Insulator problems
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- The document discusses equivalent circuit diagrams of string insulators used to support transmission lines. It presents 4 problems analyzing string insulator configurations. - Problem 1 defines the equivalent circuit and variables. Problem 2 calculates ratios using the 8kV and 11kV potentials across units. Problem 3 finds the line to neutral voltage assuming a shunt capacitance ratio. Problem 4 calculates string efficiency when a guard ring increases the lowest unit's capacitance to the line.
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
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Surface factor for general corona (K2) = 0.8
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Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1. Given:
Conductor diameter (d) = 10.4 mm
Spacing between conductors (s) = 2.5 m
Air temperature (T) = 21°C = 294 K
Air pressure (P) = 73.6 cm of Hg = 9.6 kPa
Irregularity factor (K) = 0.85
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This document discusses hydrothermal scheduling, which involves optimally scheduling hydroelectric and thermal power plants together to minimize generation costs. Hydrothermal scheduling is classified as either long-range (months or years) or short-range (days or weeks). The key aspects are using low-cost hydroelectric generation where possible to reduce reliance on more expensive thermal plants. Mathematical optimization techniques are used to determine the optimal dispatch of hydro and thermal plants while meeting demand and respecting water availability constraints. While hydrothermal coordination can lower costs, the variable nature of hydro inflows makes the optimization problem complex.
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1. HVDC transmission systems use direct current for electricity transmission over long distances or through underwater cables. This became practical with the development of thyristors and solid state valves.
2. DC transmission has advantages over AC transmission for long distance transmission, as power transfer in DC lines is unaffected by distance. It also allows asynchronous interconnection between grids and monopolar operation.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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System protection is used to detect problems in power system components and isolate faulty equipment to maintain reliable power. The key elements of a protection system include differential relays to protect generators and transformers from internal faults, overcurrent and distance relays to protect transmission lines from external faults, and bus differential relays to protect distribution buses. Protective devices are needed to maintain acceptable operation, isolate damaged equipment, and minimize harm to personnel and property.
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The document summarizes a seminar presentation on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission. Some key points:
- HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954.
- HVDC uses direct current instead of alternating current to transmit electricity over long distances. It requires only two conductors instead of three. Losses are also lower compared to HVAC.
- HVDC transmission can be classified as homopolar, monopolar or bipolar depending on the conductor configuration. Early HVDC projects in India included the Rihand-Delhi and Chandrapur-Padghe lines which helped transmit
Chapter 3 Generation of high voltages and current
The document discusses various methods for generating high voltages and currents, including:
1) Cascading multiple transformers in series to generate voltages over 300kV. Resonance circuits and Tesla coils can also produce high voltages.
2) Impulse voltages are used for insulation testing and are generated with impulse generators using techniques like the Marx circuit.
3) Resonant transformers utilize tuned LC circuits to greatly increase output voltages using lower input voltages through resonance effects. Series and parallel resonant connections are described.
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This document discusses the characteristics and performance of power transmission lines. It covers the following key points:
- The design and operation of transmission lines considers voltage drop, line losses, and transmission efficiency, which depend on the line constants R, L, and C.
- Transmission lines are classified as short, medium, or long depending on their length and voltage level. Different methods are used to calculate performance based on how capacitance effects are handled.
- Medium transmission lines consider capacitance effects by lumping the distributed capacitance at points along the line. Methods like end condenser, nominal T, and nominal pi are commonly used for calculations.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for voltage regulation,
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This document discusses three phase controlled rectifiers. It provides equations and diagrams for a three phase half-wave converter with an RL load operating under continuous and constant load current. The average output voltage is derived as one-third the peak phase voltage multiplied by 2/π. Waveforms at different trigger angles are shown. Methods for calculating the maximum, RMS, and normalized average output voltages are also presented.
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This presentation discusses the key protection devices used in electrical substations. It introduces current transformers and potential transformers, which reduce current and voltage levels for protection relays. Relays detect faults by measuring currents and voltages. When a fault is detected, relays signal circuit breakers to isolate the faulty component. Other protection devices discussed include lightning arresters, isolators, and surge diverters. The objective of the substation protection system is to isolate only faulty parts of the network while keeping the rest operational.
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The document describes a Cuk converter circuit. The Cuk converter uses a capacitor C1 to store and transfer energy between its input and output sides. During steady state, the average inductor voltages VL1 and VL2 are zero. When the switch is off, VL1 is equal to the input voltage Vd minus the capacitor voltage VC1, and VL2 is equal to the negative output voltage Vo. When the switch is on, VL1 is equal to the input voltage Vd and VL2 is equal to the capacitor voltage VC1 minus the output voltage Vo. The Cuk converter has the advantages of small ripple in the input and output currents but requires a capacitor C1 with a large ripple current capability.
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This document provides an overview of power system engineering concepts related to unbalanced system analysis. It begins with an introduction to symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults on three-phase systems. It then discusses percentage reactance and base KVA, the steps for symmetrical fault calculations, and an introduction to symmetrical components and sequence impedances. The document proceeds to explain single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults, and double line-to-ground faults. It provides examples of calculating fault currents and sequence components. In summary, the document covers fundamental concepts for analyzing faults in three-phase power systems, including symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, sequence components, and example calculations.
Hvdc notes
1. HVDC transmission systems use direct current for electricity transmission over long distances or through underwater cables. This became practical with the development of thyristors and solid state valves.
2. DC transmission has advantages over AC transmission for long distance transmission, as power transfer in DC lines is unaffected by distance. It also allows asynchronous interconnection between grids and monopolar operation.
3. While DC transmission has higher upfront equipment costs, it has better technical performance than AC transmission for long distance or underwater cables, making it economical beyond the break-even distance.
Load flow studies 19
Power System Analysis:
Load flow studies:Gauss siedel,newton Raphson,Fast decoupled,dc power flow equations,problems
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Static relays use electronic components like semiconductors instead of mechanical parts to detect faults and operate. They have components like rectifiers to convert AC to DC, level detectors to compare values to thresholds, and amplifiers and output devices to trigger trips. The document discusses the components, types, and applications of various static relays like overcurrent, directional, differential, distance and instantaneous relays used in power system protection.
Presentation on substations
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
measurement of high voltage and high currents
The document discusses various techniques for measuring high voltages and currents, including:
- Sphere gap voltmeters, which measure sparkover voltage between conducting spheres;
- Electrostatic voltmeters, which measure the attraction force between charged parallel plates;
- Generating voltmeters, which use a variable capacitor to generate a current proportional to input voltage.
Peak reading voltmeters are also summarized, which use a capacitor to measure the peak voltage of AC waveforms. The document provides details on the principles, construction, advantages, and limitations of these different high voltage and current measurement methods.
Power system protection topic 1
Why protection is needed
Principles and elements of the protection system
Basic protection schemes
Digital relay advantages and enhancement
Chapter 4 mechanical design of transmission lines
This chapter discusses the mechanical design of transmission lines. It covers various topics such as types of conductors, line supports, spacing between conductors, and sag-tension calculations. The key conductors mentioned are copper, aluminum, and steel. Wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers are described as the main types of line supports. The document also discusses the effects of wind and ice loading on transmission lines. Sag-tension calculations are explained using catenary curve equations.
Representation of power system components
This document discusses the representation of power system components in circuit models for analysis. It introduces the key components of a power system, including generators, transmission lines, and distribution systems. It then covers circuit models for representing synchronous machines, transformers, transmission lines, and static and dynamic loads. The rest of the document discusses additional modeling techniques like one-line diagrams, impedance diagrams, per-unit systems, and calculating base values for analysis.
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Radio interference.
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Generation of high AC voltages-Testing transformer – single unit testing transformer, cascaded transformer – equivalent circuit of cascaded transformer – generation of high frequency AC voltages- series resonance circuit – resonant transformer – voltage regulation.
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Chapter 06 - Generation of High Direct Current Voltages
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Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...
Module 2 ee369 KTU syllabus-high voltage ac generation,resonant circuits
Module 2 ee369 KTU syllabus-high voltage ac generation,resonant circuits
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Abstract Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) have found a broad range of applications in power systems because of their high reliability, easy maintenance, small ground space requirements etc. In a Gas insulated substations, the operation of disconnector switches and circuit breakers can cause Very Fast Transient Overvoltages (VFTOs), which will bring an instantaneous change in voltage with a very short rise time and it is normally followed by oscillation having high frequencies. For designing the insulation level of a substation, it is essential to know the maximum value of VFTO. Fast operating disconnector switches are usually used to reduce time of the breakdown; however, it cannot eliminate fully the effect of the VFTO. Very Fast Transient Overvoltages caused by disconnector switch operation of 1000 kv GIS is simulated and calculated in this paper using MATLAB. The various protection measures on equipment of GIS have been compared and analyzed by adding ferrite rings, opening and closing of resistor, metal oxide arrester and R-C absorber. Index Terms: Gas Insulated Substation, Very Fast Transient Overvoltage’s, Matlab/Simulink, Disconnector switch.
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Ferroresonance Conditions in Wind Parks
Wind parks are made up of a large number of
saturable inductances (power transformers, inductive voltage
transformers (IVTs)), as well as capacitors (cables, wind turbine
harmonic filters, capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs), voltage
grading capacitors in circuit-breakers). Therefore, they may
present scenarios in which ferroresonance occurs. This paper
presents the scenarios that can lead to ferroresonant circuits in
doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind parks.
An adaptive protection scheme to prevent recloser-fuse miscoordination in dis...
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
D010622334
This document discusses an adaptive protection scheme to prevent recloser-fuse miscoordination in distribution feeders with distributed generation. The presence of distributed generation can interfere with the coordination between reclosers and fuses by changing fault current levels. The proposed method adaptively modifies recloser time dial settings to address this issue. The method is tested on a simulation of an actual distribution feeder assuming different distributed generation capacities and locations. Optimization is also performed to determine the optimal location and capacity of two distributed generation units while maintaining recloser-fuse coordination and minimizing losses.
Transient Recovery Voltage Test Results of a 25 MVA Saturable-Core Fault Curr...
Test results obtained during fault current interruption tests with an air-core reactor are compared to test results obtained using a saturating-core inductive HTS Fault Current Limiter in the same circuit under the same circumstances. These test results are further compared with analytical simulations developed using the PSCAD® software suite. The simulations exhibit good agreement with the test results and confirm that compared to an equivalent air-core reactor, the HTS FCL results in lower amplitude and significantly lower rate of rise of the Transient Recovery Voltage.
Improving Stability of Utility-Tied Wind Generators using Dynamic Voltage Res...
The generation of electricity using wind power is significantly increasing and has received considerable attention in recent years. One important problem with the induction generator based wind farms is that they are vulnerable to voltage disturbances and short circuit faults. Any such disturbance may cause wind farm outages. Since wind power contribution is in considerable percentage, such outages may lead to power system stability issues and also violate the grid code requirements. Thus, improving the reliability of wind farms is essential to maintain the stability of the system. The proposed strategy is to use Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is one of the promising devices to compensate the voltage disturbance and to improve the stability of the system. It provides the wind generator with the fault ride through capability and improves the reliability of the system. Fuzzy Logic controller is used as a controller in order to control the dc link voltages and to reduce the harmonics. Simulation results for a 2 MW wind turbine are presented, especially for asymmetrical grid faults. They show the effectiveness of the DVR in comparison to the low voltage ride-through of the DFIG using a crowbar that does not allow continuous reactive power production. Extensive simulation results are included to illustrate the operation of DVR and fault compensation.
Dp35648654
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Transient voltage distribution in transformer winding (experimental investiga...
Transient voltage distribution in transformer winding (experimental investiga...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.Transient voltage distribution in transformer winding (experimental investiga...
Abstract In this work, the non-liner voltage distribution in transformer winding is investigated that occurs due switching and lightning. Transformer winding is modeled in the alternative transients program (ATP) version of Electromagnetic transients program (EMTP-RV). EMTP software is used to simulate the very fast transient overvoltage. An experimental setup that consist of , Recurrent surge generator, CRO and transformer winding model has been developed and voltages measured at different point along the transformer winding. Simulation results show good agreement with the experimental result. Index Terms: Very fast transient overvoltages, internal resonance, impulse voltage distribution, disc winding
Congestion management using facts devices in deregulated power system
Abstract The deregulated power system offers more benefits to the customers so that it is quite popular in now days. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. This paper presents a new method to mitigate congestion in a deregulated Power system. The Increased power demand has forced the power system to operate very closer to its stability limits. So Transmission congestion, Voltage instability and power loss problems are arise in the power system. These are very serious problems which cause damage to the power system Congestion is a tough task in Deregulated power system. This paper deals with the best location for TCSC using priority list to have minimum total congestion rent and minimum total generation cost .The Simulation results were successfully tested on modified IEEE 9 bus system using Power world simulator 11.0. Keywords— Deregulated power system, Congestion, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Reactive power loss, Power Transfer capability,
K021201077084
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
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Insulator problems
- 3. Fig. shows tthhee eeqquuiivvaalleenntt cciirrccuuiitt ooff ssttrriinngg iinnssuullaattoorrss.. LLeett VV11,, VV22 aanndd VV33 bbee tthhee vvoollttaaggee aaccrroossss ttoopp,, mmiiddddllee aanndd bboottttoomm uunniitt rreessppeeccttiivveellyy.. IIff CC iiss tthhee sseellff--ccaappaacciittaannccee ooff eeaacchh uunniitt,, tthheenn KKCC wwiillll bbee tthhee sshhuunntt ccaappaacciittaannccee..
- 6. PPrroobblleemm 22 AA 33--pphhaassee ttrraannssmmiissssiioonn lliinnee iiss bbeeiinngg ssuuppppoorrtteedd bbyy tthhrreeee ddiisscc iinnssuullaattoorrss.. TThhee ppootteennttiiaallss aaccrroossss ttoopp uunniitt ((ii..ee..,, nneeaarr ttoo tthhee ttoowweerr)) aanndd mmiiddddllee uunniitt aarree 88 kkVV aanndd 1111 kkVV rreessppeeccttiivveellyy.. CCaallccuullaattee ((ii)) tthhee rraattiioo ooff ccaappaacciittaannccee bbeettwweeeenn ppiinn aanndd eeaarrtthh ttoo tthhee sseellff--ccaappaacciittaannccee ooff eeaacchh uunniitt ((iiii)) tthhee lliinnee vvoollttaaggee aanndd ((iiiiii)) ssttrriinngg eeffffiicciieennccyy..
- 7. SSOOLLUUTTIIOONN • The equivalent circuit of string insulators is the same as shown in Fig. It is given that V1 = 8 kV and V2 = 11 kV. • (i) Let K be the ratio of capacitance between pin and earth to self capacitance. If C farad is the self capacitance of each unit, then capacitance between pin and earth = KC. • Applying Kirchoff’s current law to Junction A,
- 9. Problem 3 • Each line of a 3-phase system is suspended by a string of 3 similar insulators. If the voltage across the line unit is 17·5 kV, calculate the line to neutral voltage. Assume that the shunt capacitance between each insulator and earth is 1/8th of the capacitance of the insulator itself. Also find the string efficiency.
- 10. SSoolluuttiioonn Fig. shows the equivalent circuit of string insulators. If C is the self capacitance of each unit, then KC will be the shunt capacitance where K = 1/8 = 0·125. Voltage across line unit,V3= 17·5 kV
- 13. Problem 4 Each line of a 3-phase system is suspended by a string of 3 identical insulators of self-capacitance C farad. The shunt capacitance of connecting metal work of each insulator is 0·2C to earth and 0·1 C to line. Calculate the string efficiency of the system if a guard ring increases the capacitance to the line of metal work of the lowest insulator to 0·3 C.
- 14. The capacitance between each unit and line is artificially increased by using a guard ring as shown in Fig. This arrangement tends to equalize the potential across various units and hence leads to improved string efficiency. It is given that with the use of guard ring, capacitance of the insulator link-pin to the line of the lowest unit is increased from 0·1C to 0·3 C.