Due to the fossil fuel crisis in past decade, mankind has to focus on developing the alternate energy sources such as biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, and nuclear energy. The developing of alternative-fuel technologies are investigated to deliver the replacement of fossil fuel.

1. A
MAJOR PROJECT
ON
‘‘SYNTHESIS OF FUEL FROM WASTE PLASTIC’’
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FROM
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JYOTHISHMATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
NUSTULAPUR, KARIMNAGAR (DIST.), T.S. INDIA-505 481
(APPROVED BY AICTE,NEW DELHI & AFFILIATED TO JNTU,HYDERABAD)
2016-2020

2. PROJECT DONE BY
G.SAI RAMANA
17275A0319
S.MOUNIKA
17275A0302
R.RAVI VARDHAN
16271A0321
V.GANESH
16271A0309
K.SHARAN
16271A0327
Under the Esteemed Guidance Of
Mrs. R.CHANDANA
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

3. CONTENTS
Introduction
Literature review
Methodology
Conclusion
References

4. INTRODUCTION
• Due to the fossil fuel crisis in past decade, mankind has to
focus on developing the alternate energy sources such as
biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy,
solar energy, and nuclear energy. The developing of
alternative-fuel technologies are investigated to deliver the
replacement of fossil fuel.

5. What is plastic ?
• The term “plastics” includes materials composed of
various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen
• Plastics are macromolecules, formed by polymerization
and having the ability to be shaped by the application of
reasonable amount of heat and pressure or any other form
of forces.
• It is one of the few new chemical materials which pose
environmental problem.

6. WHY DO WE NEED TO CONVERT WASTE PLASTIC
INTO FUEL ?
• According to a recent study performed by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) approximately billion of tons of waste plastic are generated in the world
every year.
• Statistics show that approximately 10% of this plastic is recycled, 25% is
incinerated and the remaining 65% is dumped in landfills.
• Incineration is an alternative to landfill disposal of plastic wastes, but this practice
could result in the formation of unacceptable emissions of gases such as nitrous
oxide, sulfur oxides, dusts, dioxins and other toxins.

7. OBJECTIVES
To establish the basis for the development and implementation of waste
plastics recycling with the application of environmentally sound technologies
(EST) to promote resource conservation and green house gases (GHG).
To raise awareness in developing countries like INDIA on plastic waste and its
possible reuse for conversion into diesel or fuel, this could be generated and
marketed at cheaper rates compared to that of the available diesel or oil in the
market.
To reduce the dependency on gulf countries for fossil fuels, thereby contributing
to the Economic growth of the country.

8. TYPES OF PLASTICS AND ITS PROPERTIES

9. METHODOLOGY
. Identification of waste plastics. (PE/PP/LDPE/HDPE)
. Subjecting the waste plastic for pyrolysis process.
.Condensation of the gas to obtain raw fuel.
.Conversion of raw fuel into its pure form (diesel etc) by the
.process of distillation.

10. WHAT IS PYROLYSIS ?
• Definition:
• Pyrolysis is generally defined as the controlled heating of a material
in the absence of oxygen. In plastics Pyrolysis, the macromolecular
structures of polymers are broken down into smaller molecules and
sometimes monomer units.
• Same reaction that happens when you inside the earth to form crude
oil from organic matter.
• Greek-derived terminology
• Pryo-“Fire”
• Lysis-“decomposition”

11. STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS

12. .
• .

13. SPECIFICATIONS OF REACTOR:
• Storage Material Trash/Waste
• Reactor Height 45.72 cm
• Diameter 27.94 cm
• Capacity 0-50 litres
• Color Natural-Metallic
• Pack Size Kilogram 25 litre
• Outlet pipe height of
• the rector 30.48 cm

14. CONDENSOR
• SPECIFICATIONS OF CONDENSER:
• Condenser tube diameter 1 cm
• Condenser outer shell diameter 28 cm
• Height of the condenser 26 cm
• Condenser tube material copper
• Number of circulations of
• Condenser tube 5

15. SETUP FOR TRIAL EXPERIMENT:
First trial of our project

16. THE EXHAUST GAS IS ALSO USED
The testing of gas successfully tested in my college during pyrolysis process

17. TAKEN REFERENCE RESEARCH JOURNAL
• JORNAL DETAILS:
• International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
• PLASTIC WASTE INTO FUEL USING PYROLYSIS PROCESS
• Mantesh Basappa Khot1, S Basavarajappa2
• 1UG STUDENT, University B D T College of Engineering, Davangere
• 2Professor, University B D T College of Engineering, Davangere Karnataka, India.

18. COMPARISON OF OBTAINED PLASTIC-FUEL WITH
REGULAR PETROLAND DIESEL

19. DENSITY
• Density=net mass of solution/volume of beaker
• Mass of beaker=41 gm
• Mass of beaker + solution =401 gm
• Net mass of solution = 401-41=360 gm
• Volume of beaker=500ml (1ml=1cm^3)
• Density= 360/500=0.720 gm/cm^3
Density =720 kg/m^3

20. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
• We calculated kinematic viscosity by using red wood viscometer
• We know that kinematic viscosity = At-B/t (according to redwood viscometer)
• A = 0.26, B=171.5 (redwood viscometer constants)
• t=time take for collecting the sample
• at 35ºc (i) kinematic viscosity = 0.26*31.6-171.5/31.6 =2.788 centistokes
• (or 2.788*10^(-4)m^2/s)
• at 45ºc (ii) kinematic viscosity = 0.26*30.9-171.5/30.9 =2.483 centistokes
• (or 2.483*10^(-4)m^2/s)
• at 50ºc (iii) kinematic viscosity = 0.26*30.5-171.5/30.5 =2.307 centistokes (or 2.307*10^(-4)m^2/s)
• at 55ºc (iv) kinematic viscosity = 0.26*30.1-171.5/30.1 =2.128 centistokes(or 2.128*10^(-4)m^2/s)
• at 60ºc (v) kinematic viscosity = 0.26*29.6-171.5/29.6 =1.902 centistokes (or 1.902*10^(-4)m^2/s)
Average kinematic viscosity = (i) +(ii) (iii) +(iv) +(v)/5 = 2.788+2.483+2.307+2.128+1.902/5 =
Average kinematic viscosity =2.3216 centistokes

21. DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
• Dynamic viscosity is the product of kinematic viscosity and density of the plastic fluid
• Dynamic viscosity = kinematic viscosity*density of plastic fluid
• at 35ºc (i) Dynamic viscosity = 2.788*10^(-4)*720=0.200736 N-s/m^2 (or 2.00736 poise)
• at 45ºc (ii) Dynamic viscosity = 2.483*10^(-4)*720=0.178 N-s/m^2 (or 1.78 poise)
• at 50ºc (iii) Dynamic viscosity = 2.307*10^(-4)*720=0.166 N-s/m^2 (or 1.66 poise)
• at 55ºc (iv) Dynamic viscosity = 2.128*10^(-4)*720=0. 156 N-s/m^2 (or 1.56 poise)
• at 60ºc (v) Dynamic viscosity = 1.902*10^(-4)*720=0.136 N-s/m^2 (or 1.36 poise)
• Average Dynamic viscosity is given by = (i) +(ii) (iii) +(iv) +(v)/5
• Average Dynamic viscosity= 2.00736+1.78+1.66+1.56+1.36/5
Average Dynamic viscosity = 1.6736 poise ( or 0.16736 N-s/m^2)

22. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• Specific gravity is the ratio of density of plastic fluid by density of standard fluid
• Specific gravity = density of plastic fluid/ density of standard fluid
• Specific gravity = 720/1000 =0.72
• Density of plastic fluid = 720 kg/m^3
• Note: density of standard fluid (water) 1000 kg/m^3

23. COMPARISON OF KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AND DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
WITH REGULAR PETROLAND DIESEL
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
(Centistoke)
DYNAMIC
VISCOSITY(Centipoise)
PETROL
DIESEL
PLASTIC FUEL

24. COMPARISON OF FLASH POINT, FIRE POINT SPECIFIC
GRAVITY WITH REGULAR PETROL AND DIESEL
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
FLAS POINT°CFIRE POINTºC
PETROL
DIESEL
PLASTIC FUEL

25. FILTERATION
GRAVITY SEPERATION:
Gravity separation is the basic process. In this process the impure fluid is
poured in a container in which the bottom part is like a funnel. So when the fluid
is poured, the most denser liquid will settle down below.
• FILTERATION WITH FILTER PAPER:
In filtration process, the substances which are in colloidal state can be
removed. The filter paper will allow the molecules which are smaller than its
pores. So the various size of smaller pores will give more clean fuel.

26. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROCESS
• Recycle energy of waste plastics into useful fuel.
• Offers renewable energy recourse
• Eliminates hazards of land pollution by waste plastic.
• The end of the product is also used of further process.
• The fuels produced from pyrolysis do not contain sulphur.

27. APPLICATION OF PROJECT & FUTURE WORK
The obtained fuel could be utilized in diesel generators, vehicles such
as tractors and also passenger vehicles such as cars.
The fuel has to be refined at the industrial establishments, based
on the results of which small scale industry can be established.
The application of this project could help in reducing the dependency
on the gulf countries and promote a step towards innovation.

28. CONCLUSION
The implementation of this project can develop so many opportunities in
the city. It can be a solution to control waste plastic, develop a new
technique or idea, and detect the source of diesel for the country.

29. REFERENCES
1. J. Walendziewski, Engine fuel derived from plastics by thermal treatment, fuel 81 (2002) 473-
481
2. M. Mani, G. NagarajaN, Influence of injection timing on performance, emission and
combustion
characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on waste plastic oil Energy 34 (2009) 1617–1623
3. F. Murphy, K. M. Donnell, E. Butler, G. Devlin, The evaluation of viscosity and density of
blends
ofCyn-diesel pyrolysis fuel with conventional diesel fuel in relation to compliance with fuel
specifications EN 590:2009.
4. Santosh UKumar, Ketan Nalawade, Anil Jadhav &T. Vijay Kumar, “ Extraction of Plastic Oil
From Plastic Oil From Plastic By De-Polymerization Technique as an Alternative Fuel”.
International Journal of Applied Engineering &Research (2013).