit analysis to determine AoV and voltage sag magnitude and duration. The key steps involve creating models of the network, running load flow, and simulating single line-to-ground and three phase faults at different points to record voltage values and identify the AoV. Case studies and further analysis of AoV are needed to better understand vulnerabilities and develop preventative solutions.
- The document discusses equivalent circuit diagrams of string insulators used to support transmission lines. It presents 4 problems analyzing string insulator configurations.
- Problem 1 defines the equivalent circuit and variables. Problem 2 calculates ratios using the 8kV and 11kV potentials across units. Problem 3 finds the line to neutral voltage assuming a shunt capacitance ratio. Problem 4 calculates string efficiency when a guard ring increases the lowest unit's capacitance to the line.
Representation of power system componentsPrasanna Rao
This document discusses the representation of power system components in circuit models for analysis. It introduces the key components of a power system, including generators, transmission lines, and distribution systems. It then covers circuit models for representing synchronous machines, transformers, transmission lines, and static and dynamic loads. The rest of the document discusses additional modeling techniques like one-line diagrams, impedance diagrams, per-unit systems, and calculating base values for analysis.
The document provides an introduction to power system analysis. It discusses the components of a power system including generators, transformers, transmission lines and loads. It explains that power system analysis involves monitoring the system through load flow analysis, short circuit analysis and stability analysis in order to maintain the system safely and economically. It also discusses the need for power system analysis in planning and operating the system, and ensuring power demand is met through reliable generation and transmission of electricity.
This document discusses national and regional power system planning in India. It begins with an introduction to power system planning, including transmission versus distribution planning and long-term versus short-term planning. It then covers various aspects of planning such as generation planning, capacity resource planning, and transmission planning. The document outlines the five electricity regions in India and discusses the economic benefits of regional coordination in planning. It concludes with mentions of integrated resource planning and least cost utility planning strategies.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
This document discusses state estimation in power systems. It begins by defining state estimation as assigning values to unknown system state variables based on measurements according to some criteria. It then discusses that the most commonly used criterion is the weighted least squares method. It provides an example of using measurements to estimate voltage angles as state variables and calculate other power flows. Finally, it discusses the weighted least squares state estimation technique in detail including developing the measurement function matrix and solving the weighted least squares optimization.
1. Shunt compensation involves connecting FACTS devices in parallel with transmission lines to act as controllable current sources.
2. There are two types of shunt compensation: shunt capacitive compensation improves power factor by injecting a leading current, while shunt inductive compensation increases power transfer capability by reducing voltage amplification.
3. Examples of FACTS devices for shunt compensation include STATCOM, SVC using TCR, TSC and TSR to continuously or stepwise vary the equivalent reactance.
Introduction of wide area mesurement syatemPanditNitesh
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS). WAMS uses Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) synchronized by GPS to monitor power grids. PMUs measure voltage and current phasors, while Phasor Data Concentrators (PDCs) collect and process data from multiple PMUs. The seminar discusses the components of WAMS including PMUs, PDCs, and communication protocols. It also reviews several implementations of WAMS and their applications in monitoring the electric grid.
Mantenimiento en los sistemas Eléctricos de distribución JOe Torres Palomino
1. The document discusses the importance of continuous electrical maintenance for companies to ensure facilities and equipment are operating safely and efficiently. It describes how maintenance activities help companies adapt to changes in electricity markets by meeting customer needs through globalization, competition, cost reduction, and quality service.
2. It provides details on CNEL EP, an Ecuadorian electricity corporation, and its annual preventative and predictive maintenance programs for its distribution networks and substations. This is done to identify and address issues before they impact the physical or electrical characteristics needed to provide continuous service.
3. Key parameters for evaluating service quality include reliability standards, safety, timely response to requests, accurate billing, restoration timelines, emergency response, customer information and service
This research presents a method for reliability assessment considering the 23MVA, 230/15 kV
transformer through two 15 kV outgoing transmission lines at Debre Markos substation. It also goes further to
include 139 low voltage 15/0.4 kV distribution transformers. The total load connected to the 15 kV feeders are
varies between 0.33255 and 6.3185 MW. A composite system adequacy and security assessment is done using
Monte Carlo simulation. The basic data and the topology used in the analysis are based on the Institution of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Reliability Test System and distribution system for bus two of the IEEEReliability
Bus bar Test System. The reliability indices SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and
expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered. Distribution system reliability information was
obtained from actual data for systems operating in Ethiopia Electric Utility office and Debre Markos substation
recorded data and online SCADA system.
Reactive power aspects in reliability assessment of power systemsIAEME Publication
This document discusses reactive power aspects in power system reliability assessment. It begins by noting that while reactive power plays an important role in operations, it is seldom considered in reliability evaluations. It then proposes several ideas:
1) Define new reliability indices to represent the effects of reactive power shortages on reliability, separate from real power shortages.
2) Consider failures of reactive power sources and incorporate reactive power limits determined by generators' real power outputs.
3) Propose a reactive power injection technique to determine possible shortages and locations.
4) Modify an IEEE test system to illustrate the proposed approach and provide planners/operators information on real and reactive power management.
Improving Reliability on Mixed Overhead and Underground Distribution FeedersPower System Operation
Many utility companies are converting overhead (OH) main line feeder sections to underground (UG) to improve reliability, system resiliency, or other local customer demands. A Hybrid distribution feeder is one with a mixture of OH and UG main line sections. Conventional protection philosophies for hybrid feeders normally result in lower overall feeder reliability. This paper will examine an example feeder to demonstrate the impact of protection and isolation system improvements on predicted reliability for Hybrid distribution feeders.
Improving Reliability on Mixed Overhead and Underground Distribution FeedersPower System Operation
Many utility companies are converting overhead (OH) main line feeder sections to underground (UG) to improve reliability, system resiliency, or other local customer demands. A Hybrid distribution feeder is one with a mixture of OH and UG main line sections. Conventional protection philosophies for hybrid feeders normally result in lower overall feeder reliability. This paper will examine an example feeder to demonstrate the impact of protection and isolation system improvements on predicted reliability for Hybrid distribution feeders.
KEYWORDS
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Impact of Distributed Generation on Reliability of Distribution SystemIOSR Journals
This document discusses the impact of distributed generation (DG) on the reliability of distribution systems. It begins with background on DG and defines it as generation located near customers that provides power directly to the distribution network. The document then reviews several past studies that examined DG's effects on reliability indices and optimal DG placement. It proposes evaluating reliability indices like failure rate and outage time at load points with and without DG. The rest of the document outlines calculations for various customer-related reliability metrics and indices like SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI that can be used to analyze the reliability impacts of DG on distribution systems.
Congestion management using facts devices in deregulated power systemeSAT Journals
Abstract The deregulated power system offers more benefits to the customers so that it is quite popular in now days. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. This paper presents a new method to mitigate congestion in a deregulated Power system. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. So Transmission congestion, Voltage instability and power loss problems are arise in the power system. These are very serious problems which cause damage to the power system Congestion is a tough task in Deregulated power system. This paper deals with the best location for TCSC using priority list to have minimum total congestion rent and minimum total generation cost .The Simulation results were successfully tested on modified IEEE 9 bus system using Power world simulator 11.0. Keywords— Deregulated power system, Congestion, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Reactive power loss, Power Transfer capability,
Power Factor Control at ABA Control 33/11kV Injection Substation Using Auto T...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that implemented reactive power compensation at the Aba Control 33/11kV injection substation in Nigeria using a static var compensator (SVC) with an auto-tuning regulator. The substation currently operates at a low power factor of 0.82, resulting in high losses. A 15MVAr SVC was installed to improve the power factor to 0.96. Simulation results showed that real and reactive power losses were reduced from 1.572 p.u. and 3.7525 p.u. to 0.1356 p.u. and 0.65237 p.u. respectively after compensation. Voltage regulation across buses was also maintained below 10%. The auto-tuning regulator was able
Load flow analysis of transmission network with series compensationeSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses load flow analysis of a transmission network with series compensation. It analyzes the effects of series line compensation on voltage profile, power transfer, and transmission losses using MATLAB/Simulink modeling of a simple three bus system.
2) Key findings include that series compensation increases power transfer capacity by reducing effective line reactance. It also improves voltage regulation and stability. The optimal location of series capacitors depends on factors like cost, accessibility, and effectiveness in improving power flow.
3) Modeling results show that compensating the longest line at 50% capacity approximately equalizes the electrical lengths of lines, balancing their power flows. Series compensation is confirmed to enhance electrical characteristics and improve power handling of transmission
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Reliability Indices Evaluation of a Real Time Rural Radial Distribution FeederIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluates reliability indices for a real-time rural radial distribution feeder in India. The study calculates reliability before and after adding protective devices (isolators) to the feeder. It first inserts capacitors at weak voltage nodes to improve voltage profiles and reduce losses. Reliability indices are then determined for the existing feeder and after isolators are placed. Load diversity factor is used to analyze real-time load data. The methodology develops matrices to model relationships between bus currents, branch currents, and voltages to solve the load flow using a particle swarm optimization technique. Results are presented for an 11kV rural feeder case study in India.
The document discusses a final year project presentation on applying series capacitor compensation to distribution networks. The presentation covers the project background on series compensation and its benefits. It then discusses the problem statement of unfamiliarity with applying this method to distribution systems. The objectives are to compare series compensation to new line construction for increasing power transfer capability and reducing reactive power losses. The methodology section outlines the 4 project activities - proving the concept, determining optimal location, applying it to a distribution network, and economically evaluating alternatives. Key results found the best compensation level is 75% and optimal location is 2/3 to 3/4 of the line length. Series compensation significantly improved voltage profile and power transfer capability over the alternatives.
Reliability Evaluation of a Radial Feeder with the Placement of Both Shunt Ca...IRJET Journal
This document discusses reliability evaluation of a radial feeder with the placement of both shunt capacitors and a fault passage indicator (FPI). It first describes determining the optimal location and rating of shunt capacitors using particle swarm optimization to minimize total cost, including energy loss and capacitor costs. It then describes determining the optimal placement of a single FPI on the feeder based on reliability using failure mode effects analysis. Reliability is evaluated by modeling the effects of the capacitors and FPI on component failure rates and power restoration times. The document analyzes the radial feeder reliability under four cases: without capacitors or FPI, with only capacitors, with only FPI, and with both capacitors and FPI
IRJET- Voltage Stability, Loadability and Contingency Analysis with Optimal I...IRJET Journal
This document discusses contingency analysis and optimal placement of renewable distributed generators (RDGs) using continuation power flow analysis to improve voltage stability and loadability. It presents a methodology to determine the optimal location and mix of different RDG technologies (solar, wind, fuel cells) on the IEEE 9-bus test system using the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). Reactive power performance indices are calculated for different line contingencies to identify critical buses. The results show that optimally placing RDGs can enhance voltage stability and increase the maximum loadability point compared to the base case without RDGs.
Introduction
Power Quality Problems
Power Quality Measurement Devices
Power Quality Terminology
Power Quality Standards
Unbundled Power Quality Services
Power Quality Monitoring
Benefits of Power Quality
Conclusion
References
Design and Mitigation Techniques of MV Capacitor Bank Switching Transients on...ijtsrd
This paper presents the techniques to mitigate transients caused by capacitor switching in the distribution system. It includes the theory of capacitive switching transients with different methods of mitigation. The paper uses MATLAB SIMULINK software package to simulate the specific mitigation devices. The mathematical calculations of different parameters such as transient voltages, current, and frequencies for each device are compared with obtained value from the simulations of each case study. Poonam Bhati | Mukesh Kumar Lodha ""Design and Mitigation Techniques of MV- Capacitor Bank Switching Transients on 132 KV Substation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25093.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/25093/design-and-mitigation-techniques-of-mv--capacitor-bank-switching-transients-on-132-kv-substation/poonam-bhati
Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generation Units Using Co-Evoluti...Radita Apriana
Today, with the increase of distributed generation sources in power systems, it’s important to
optimal location of these sources. Determine the number, location, size and type of distributed generation
(DG) on Power Systems, causes the reducing losses and improving reliability of the system. In this paper
is used Co-evolutionary particle swarm optimization algorithm (CPSO) to determine the optimal values of
the listed parameters. Obtained results through simulations are done in MATLAB software is presented in
the form of figure and table in this paper. These tables and figures, show how to changes the system
losses and improving reliability by changing parameters such as location, size, number and type of DG.
Finally, the results of this method are compared with the results of the Genetic algorithm (GA) method, to
determine the performance of each of these methods.
Optimal placement and sizing of ht shunt capacitors for transmission loss min...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a method for optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in the RRVPNL Power Grid transmission network in India. The objectives are to minimize transmission losses and improve the voltage profile in a cost-effective manner. The method formulates the problem using an objective function that considers active power loss reduction and voltage deviation minimization. Power flow is solved iteratively using MATLAB to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes that meet the objectives while satisfying voltage constraints. Simulation results found the proposed method effectively restructures capacitor placement in the grid to optimize utilization of capacitors for loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement.
Congestion Management in Deregulated Power System by Using FACTS DevicesIRJET Journal
This document discusses congestion management in deregulated power systems using Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. It begins with an introduction to the problem of transmission line overloading and congestion in deregulated power markets. It then discusses how FACTS devices like Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) can be used to reduce flows in heavily loaded lines and manage congestion. The document presents a case study using the IEEE 14-bus test system and PowerWorld Simulator software to analyze the impact of installing a TCSC on congested lines. It shows that the TCSC is effective at overcoming congestion by changing power flows and making locational marginal prices uniform across the system.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
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- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
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- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
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-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
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- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
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An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
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1. SEMINAR TOPIC ON
“POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY”
SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY
Presented By: Presented To:
Md Afzal Asst. Prof. Yaswant Kumar
Singh
Roll No. 201610103010003 (EED)
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
S.No. Topic
1. Introduction
2. Power system reliability definition
3. Transmission planning
4. Perspective on reliability
5. Measuring reliability
6. Optimum reliability
7. Outage
8. Bath tube curve
9. Power supply quality survey
10. Power quality monitoring
11. Risk management
12. Continuous markov process
13. conclusion
3. WHAT IS POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY
An electric power system serves the basic function of supplying
customers, both large and small, with electrical energy as
economically and as reliably as possible. The reliability associated
with a power system is a measure of its ability to provide an adequate
supply of electrical energy for the period of time intended under the
operating conditions encountered.
4. POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY
Adequacy
A measure of the ability of the power system to supply the aggregate electric power and
energy requirements of the customers within components ratings and voltage limits, taking
into account planned and unplanned outages of system components. Adequacy measures the
capability of the power system to supply the load in all the steady states in which the power
system may exist considering standards conditions.
Reliability
Adequacy Security
5. POWER SYSTEM RELIABILITY
Security
o A measure of power system ability to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric
short circuits or unanticipated losses of system components or load conditions together
with operating constraints.
o Another aspect of security is system integrity, which is the ability to maintain
interconnected operation.
Generation Adequacy In Energy Only Markets
o Economic theory tell us that in a long-term equilibrium of energy only markets, the
optimal capacity stock is such that scarcity payments to the marginal generators when
demand exceed supply will exactly cover the capacity cost of these generators and will
provide the correct incentives for demand side mitigation of the shortage (i.e. the
security rand will induce sufficient demand response so that available supply can meet
the remaining load)
7. TRANSMISSION PLANNING
Once we have the load forecast and generation location, it is easy to identify ‘where to
build lines and how many’.
In India the transmission planning is done as per the Manual on Transmission Planning
Criteria prepared by CEA in June 1994.
Transmission planning criteria:
The system shall be evolved based on detailed power system studies which shall include:
The following options may be considered for strengthening of the transmission network.
o Addition of new Transmission lines to avoid overloading of existing system. (whenever
three or more circuits of the same voltage class are envisaged between two sub stations,
the next transmission voltage should also be considered.)
o Application of Series Capacitors in existing transmission line to increase power transfer
capability.
o Upgradation of the existing AC transmission lines
o Reconductoring of the existing AC transmission line with higher size conductors or with
AAAC.
Power Flow
studies
Short circuit
Studies
Stability Studies(including:
transient stability, voltage
stability, and steady state stability
studies)
8. PERSPECTIVE ON RELIABILITY
The appropriate definitions of reliability may vary with respect to the perspective taken
of the system.
The figure below summarizes the varying concerns of different constituents, including
the perspectives of the separate parts of the electric power system that are individually
responsible for generation, transmission, and distribution.
The customer perspective:
o The customer perspective is fundamental.
o The customer, or user, experiences outages. The occurrence of an outage indicates that
service reliability is not perfect.
The utility perspective:
o The utility perspective may differ from the customer or user perspective.
o The definition of reliability for the utility should be related to that of the end user, the
customer. (That is, the utility's definition of reliability should be related to service
reliability.)
10. MEASURING RELIABILITY
The reliability indices used to measure distribution system reliability, how to calculate the
indices, and discusses some of the factors that influence the indices.
Distribution Indices:
o Momentary Interruption -
A single operation of an interrupting device that results in a voltage zero.
o Momentary Interruption Event -
An interruption of duration limited to the period required to restore service by an
interrupting device. This must be completed within five minutes.
o Sustained Interruption –
Any interruption not classified as a momentary event.
11. COMMON DISTRIBUTION INDICES
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI),
Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI),
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI),
Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI),
Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI),
Customers Interrupted per Interruption Index (CIII), and the
Average Service Availability Index (ASAI).
Use of reliability indices
A. System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)
To calculate SAIDI, each interruption during the time period is multiplied by the duration of
the interruption to find the customer-minutes of interruption.
SAIDI = S(ri * Ni ) / NT
Where,
SAIDI = System Average Interruption Duration Index, minutes.
S = Summation function.
ri = Restoration time, minutes.
Ni = Total number of customers interrupted.
NT = Total number of customers served.
12. CONTINUED- USE OF RELIABILITY INDICES
B. Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI)
Once an outage occurs the average time to restore service is found from the
Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI). CAIDI is calculated similar to
SAIDI except that the denominator is the number of customers interrupted versus the total
number of utility customers.
CAIDI = S(ri * Ni ) / S( Ni )
C. System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
The System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) is the average number of times
that a system customer experiences an outage during the year (or time period under study).
The SAIFI is found by divided the total number of customers interrupted by the total number
of customers served.
SAIFI = S(Ni ) / NT
D. Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI)
Similar to SAIFI is CAIFI, which is the Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index.
The CAIFI measures the average number of interruptions per customer interrupted per year.
CAIFI = S( No ) / S( Ni )
13. CONTINUED- USE OF RELIABILITY INDICES
E. Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI)
The MAIFI is the Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index and measures the average
number of momentary interruptions that a customer experiences during a given time period.
MAIFI is rarely used in reporting distribution indices because of the difficulty in knowing when a
momentary interruption has occurred.
MAIFI = S( IDi * Ni ) / NT
F. Average Service Availability Index (ASAI)
The Average Service Availability Index (ASAI) is the ratio of the total number of customer hours
that service was available during a given time period to the total customer hours demanded.
ASAI = [1 – (S(ri * Ni ) / (NT * T))] * 100
G. Customer Interrupted per Interruption Index (CIII)
The Customer Interrupted per Interruption Index (CIII) gives the average number
of customers interrupted during an outage. It is the reciprocal of the CAIFI and is,
CIII = S( Ni ) / S( No )
14. OPTIMUM RELIABILITY
Higher reliability can be achieved by the installation of better equipment or by providing
more redundancy. Capital and the operating costs are associated with both solutions, and
the capitalized value of these investments is the price the utility has to pay for an
intended higher level of reliability.
For residential consumers, the losses arising from serving interruptions are rather
intangible, they are mostly associated with comfort and convenience.
When C and D are known, total cost associated with various levels of system reliability
is given by the sum of two curves, and optimal reliability cost at point ‘O’ evaluated.
Figure: relation
between
reliability and
cost.
15. OUTAGE
An outage (also called a power cut, a power blackout, power failure or a blackout) is
a short-term or a long-term loss of the electric power to a particular area.
There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these
causes include faults at power stations, damage to electric transmission lines, substations
or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit, or the overloading of electricity
mains.
17. CONTINUED- BATH TUBE CURVE
It describes a particular form of the hazard function which comprises three parts:
The first part is a decreasing failure rate, known as early failures.
The second part is a constant failure rate, known as random failures.
The third part is an increasing failure rate, known as wear-out failures.
The bathtub curve is generated by mapping the rate of early "infant mortality" failures
when first introduced, the rate of random failures with constant failure rate during its
"useful life", and finally the rate of "wear out" failures as the product exceeds its design
lifetime.
In less technical terms, in the early life of a product adhering to the bathtub curve, the
failure rate is high but rapidly decreasing as defective products are identified and
discarded, and early sources of potential failure such as handling and installation error
are surmounted.
18. POWER SUPPLY QUALITY SURVEY
A systematic power quality survey of the distribution system is of fundamental value
before releasing the power connection for sensitive loads.
It is common for consumers to use a power electronic system for power supply in the
case of sensitive equipment.
A power electronic system consists of a power source, filter, a power converters, a load
and a control circuit. The block diagram is shown in figure.
Figure:
Clean
power
process
19. POWER QUALITY MONITORING
Power quality monitoring keeps a check on the following PQ parameters (disturbances)
o Sags/Surges
o Swells
o Dips
o Flicker
o Transient over-voltages
o Harmonics
o Frequency profiles
o Voltage and current unbalance
Figure:
Typical
voltage sag
under fault
condition.
20. RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk management is an important tool for the power system reliability. Typically the risk
that occur are financial (regulation, varying interest rates and energy price),
environmental, and/or age related mechanism.
This approach aims to mitigate adverse financial or operational consequences of
uncertain outcomes through economic or operational hedging.
Risk sharing agreements and syndications is another form of economic risk mitigation.
Financial hedging is a form of economic risk mitigation in which a risk bearer reduces
its exposure by creating a portfolio of ventures whose outcomes happen to be correlated
so as to reduce total variability.
In particular, it is useful to classify types of risks based on the following categories:
Voluntary Vs.
Involuntary
Private Vs.
Public
Diversification
options(risk
sharing,
portfolio
approaches)
Tradability
(Insurance,
hedging)
Interdependency
(ability to
provide
differential
protection)
21. CONTINUOUS MARKOV PROCESS
o The state space method can be used for reliability evaluation. System is represented by
its states and the possible transition between states.
o A set of random variables with the variables ordered in a given sequence is called
stochastic process.
o The values assumed by the variable form the state space. In power system studies the
state is discrete but the probability index is continuous.
o This special class of stochastic processes is known as Markov process. A Markov
process with discrete index is known as Markov chain.
Figure shows the state space diagram of a single repairable component whose failure and
repair rates are characterized by exponential distributions.
Figure: State
Space
diagram
22. CONCLUSION
o One of the most important elements in power system planning is to find out how much
generation is needed to satisfy given load requirements.
o A second equally important element in the planning process is the development of a
suitable transmission network to provide the energy generated to the customer load
points.
o The two studies gives some clear directions for an improved approach for controlling
and optimizing reliability with respect to costumer needs and values.
o In the costumer needs study we characterized the most fundamental customer needs in
terms of key attributes of electric service, such as number of outages per year and
distribution per outage.
o The two reports suggest that a better reliability planning method would begin with
costumer needs and use those needs to define the important aspects of system
performance.
23. REFERENCES
Power system analysis – Hadi Saadat
Power system analysis – Kothari Nagrath
Modeling and analysis of generation system based on markov process with case study.
Volume 1 | Issue 11 | April 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-6010
Reliability of Electric Utility Distribution Systems: EPRI White Paper, EPRI, Palo Alto,
CA:2000. 1000424.
Reliability evaluation of power system, second edition- Roy Billinton.