The document summarizes research into the effect of different catalysts on the conversion of plastic waste to fuel oil through pyrolysis. Experiments were conducted pyrolyzing plastic waste with four catalysts (sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide, zeolite) at 500°C. Zeolite produced the highest yield of fuel oil at 15.2% while zinc oxide had the lowest yield at 13.77%. The properties of the resulting fuel oils were analyzed and showed varying results depending on the catalyst used, with zeolite producing oil most similar to diesel. FTIR analysis identified various functional groups in the produced oils.
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
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Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally from the Greek-word elements pyro means "fire" and lysis means "decomposition".
Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen.Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300°C - 350°C. Now a day's plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment. Over a 100 million tonnes of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at over flowing bins and landfills. Though work has been done to make futuristic biodegradable plastics, there have not been many conclusive steps towards cleaning up the existing problem. Here, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels is explained as a viable solution for recycling of plastics. Thus two universal problems such as problems of waste plastic and problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. In this study, plastic wastes (High density polyethylene) were used for the pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has the same physical properties as the fuels like petrol, diesel etc. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 300°C which is why a reactor was fabricated to provide the required temperature for the reaction. Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios. Thus, the process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste. The hazards of plastic waste is well known to us. The conversion of oil from plastic has dual benefits. First of all the oil produced can be used as a fuel for domestic purposes and also in vehicles and industries when further refined. Secondly the various types of pollution caused due to waste plastics can be minimized. Plastic in the first place is manufactured from natural gas specifically from ethane which is a constituent of natural gas. Therefore the waste plastic can be converted back into it. For the process of conversion a machine can be used which will heat the plastic to a temperature so that it melts and does not burns.
waste pastic to fuel pyrolysis process-daxit akbariDAXIT AKBARI 🇮🇳
presentation on plastic pyrolysis process....best technology for waste minimization and converting waste into valuable products without ant environmental pollution.
Disposal of scrap tyres is a major environmental problem. The most promising solution of this complex issue is tyre derived fuel. Pyrolysis process is used to do the same. In this presentation pyrolysis process is explained. When pyrolysis on scrap tyres is done then three products are obtained: oil, pyro gas, and char. A pyro gas used as energy source for pyrolysis reactor and char used to provide strength for structural applications, and oil is used as fuel, this indicates the proper utilization of scrap tyre. Properties of TPO was compared to standard fuel and found similarities. And noticed blending of TPO with Jatropha methyl ester makes it an alternate for fuel.
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
See more
https://goo.gl/5rd15q
https://goo.gl/Rc7VBM
https://goo.gl/CvD9Kh
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally from the Greek-word elements pyro means "fire" and lysis means "decomposition".
Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen.Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300°C - 350°C. Now a day's plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
Plastics have woven their way into our daily lives and now pose a tremendous threat to the environment. Over a 100 million tonnes of plastics are produced annually worldwide, and the used products have become a common feature at over flowing bins and landfills. Though work has been done to make futuristic biodegradable plastics, there have not been many conclusive steps towards cleaning up the existing problem. Here, the process of converting waste plastic into value added fuels is explained as a viable solution for recycling of plastics. Thus two universal problems such as problems of waste plastic and problems of fuel shortage are being tackled simultaneously. In this study, plastic wastes (High density polyethylene) were used for the pyrolysis to get fuel oil that has the same physical properties as the fuels like petrol, diesel etc. Pyrolysis runs without oxygen and in high temperature of about 300°C which is why a reactor was fabricated to provide the required temperature for the reaction. Converting waste plastics into fuel hold great promise for both the environmental and economic scenarios. Thus, the process of converting plastics to fuel has now turned the problems into an opportunity to make wealth from waste. The hazards of plastic waste is well known to us. The conversion of oil from plastic has dual benefits. First of all the oil produced can be used as a fuel for domestic purposes and also in vehicles and industries when further refined. Secondly the various types of pollution caused due to waste plastics can be minimized. Plastic in the first place is manufactured from natural gas specifically from ethane which is a constituent of natural gas. Therefore the waste plastic can be converted back into it. For the process of conversion a machine can be used which will heat the plastic to a temperature so that it melts and does not burns.
waste pastic to fuel pyrolysis process-daxit akbariDAXIT AKBARI 🇮🇳
presentation on plastic pyrolysis process....best technology for waste minimization and converting waste into valuable products without ant environmental pollution.
Disposal of scrap tyres is a major environmental problem. The most promising solution of this complex issue is tyre derived fuel. Pyrolysis process is used to do the same. In this presentation pyrolysis process is explained. When pyrolysis on scrap tyres is done then three products are obtained: oil, pyro gas, and char. A pyro gas used as energy source for pyrolysis reactor and char used to provide strength for structural applications, and oil is used as fuel, this indicates the proper utilization of scrap tyre. Properties of TPO was compared to standard fuel and found similarities. And noticed blending of TPO with Jatropha methyl ester makes it an alternate for fuel.
Fuel from waste plastic by pyrolysis
Plastic is used [ PP, HDPE, LDPE, PS] .
By :
1-Ali Jumaah Thamer
2-Ali Kadhim Morwad
3- Muslim Kareem
4-Omar Montaser
Iraq-Basra
conversion of waste plastic into fuel
contents
waste to fuel
wte plants around the world
flow diagram
pyrolysis of plastic
pyrolysis principal
reaction & catalytic cracking
catalys tused
figure
condenser
nitrogen cylinder
advantge
thank u
any question
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
The document is aimed to share a review on how Plastic waste can be converted into Industrially usable fuel. We at Pyrocrat Systems manufacture machinery to establish pyrolysis plants that convert waste plastic into pyrolysis oil.
Plastic and Tire Pyrolysis Plant Manufacturers - Pyrocrat Systems LLPPyrolysis Plant
Pyrolysis plant is an industry that converts waste plastic & tires into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black & Hydrocarbon Gas. End products are used as industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also known as: pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry, plastic and tire recycling unit etc.
More info at http://www.pyrolysisplant.com/
Presentation given by Dr EJ Anthony from Cranfield University about Direct Air Capture at the UKCCSRC Direct Air Capture/Negative Emissions Workshop held in London on 18 March 2014
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical treatment, which can be applied to any organic (carbon-based) product. It can be done on pure products as well as mixtures. In this treatment, material is exposed to high temperature, and in the absence of oxygen goes through chemical and physical separation into different molecules.
Hydrogen Production through Steam Reforming process.pptxFAHADMUMTAZ10
The Presentation is about the production of steam reforming process, its purity. Meanwhile, I have also discussed the other processes. I have also discussed the future trends of hydrogen in Germany and its bright future!
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Fuel from waste plastic by pyrolysis
Plastic is used [ PP, HDPE, LDPE, PS] .
By :
1-Ali Jumaah Thamer
2-Ali Kadhim Morwad
3- Muslim Kareem
4-Omar Montaser
Iraq-Basra
conversion of waste plastic into fuel
contents
waste to fuel
wte plants around the world
flow diagram
pyrolysis of plastic
pyrolysis principal
reaction & catalytic cracking
catalys tused
figure
condenser
nitrogen cylinder
advantge
thank u
any question
Conversion of Plastic Wastes into Fuels - Pyrocrat systems reviewSuhas Dixit
The document is aimed to share a review on how Plastic waste can be converted into Industrially usable fuel. We at Pyrocrat Systems manufacture machinery to establish pyrolysis plants that convert waste plastic into pyrolysis oil.
Plastic and Tire Pyrolysis Plant Manufacturers - Pyrocrat Systems LLPPyrolysis Plant
Pyrolysis plant is an industry that converts waste plastic & tires into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black & Hydrocarbon Gas. End products are used as industrial fuels for producing heat, steam or electricity. Pyrolysis plant is also known as: pyrolysis unit, plastic to fuel industry, tire to fuel industry, plastic and tire recycling unit etc.
More info at http://www.pyrolysisplant.com/
Presentation given by Dr EJ Anthony from Cranfield University about Direct Air Capture at the UKCCSRC Direct Air Capture/Negative Emissions Workshop held in London on 18 March 2014
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical treatment, which can be applied to any organic (carbon-based) product. It can be done on pure products as well as mixtures. In this treatment, material is exposed to high temperature, and in the absence of oxygen goes through chemical and physical separation into different molecules.
Hydrogen Production through Steam Reforming process.pptxFAHADMUMTAZ10
The Presentation is about the production of steam reforming process, its purity. Meanwhile, I have also discussed the other processes. I have also discussed the future trends of hydrogen in Germany and its bright future!
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Conversion of Waste Plastic to Fuel by Hitesh SharmaHitesh Sharma
Pyrolysis is a process which involves thermochemical decomposition of organic matter at high temperature (>370◦C) in the absence of oxygen. Products of this process are Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black, and Hydrocarbons. This review paper is focusing the most efficient and widely used method of converting plastics to fuels: ‘Pyrolysis’ and its effectiveness on resolving the both issues of waste plastic management and the requirement of a good alternative fuel for use.
Pyrolysis of Scrap Tyres and Waste Lube Oil by Using Catalytic AgentIJERA Editor
Scrape tyres and waste lube oil are the cause of great environmental issues because they are not biodegradable
and their elements cannot be recovered and they are causing great environmental pollution. Secondly, the world
needs the new sources of energy due to depletion of oil sources. In this experiment, pyrolysis of scrape tyres
alone and pyrolysis of mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil by using catalytic agent (CaCO3) is done
to see the effect of waste lube oil and catalytic agent on pyrolysis of scrape tyres. The value of products of both
samples (scrape tyres alone, mixture of scrape tyres and used lubricating oil) has been studied and compared.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. EFFECT OF CATALYSTS ON
CONVERSION OF PLASTIC WASTE
TO FUEL OIL
Under the guidance of
Dr. G .T Mohanraj , Assistant professor,
Department of Chemical Engineering ,
BIT Mesra
Rakhi Sharma
ME/CHE/10002/15
2. INTRODUCTION
Economic growth and changing in consumption, resulting into the
rapid increase in generation of waste plastics.
The change in consumption is from 5 to 100 million tonnes in 5
decades.
Decomposition time of plastic is longer, so it challenging to dispose
it for solid waste management team.
So to dispose plastic conversion is performed by various methods
like ; Slow, fast, flash, Microwave, Catalytic, Non-catalytic and
Thermal pyrolysis.
Definition of pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical decomposition of organic material at
elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen.
3. SOURCES OF PLASTIC WASTE
Plastic waste comes from plastic industry, automotive industry and
other sources of waste plastic include domestic items such as ; food
container, packaging disposal cups, drainage pipe etc.
Industrial sources of waste plastic is very high as it give 40% of total
plastic waste.
Waste to energy:
various technology available like catalytic cracking, non catalytic
cracking, pyrolysis process and thermal cracking.
4. Pyrolysis:
Pyrolysis doesn't involve reaction with oxygen, water or any other
reagent.
In practice it is not possible to achieve oxygen free atmosphere.
So because of presence of oxygen, small amount oxidation takes place.
In pyrolysis process the temperature must be above 450°C,
Below this temperature cracking doesn't takes place.
Production method;
The production method for the conversion of plastics to liquid fuel is
based on the pyrolysis of the plastics and the condensation of the
resulting hydrocarbons.
5. The production process of liquid fuel, the plastics that are suitable
for the conversion are introduced into a reactor where they will
decompose at 450 to 550°C.
The pyrolysis process is done by batch operation.
Initial waste plastics sample is melted and it take about 30 minute
for Cracking to produce vapor to first drop of fuel 0il.
After some time, drop of fuel oil production rate spontaneously
increases ,so as to bring out the stable state of fuel oil production,
the temperature is maintained.
6. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE:
advantages
Cheap and economical system.
Environmental friendly.
Energy efficient.
Disadvantages
Require treatment for storage and disposal of hazardous waste.
Ineffective in destroying and separating inorganics from
contaminated medium.
7. OBJECTIVE
To investigate effect of catalysts on pyrolysis of plastic wastes
to fuel oil.
To determine the Characteristic of fuel oil produced by
various technique.
8. LITRATURE REVIEW
1) G.Manoj Kumar, R.Pavan Kumar, catalyst are CaCO3 and Na2CO3 catalytic
pyrolysis of waste plastic has done at anaerobic condition. Catalysts are
commonly used in conversion of waste plastic into fuel, which are very helpful in
thermal cracking of waste plastic. Commonly zeolite and silica alumina are used
as catalysts. But these are very costly. So we are used similar propertied
catalysts which are having low cost compare to zeolite. These will effects on
decreasing the overall production cost. It is analyzed by this that, According to
our research “BaCO3, MgCO3,Na2CO3 & CaCO3” catalysts showed similar effect
on output fuel like zeolite and silica alumina catalysts, but only difference occurs
while in the field of yield. 2016
2) Débora Almeida,Maria de Fátima Marques, Zeolites can be used as catalysts in
catalytic pyrolysis and influence the final product obtained. Zeolites have a
specific molecular pore size and access of such molecules to catalytic reactive
sites, as well as growth of the final products within such pores is limited by its
size. The other experimental parameters such as temperature, reaction time,
reactor type and flow of carrier gas also influence the composition of the products
obtained. Pyrolysis can be carried out either for pure polymers or for polymer
blends. 2016 [4]
3) M.A.hajrat, M.G.Rasul, M.M.K. Khan, thermo-catalytic process resolves the
problem of halogen contents in the PVC type plastics by converting them into
residues with the use of NaHCO3 and AgNO3 which capture chlorine type
products from the gaseous hydrocarbons, It was also found that the mixture of
LDPE, HDPE, PP and PS yield 87.19% fuel with 20 wt% ZnO catalyst at 200 –
400 °C in a steel reactor. thus the fuels produced from this process can be
considered as one of the potential alternative resources of fuel production
resulting
9. 4) Anil Vyas1, Suresh Kumar Singh2, Komal Sharma3, Sukhwant
Singh2, Polypropylene (PP) is rated first as volume leader in the plastic
sector. Its non-biodegradable property poses serious environmental problem
in case of disposal. The catalytic cracking of PP was performed with various
catalysts i.e. ZSM-5, Zeolite, RB and SPS. The effective of feed to catalyst
ratio was found 3:1 at a temperature range of 420˚C - 510˚C and catalyst
ZSM-5 gives maximum liquid conversion of waste PP,2016.
5) Sachin Kumar* and R. K. Singh,.Results of pyrolysis experiments
showed that, at a temperature of 450ºC and below, the major product of the
pyrolysis was oily liquid which became a viscous liquid or waxy solid at
temperatures above 475ºC. The yield of the liquid fraction obtained
increased with the residence time for waste HDPE. The liquid fractions
obtained were analyzed for composition using FTIR and GC-MS. Reaction
time decreases with an increase in temperature. It has been shown that a
simple batch pyrolysis method can convert waste HDPE to liquid
hydrocarbon. 2014
6) Sonawane YB, Shindikar MR and Khaladkar MY, There are different
methods for recovering chemicals and hydrocarbon fuel from plastic waste
like solvent extraction, liquefaction, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking etc. HDPE
milk carry-bags were used as a raw material. Temperature was optimized for
maximum liquid fuel production. The liquid fuel obtained by using silica-
alumina has calorific value in the range of 43.5-43.8 MJ/Kg. The calorific
value of diesel is in the range of 45 MJ/Kg. 2015.
10. 7) Sriraam R. Chandrasekaran, Bidhya Kunwar, Bryan R.
Moser,Nandakishore Rajagopalan, and Brajendra K. Sharma,
Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to investigate thermal
and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics) into crude plastic oils. It is
inferred from this paper that the fuel properties were better in the
gasoline and diesel obtained from catalytic pyrolysis than that
obtained from non-catalytic pyrolysis at the same temperature. 2015
8) Y.Q. LIU1, J. WANG1, Z. DONG2 AND J.H. TAY, it is inferred that
pyrolysis oil from main MSW components were analyzed. It was
found that the physical property of plastic oil was the best due to
zero water content, near neutral pH and low viscosity.2011
9) Moinuddin Sarker*, Mohammad Mamunor Rashid, Mohammed
Molla , Muhammad Sadikur Rahman, it is inferred that the process
of thermally breaking down the hydrocarbon of chains of plastic has
been studied and implemented to produce a liquid fuel in the
presence of activated carbon. The activated carbon acts as a filter to
absorb dye from the waste plastic during the thermal process to
increase the quality of the final product. Various technique (Gas
Chromatography and Mass Spectrometer, FT-IR and DSC) are used
for produced fuel analysis. GC/MS result is showing hydrocarbon
compound ranges from C3-C28 and light gas are present C1-C4.
2014
11. Experimental
The catalytic cracking of waste plastic is performed in the pyrolysis
equipment. In the process the waste plastic like (LDPE and HDPE)
is converted into fuel oil.
The Catalytic pyrolysis is performed for all the four different
catalysts with the same type of plastic waste.
The properties of the extracted fuel Oil is evaluated to know the
nature and quality by various methods.
Raw material:
The raw material used for pyrolysis is LDPE and HDPE plastic as waste
and the different catalysts used are; Sodium Carbonate, Calcium
Carbonate, Zinc-Oxide and Zeolite.
12. Optimize Temperature
To evaluate the optimal temperature of fuel oil the experiment is
performed at three different temperature with LDPE and HDPE
plastic Waste.
The experiment is performed at these temperature 4500C,4800C and
5000C without catalyst. The yield percentage of oil is very less in
yield percentage at 4500C and slight increase in yield is noticed at
4800C and the maximum amount of yield is obtained at 5000C.
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
1
2
3
temperature0C
no. of samples
Series1
Temp(0C) Yield (gm) Yield %
450 27.3 5.46
480 36.4 7.28
500 50.05 10.01
14. The parameter for catalytic prolysis is mainly reactor temperature,
silicon oil, cold water and Asbestos Sheet.
Amount of catalyst= 10 gm (2% of Waste)
Amount of plastic waste=500 gm.
Mixing of the catalyst and waste plastic is performed by Extruder
where proper mixing is performed
After Mixing the mixed waste is chopped by chopper and the fed in
the furnaceReactor.
Then the temperature is maintained at 5000C then the furnace is
completely closed and silicon oil is used for thermo coupling and
Asbestos sheet is used to minimize the leakage in furnace.
15. For condensation supply cold water to the condenser. In condenser
condensation takes place and vapor converted into liquid fuel.
Then heat is supplied to the reactor by using electric heater. Then
cracking starts in furnace.
After 30 min first drop of oil obtained is continuously collected for
next 2:30 hours.
Amount of oil yield is increases for certain period then, oil amount
is decreases in terms of yield.
This shows completion of experimental procedure.
16. The flow sheet for the Pyrolysis procedure;
Catalyst
s
LDPE/HDP
E Waste
Pyrolysis
Reactor
5000C
Extruder
(Mixing)
Fuel
Oil
GC-MS FTIR CV
Characterizatio
n of fuel oil
17. The catalytic pyrolysis for all the four catalysts are performed;
1) First catalyst taken was calcium carbonate.
2) Second catalyst was Sodium Carbonate.
3) Third catalyst was Zinc-Oxide.
4) Fourth catalyst was zeolite
And rest of the procedure performed for pyrolysis is same as
mentioned in flow sheet.
For performing the pyrolysis, pyrolysis equipment is used which is
shown in next slide.
Schematic of Pyrolysis of Equipment.
Laboratory Equipment for Pyrolysis.
19. CAPACITY OF THE EQUIPMENT.
-HEIGHT OF THE REACTOR=15 INCH OR 246ML.
-DIAMETER OF THE REACTOR=4 INCH OR 65ML.
-
DIMENSION OF THE EQUIPMENT
volume of reactor=5.0L
area of reactor=1276.74 Cm2
20. RESULT
By Performing the above mentioned procedure for all the four
catalysts the yield percentage of the fuel oil is obtained by
yield %= [(Amount of fuel oil obtained total amount of waste
used) * 100].
Amount of Yield % of fuel oil with different catalyst are;
No. Oil
yield
(g)
Waste
left(g)
Losses
as gas
and
waxes(g)
Yield
%
1. Na2CO3 136.5 230 133.5 27.3
2. CaCO3 192.5 180 127.5 38.5
3 ZnO 68.85 250 181.15 13.77
4. Zeolite 76 235 188.5 15.2
21. The different properties of oil is determined by different apparatus
and Equipment.
The properties of fuel oil are API and density, ASTM Distillation,
flash and fire point, Cloud and Pour point, Kinematic viscosity,
Viscosity Index, Aniline point, Diesel index and Boiling point
temperature.
All the properties of fuel oil for the result is mentioned in the next
slide.
22. Properties of oil Name of the all four oil
O-SC O-CC O-ZnO O-ZSM
Pour point 5 -5 1 1
Cloud point 9 -1 5 4
Flash point 45 50 52 51
Fire point 65 80 70 80
Density 0.91 0.77 0.81 0.76
Specific gravity 0.91 0.77 0.81 0.76
API gravity 24 52.27 43.19 54.68
Aniline point 35 62 64 55
Boiling temperature Very high 90 98 80
Watson
characterization
Not determined 12.32 11.04 13.02
Diesel index 22.8 75.05 56.58 80.04
ASTM distillation 64.28 78.57 90 91
Kinematic viscosity 7.65 40.73 53.78 12
Viscosity index 11.02 53.78 75.4 40.74
23. Calorific value of fuel oil
extracted
The properties of fuel oil is determined by using Calorific Value. This
gives the nature of fuel oil.
Num. Name of fuel oil CV (MJ/Kg) Properties of oil
1. Na2CO3 22.2 1) Calorific value lower then
combustion is lower.
2) Calorific value is higher then,
combustion rate of fuel oil is also
higher.
3) The calorific value of fuel oil is
mentioned so CV of oil shows the
nature of oil or in which group it
comes under.
2. CaCO3 31.2
3. ZnO 29.6
4. Zeolite 38.4
5. Petrol 45.8
6. Diesel 43.5
7. Gasoline 38
8. Kerosene 35
24. The standard Fuel oil values is shown below in the table and
comparison is done with the help of this data.
Properties Diesel Petrol Kerosene Gas oil
CV(MJ/Kg) 45.5 45.8 35 38
Fire point (0C) 62-106 >65 45-70 49-60
Pour point(0C) -40 -2 -1 -10
Aniline point(0C) 40 45 50 52
Kinematic
Viscosity(centist
okes)
6-29.8 32 35 50-73
API 34.47 89.60 43.20 47
29. GC-MS Analysis of O-ZSM
Number Compound Name
1. BENZENE
2. ETHYLBENZENE
3. PHENYLETHANE
4. ETHYLBENZOL
5. 2-BENZYLOXY-4-PHENYL
6. 1,3,4-OXADIAZOLIN-5-ONE
Chemical components present in Oil
30. The GC-MS is used to know that which component is present in Fuel
Oil. The Graph of oil is shown Below;
31. Discussion
The properties of oils like API and Density decide the nature of oil
whether it is aromatic, paraffinic or naphthenic in nature the oils
which is extracted have paraffin nature by this properties except the
o-sc.
According to kinematic Viscosity and viscosity index it signifies that
the flow resistance of fuel oil in the temperature increase and
decrease.
From flash and fire point we can say that till what temperature the
fuel oil will not catch fire. And it is very important according to
safety.
Cloud and Pour point test is performed that at which lowest
temperature the fuel oil is in flow condition otherwise at lowest
temperature it will clog the engine or any other equipment where it
is used.
32. ASTM distillation decide the that initial boiling point of fuel oil and
ease of start and the final boiling point. If the temperature of IBP is
low then the quality of oil is good. Lesser the IBP better the quality
of fuel oil.
Aniline point and Diesel index:. It is an approximate method of
testing the ignition quality of a diesel fuel. In the case of petroleum
fuel the higher the paraffin content the higher the ignition quality,
though it is not always true for other fuel such as oil, distillates etc.
Lower the aniline point better the quality of fuel oil. And diesel index
is determined by specific formula.
Watson Characterization: this characterization of fuel oil decide that
that whether the oil is aromatic, paraffinic or intermediate
compound which is either naphthenic or aromatic. it also have
certain range.
33. Calorific value of the fuel oil is very important characteristic of oil. It also
considered largely while fuel oil characterization done. If the oil have
higher CV then the fuel oil is paraffinic in nature other wise may be
intermediate or aromatic nature of oil or it shows it is a better quality of
fuel oil.
FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) : this analysis gives the
functional group present in oil. This also decide the nature of oil in good
or bad.
GC-MS(Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy): This gives the
chemical component present in oil. The also decide the nature of oil
whether the component present in oil is Paraffinic or Aromatic or
intermediate compound which is Aromatic and Naphthenic. If the
component present is straight chain carbon hydrogen then it is
paraffinic and better quality of fuel oil. and If more amount of cyclic
compound are present then the oil is of Aromatic nature then the lower
grade of fuel oil.
34. Summary and Conclusion
The summary of this work is that, the oil extracted by the pyrolysis of waste
plastic oil has approximately similar properties as fuel oil. After determining
the properties of fuel oils like calorific value, pour point, cloud point, fire
point, flash point, API, density, Specific gravity, Aniline point, boiling
temperature, Watson characterization, diesel index, ASTM distillation,
kinematic viscosity, viscosity index. The properties of oil shows that these oil
may also have similar properties like kerosene and gasoline (mainly shown
by Calorific Value). From the result part it is concluded that, the zeolite
catalyst based oil has better quality of oil because the calorific value of oil is
higher among all, O-CC also have similar properties as Zeolite oil. And the
other properties all favor this conclusion and the lowest quality of oil is
Na2CO3 Catalyst based oil have lower quality of oil as its property indicate.
The other characterization of perform for the fuel oil which is FTIR analysis
and GC-MS analysis in which FTIR shows the different functional group
present in oil and GC-MS shows the Components present in oil, it also decide
the carbon range present in fuel.
It is concluded from above all the analysis, the O-ZSM is best quality of fuel
oil among all four different fuel oil extracted, and O-CC also have similar
properties so it can also considered as fuel oil near to kerosene and gasoline.
35. Future Scope
Further this work continued, to perform the GC-MS test for other
three oils extracted.
To performed same type of experiment by using same catalyst and
waste plastic with varying temperature to know to change in Oil
yield.
To perform the experiment by using same catalyst and same
temperature with different type of plastic.
Kinetic study can also be done by using TGA and DSC analysis.
36. References
Ahmed Nazmus Sakib, Salma A Iqbal, Raihan Ahamed, Sujoy Barua,
Shafaul Haque, “CONVERSION OF WASTE POLYMERS INTO
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Almustapha, M. N. And Andresen, J. M, Energy and Sustainability
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37. Christine Cleetus,1 Shijo Thomas,2 and Soney Varghese,Department
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38. G.Manoj Kumar, R.Pavan Kumar (Asst.Professor)Department of
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M.G. Rasal, M.M.K. Khan, A Study on Thermo-catalytic Degradation
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FUELS AND COMBUSTION Syllabus Introduction to Fuels,
Properties of Fuel oil, Coal and Gas, Storage, handling and
preparation of fuels, Principles of Combustion, Combustion of Oil,
Coal, and Gas. This chapter is a prelude to boilers and furnaces